Title

Seventh Semester Project Report

Submitted By

Name 1 Soumodeep Nan

Name 2 Rahul Kundu

Name 3 Dibyendu Pal Name

4 Sukamal Das

Under the Supervision of

DSS mam

Department of Electrical Engineering

Techno International New Town,

New Town, Rajarhat

Kolkata- 700156

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal,

November, 2022

Title: -
SMART STICK FOR VISUALLY
IMPAIRED PERSON
Project Domain: CONTOL SYSTEM APPLICATION WITH IOT/AI
Introduction:
Blindness is a term that used to describe people that cannot use the ability to see. Human
beings receive around 80% of the information from the environment via sight. Therefore, for
blind people, it became difficult for them to fit in natural life. That’s why they used either the
ordinary white cane, a dog, or the help of other human beings. Recently, many studies have
dealt with smart stick design. K.S. Manikanta, et.al [1] used Arduino NANO with one Ultrasonic
sensor and buzzer to detect obstacles. Pratik N. K. et.al [2] used raspberry pi microcontroller to
control ultrasonic sensor and IR sensor to detect obstacles. Wall M.I. et.al [3] proposed a work
to operate a smart stick using pic16f877a microcontroller and one ultrasonic sensor to detect
obstacles. Then send the signal to an ISD1932 recorder/ playback and connect this recorder to
a speaker. In addition to what mentioned before, Mohd Helmy A. et.al [4], have used MPLAB
software to program the microcontroller and ultrasonic to detect the obstacles. Beside the
ultrasonic sensor, Ayat Nada et.al [5] used a water sensor to detect the existence of the water
regardless of its level. The purpose was to awaken the person about it. Ashraf Anwar et.al [6]
added beside the ultrasonic sensor, water sensor, IR and heat sensors to detect the
environment. Another design introduced by Vipual V. et.al [7]; have used one ultrasonic sensor
and moisture sensor with microcontroller of pic 16F87a. When the sensor detects an obstacle,
the microcontroller sends a signal to the actuator which is the buzzer in this case to alert the
person. Roland N. et.al [8] have planned device that will discover obstacles yet as water within
the user's path. It also has a further feature which will simply be set by the user just in case it's
lost or misplaced. This feature is done using radio frequency waves wherever there's a radio
frequency receiver circuit on the stick and a separate radio frequency transmitter circuit that
triggers an alarm on pressing a pushbutton. A traditional walking cane forms the main frame of
the device. That based on which ultrasonic sensors are mounted at applicable locations to
discover obstacles. Furthermore, it has water sensors to detect water within the path of the
user. The mentioned sensors send a signal to an Arduino programmed chip that communicates
with the alarm unit. The alarm unit comprises a buzzer and vibrator that give notice the user of
the obstacle or water in their path. The device is light-weight and is powerdriven by electric
battery. The design of the device ensures accuracy. Vinay S et.al [9] used GORE method (Goal
Oriented Requirements Engineering Methodology) to design a smart stick. The device
developed based on radio frequency Identification (RFID) that operates within the Low
Frequency (LF) band. The envisioned device is a combination of a RFID low-frequency reader
module and a microcontroller unit to convey all the knowledge pertaining to the product into the
user, thereby enhancing their shopping expertise. Manikandan Sh. et.al [10] used ultrasonic
sensor with Arduino, then they added another feature in case of the person gets lost. They
added GPRS and GSM modules; therefore, the person`s family can track the person. Dada E.
Gb et.al [11] used simple circuit for the smart stick. The stick consists of one ultrasonic sensor
and one water sensor with Arduino. Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol.
11, No. 8, 2019 ISSN 1943-023X 43 Received: 03 June 2019/Accepted: 10 July 2019 The new
improvement in our design which we will present in this paper, is that the stick consist of three
ultrasonic sensors for three coordination right, left and front.

Literature Reviews:
The principle target of this venture is to examine the outline of smart stick with the ultrasonic
sensor and global system for mobile for the visually impaired. To outline a smart stick with
various purposes, it can expand the expectation for everyday comforts of a visually impaired
individual by planning this keen stick, visually impaired individuals can distinguish deterrents all
the more proficiently. Moreover, they can utilize a GSM module to educate the known
individual to keep them from getting lost stick or kiddie stick. The reason for planning this sort
of white stick is for kids' utilization. It has comparable properties like long stick.

 Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensors are used for detecting the objects in front of them and it responds in terms of
distance measured. Frequency is used by the ultrasonic sensor to detect objects. The frequency
range for ultrasonic sensor is 20 kHz to 100 kHz to detect the object. It is frequently used in
extensive noise level, spill identification and testing of materials. It is very much used because
of its simple design, economic and efficient.

Object can be detected by using the ultrasonic sensor. A transducer is actualized with
profoundly directional ultrasonic range sensor to identify things in the environment. The
ultrasonic sensor comprises of counter mass, wave maker, radiation area and amplifier.
Ultrasonic waves weakened more frequently, which improves it turn into for directivity than
different sorts of waves. The transmitter of ultrasonic sensor can be composed utilizing Gallego
Juarez's ventured plate where it comprises of wave era, intensification, and radiation while the
amplifier is utilized as a recipient. Gallego Juarez's ventured plate is likewise utilized as a part of
creating extreme wave for the parametric cluster reason.
Figure 2.2 demonstrates the schematic outline of an ultrasonic sensor. Toward the finish of the
transducer is the place the counter mass is situated with a specific end goal to guarantee
transducer produces same hub point. The transducer material utilized is Lead Zirconate
Titanate with various polarization. Linear Horn is utilized as intensification and transmitting plate
will comprise of increased high-force of ultrasound.
 Figure 2.2 Functional diagram of HC-SR04
Double frequency wave is utilized as it has higher sufficiency spread. By utilizing this strategy,
single wave era can be enhanced as a solitary wave can't identify both question and separation
recognition precisely. The two waves need distinctive frequencies. Two distinct frequencies are
created through axisymmetric mode with various nodal circles. A scientific model is expected to
alter the radiation segment with a specific end goal to deliver double frequency wave .

 Arduino Uno
The main hardware tool that we are using is Arduino Uno which is a microcontroller board
based on the ATmega328. Arduino UNO comprises of the 14 digital input/output pins, 6
Analogue inputs, a USB connector for power supply and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller. It can be easily connected to a computer with a USB
cable or battery to get started. Its features are:- Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive
compared to other microcontroller platforms ranging from 8-bit microcontrollers to IoT
applications.

1. The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use with simple programming environment.

2. Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Mac OSX, and Linux operating systems.

3. Arduino software is published as open source tools, available for contribution by

programmers worldwide.

 Vibrating Motor
A vibratory motor is actually a motor that's improperly balanced. In alternative words, there's an
off-centered weight attached to the motor's rotational shaft that causes the motor to wobble. The
amount of wobble may be modified depending on the amount of weight can be attached, the
weight's distance from the shaft, and the speed at which the motor spins.

Problem Formulation:
Blind people can’t easily recognize obstacles or stairs while using normal blind stick. The blind
traveler should depend on any other guide like blind cane, people information, trained dogs, etc.
About 90% of the world’s visually impaired live in developing countries. No safety features on
the normal blind stick. So to overcome this problem we proposed this solution.

Proposed Solution:
We have many reasons to design smart stick for blind person:

• the blind person to feel free, isn't surrounded by wires as in belt and its content. It 
is easy to use because it is familiar and affordable.
• to be able to detect obstacles that exist on the ground (this is not available in glasses),
which he walks indoor and outdoor is faced by obstacles such as stairs, puddles
and sidewalks.

The smart stick, is basically an embedded system integrating the following: pair of
ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles in front of the blind from ground level height to head
level height in the range of 400 cm a head, infrared sensor to detect upward and
downward stairs. Ultrasonic sensors and infrared sensor collect real time data and send it
to ATmega328P microcontroller. After processing this data, the microcontroller actives the
motor to vibrate in the direction of the obstacle. The proposed model also contain a GPS
module which will send the location of the following person to the housemates, and it will
conatin a panic button which will activate in case of emergency.

Future Plan:
It can further be enhanced with machine learning, image processing, which will provide the
next level safety to the following person using the stick.

References:
Nowak, Michal, et al. "Characteristics of refractive errors in a population of adults in the central
region of Poland." International journal of environmental research and public health 15.1 (2018):
90. [2] G. Gayathri, M. Vishnupriya, R. Nandhini and M. Banupriya “Smart Walking Stick
for Visually Impaired.”International Journal of Engineering and

© 2018 JETIR October 2018, Volume 5, Issue 10

www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) JETIRDQ06029 Journal of Emerging Technologies and
Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 221 [3] R. Radhika, P.G. Pai, S. Rakshitha and R.
Srinath “Implementation of Smart Stick for Obstacle Detection and Navigation.” International
Journal of Latest Research in Engineering and Technology, vol. 2, number 5, pp. 45-50, 2016.
[4] ] M.H. Mahmud, R. Saha and S. Islam “Smart Walking Stick – An Electronic Approach to
Assist Visually Disabled Persons.” International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research,
vol. 4, number 10, pp. 111-114, 2013. [5] A. Jose, G. George, M.R. Nair, M. J. Shilpa and M.
B. Mathai “Voice Enabled Smart Walking Stick for Visually Impaired.” International Journal of
Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, vol. 5, pp. 80-
85, 2016. [6] R. Sheth, S. Rajandekar, S. Laddha and R. Chaudhari “Smart White Cane –
An Elegant and Economic Walking Aid.” American Journal of Engineering Research. Vol. 3,
number 10, pp. 84-89, 2014. [7] C.S. Kher, Y.A. Dabhade, S.K Kadam., S.D. Dhamdhere
and A.V. Deshpande “An Intelligent Walking Stick for the Blind.” International Journal of
Engineering Research and General Science, vol. 3, number 1, pp. 1057- 1062, 2015. [8] B.G.
Roopashree, B.S. Patil and B.R. Shruthi “Smart Electronic Stick for Visually Impaired.”
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 4,
number 7, pp. 6389-6395, 2015.