Network theory

In mathematics, computer science and network science, network

theory is a part of graph theory. It defines networks as graphs
where the nodes or edges possess attributes. Network theory
analyses these networks over the symmetric relations or asymmetric
relations between their (discrete) components.

Network theory has applications in many disciplines, including

statistical physics, particle physics, computer science, electrical
A small example network with eight
engineering,[1][2] biology,[3] archaeology,[4] linguistics,[5][6][7]
vertices and ten edges
economics, finance, operations research, climatology, ecology,
public health,[8][9][10] sociology,[11] psychology,[12] and
neuroscience.[13][14][15] Applications of network theory include
logistical networks, the World Wide Web, Internet, gene regulatory networks, metabolic networks, social
networks, epistemological networks, etc.; see List of network theory topics for more examples.

Euler's solution of the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem is considered to be the first true proof in the
theory of networks.

Network optimization
Network problems that involve finding an optimal way of doing something are studied as combinatorial
optimization. Examples include network flow, shortest path problem, transport problem, transshipment
problem, location problem, matching problem, assignment problem, packing problem, routing problem,
critical path analysis, and program evaluation and review technique.

Network analysis

Electric network analysis

The analysis of electric power systems could be conducted using network theory from two main points of
view:

1. An abstract perspective (i.e., as a graph consists from nodes and edges), regardless of the
electric power aspects (e.g., transmission line impedances). Most of these studies focus only
on the abstract structure of the power grid using node degree distribution and betweenness
distribution, which introduces substantial insight regarding the vulnerability assessment of
the grid. Through these types of studies, the category of the grid structure could be identified
from the complex network perspective (e.g., single-scale, scale-free). This classification
might help the electric power system engineers in the planning stage or while upgrading the
infrastructure (e.g., add a new transmission line) to maintain a proper redundancy level in
the transmission system.[1]
 2. Weighted graphs that blend an abstract understanding of complex network theories and
electric power systems properties.[2]

Social network analysis

Social network analysis examines the structure of relationships

between social entities.[17] These entities are often persons, but may
also be groups, organizations, nation states, web sites, or scholarly
publications.

Since the 1970s, the empirical study of networks has played a

central role in social science, and many of the mathematical and
statistical tools used for studying networks have been first
developed in sociology.[18] Amongst many other applications, Visualization of social network
social network analysis has been used to understand the diffusion of
analysis[16]
innovations, news and rumors.[19] Similarly, it has been used to
examine the spread of both diseases and health-related
behaviors.[20] It has also been applied to the study of markets, where it has been used to examine the role of
trust in exchange relationships and of social mechanisms in setting prices.[21] It has been used to study
recruitment into political movements, armed groups, and other social organizations.[22] It has also been
used to conceptualize scientific disagreements[23] as well as academic prestige.[24] More recently, network
analysis (and its close cousin traffic analysis) has gained a significant use in military intelligence,[25] for
uncovering insurgent networks of both hierarchical and leaderless nature.

Biological network analysis

With the recent explosion of publicly available high throughput biological data, the analysis of molecular
networks has gained significant interest.[26] The type of analysis in this context is closely related to social
network analysis, but often focusing on local patterns in the network. For example, network motifs are
small subgraphs that are over-represented in the network. Similarly, activity motifs are patterns in the
attributes of nodes and edges in the network that are over-represented given the network structure. Using
networks to analyze patterns in biological systems, such as food-webs, allows us to visualize the nature and
strength of interactions between species. The analysis of biological networks with respect to diseases has
led to the development of the field of network medicine.[27] Recent examples of application of network
theory in biology include applications to understanding the cell cycle[28] as well as a quantitative
framework for developmental processes.[29]

Narrative network analysis

The automatic parsing of textual corpora has enabled the extraction of actors and their relational networks
on a vast scale. The resulting narrative networks, which can contain thousands of nodes, are then analyzed
by using tools from Network theory to identify the key actors, the key communities or parties, and general
properties such as robustness or structural stability of the overall
network, or centrality of certain nodes.[31] This automates the
approach introduced by Quantitative Narrative Analysis,[32]
whereby subject-verb-object triplets are identified with pairs of
actors linked by an action, or pairs formed by actor-object.[30]

Link analysis

Link analysis is a subset of network analysis, exploring associations

between objects. An example may be examining the addresses of
suspects and victims, the telephone numbers they have dialed, and
financial transactions that they have partaken in during a given
timeframe, and the familial relationships between these subjects as a Narrative network of US Elections
part of police investigation. Link analysis here provides the crucial 2012[30]
relationships and associations between very many objects of
different types that are not apparent from isolated pieces of
information. Computer-assisted or fully automatic computer-based link analysis is increasingly employed
by banks and insurance agencies in fraud detection, by telecommunication operators in telecommunication
network analysis, by medical sector in epidemiology and pharmacology, in law enforcement investigations,
by search engines for relevance rating (and conversely by the spammers for spamdexing and by business
owners for search engine optimization), and everywhere else where relationships between many objects
have to be analyzed. Links are also derived from similarity of time behavior in both nodes. Examples
include climate networks where the links between two locations (nodes) are determined, for example, by
the similarity of the rainfall or temperature fluctuations in both sites.[33][34]

Web link analysis

Several Web search ranking algorithms use link-based centrality metrics, including Google's PageRank,
Kleinberg's HITS algorithm, the CheiRank and TrustRank algorithms. Link analysis is also conducted in
information science and communication science in order to understand and extract information from the
structure of collections of web pages. For example, the analysis might be of the interlinking between
politicians' websites or blogs. Another use is for classifying pages according to their mention in other
pages.[35]

Centrality measures

Information about the relative importance of nodes and edges in a graph can be obtained through centrality
measures, widely used in disciplines like sociology. For example, eigenvector centrality uses the
eigenvectors of the adjacency matrix corresponding to a network, to determine nodes that tend to be
frequently visited. Formally established measures of centrality are degree centrality, closeness centrality,
betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality, subgraph centrality, and Katz centrality. The purpose or
objective of analysis generally determines the type of centrality measure to be used. For example, if one is
interested in dynamics on networks or the robustness of a network to node/link removal, often the
dynamical importance[36] of a node is the most relevant centrality measure.

Assortative and disassortative mixing

These concepts are used to characterize the linking preferences of hubs in a network. Hubs are nodes
which have a large number of links. Some hubs tend to link to other hubs while others avoid connecting to
hubs and prefer to connect to nodes with low connectivity. We say a hub is assortative when it tends to
connect to other hubs. A disassortative hub avoids connecting to other hubs. If hubs have connections with
the expected random probabilities, they are said to be neutral. There are three methods to quantify degree
correlations.

Recurrence networks

The recurrence matrix of a recurrence plot can be considered as the adjacency matrix of an undirected and
unweighted network. This allows for the analysis of time series by network measures. Applications range
from detection of regime changes over characterizing dynamics to synchronization analysis.[37][38][39]

Spatial networks
Many real networks are embedded in space. Examples include, transportation and other infrastructure
networks, brain neural networks. Several models for spatial networks have been developed.[40]

Spread
Content in a complex network can spread via two major methods: conserved spread and non-conserved
spread.[41] In conserved spread, the total amount of content that enters a complex network remains constant
as it passes through. The model of conserved spread can best be represented by a pitcher containing a fixed
amount of water being poured into a series of funnels connected by tubes. Here, the pitcher represents the
original source and the water is the content being spread. The funnels and connecting tubing represent the
nodes and the connections between nodes, respectively. As the water passes from one funnel into another,
the water disappears instantly from the funnel that was previously exposed to the water. In non-conserved
spread, the amount of content changes as it enters and passes through a complex network. The model of
non-conserved spread can best be represented by a continuously running faucet running through a series of
funnels connected by tubes. Here, the amount of water from the original source is infinite. Also, any
funnels that have been exposed to the water continue to experience the water even as it passes into
successive funnels. The non-conserved model is the most suitable for explaining the transmission of most
infectious diseases, neural excitation, information and rumors, etc.

Network Immunization

The question of how to immunize efficiently scale free networks which represent realistic networks such as
the Internet and social networks has been studied extensively. One such strategy is to immunize the largest
degree nodes, i.e., targeted (intentional) attacks [42] since for this case is relatively high and fewer nodes
are needed to be immunized. However, in most realistic networks the global structure is not available and
the largest degree nodes are unknown.

See also
Complex network Network partition
Congestion game Network science
Quantum complex network Network theory in risk assessment
Dual-phase evolution Network topology
 Network analyzer Sequential dynamical systems
Seven Bridges of Königsberg Pathfinder networks
Small-world networks Human disease network
Social network Biological network
Scale-free networks Network medicine
Network dynamics Graph partition

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Books
Dorogovtsev SN, Mendes JR (2003). Evolution of Networks: from biological networks to the
Internet and WWW. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-851590-6.
Caldarelli G (2007). Scale-Free Networks. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921151-
7.
Barrat A, Barthelemy M, Vespignani A (2008). Dynamical Processes on Complex Networks.
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87950-7.
Estrada E (2011). The Structure of Complex Networks: Theory and Applications. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-59175-6.
Soramaki K, Cook S (2016). Network Theory and Financial Risk. Risk Books. ISBN 978-1-
78272-219-9.
Latora V, Nicosia V, Russo G (2017). Complex Networks: Principles, Methods and
Applications. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-10318-4.

External links
netwiki (http://netwiki.amath.unc.edu/) Scientific wiki dedicated to network theory
New Network Theory (http://www.networkcultures.org/networktheory/) International
Conference on 'New Network Theory'
Network Workbench (http://nwb.slis.indiana.edu/): A Large-Scale Network Analysis,
Modeling and Visualization Toolkit
Optimization of the Large Network (https://www.slideshare.net/DmitryIgnatovPhD/network-op
timization-82005426) doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.20183.06565/6
Network analysis of computer networks (http://www.orgnet.com/SocialLifeOfRouters.pdf)
Network analysis of organizational networks (http://www.orgnet.com/orgnetmap.pdf)
Network analysis of terrorist networks (https://web.archive.org/web/20121123010939/http://fir
stmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/941/863)
Network analysis of a disease outbreak (https://web.archive.org/web/20080724193037/htt
p://www.orgnet.com/AJPH2007.pdf)
Link Analysis: An Information Science Approach (http://linkanalysis.wlv.ac.uk/) (book)
Connected: The Power of Six Degrees (https://web.archive.org/web/20090307155011/http://
gephi.org/2008/how-kevin-bacon-cured-cancer/) (documentary)
A short course on complex networks (http://havlin.biu.ac.il/course4.php)
A course on complex network analysis by Albert-László Barabási (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20160211200247/http://barabasilab.neu.edu/courses/phys5116/)
The Journal of Network Theory in Finance (http://www.risk.net/type/technical-paper/source/j
ournal-of-network-theory-in-finance/)
Network theory in Operations Research (https://www.informs.org/About-INFORMS/History-a
nd-Traditions/OR-Methodologies/Networks-and-Graphs) from the Institute for Operations
Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)
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