➢ OBJECTIVE:

1. To show how the NTC Thermistor works.

2. To show the non-linearity of the NTC Thermistor.

➢ THEORY:
The apparatus comprises a thermistor, which is a type of thermal
resistor. It operates in a comparable manner to resistance
thermometers, but instead of using a metal, it employs a
semiconductor material as an electrical resistor.
Materials:
Temperature Measurement and Calibration Apparatus (TD400).
The parts of this device are:
• Heater tank with drain tap.
• Icebox.

➢ Sample of calculations:
R = E \ I = (280.4*10^-3) \ (1*10^-3) = 280.4 Ω

𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = |𝑹𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓𝒅 − 𝑹𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅|

= 261 – 280.4 =19.4 Ω

Error = (Deviation \ standard resistant) *100%

=(19.4 \ 261)*100% = 7.4%
Reference Measured Calculated Standard Deviation Error (%)
Temperature Voltage Resistance Resistance (Ω)
(⁰C) (mV) (Ω) (Ω)
0 280.4 280.4 261 19.4 7.4

25 103.9 103.9 100 3.9 3.9

30 102.1 102.1 84.18 17.92 21.3

35 100 100 71.08 28.92 40.68

40 97 97 60.32 36.68 60.1

45 93.7 93.7 51.42 42.28 82.2

50 90.2 90.2 44.04 48 109

55 86.6 86.6 37.82 48.7 128.76

60 83 83 32.64 50.36 154.3

65 78.7 78.7 28.33 50.37 177.8

y- standard resistant and 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 resistant
x- Reference Temperature

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

➢ Discussion:
In this experiment, we investigated the temperature-dependent behavior of NTC
thermistors. NTC thermistors are temperature-sensitive resistors that exhibit a
decrease in resistance as temperature increases.
The data obtained from the experiment allowed us to plot a resistance-
temperature curve for the NTC thermistor. We observed that the resistance of
the thermistor decreased as the temperature increased, and this relationship
could be accurately described by the resistance-temperature curve. And during
the experiment, it was found that the device's highest error rate was 177.8%,
which is a very high error, indicating that the device has low accuracy. Several
factors could potentially cause errors in an NTC thermistor experiment, and some
of these factors include:
• Calibration error: NTC thermistors can have some degree of manufacturing
variation, which can affect their resistance-temperature relationship. To
account for this, it is essential to calibrate the thermistor before the
experiment. If the calibration is incorrect, the resulting resistance-
temperature curve will be inaccurate.
• Time lag: NTC thermistors can have a slow response time, which means
that them resistance may not change immediately when the temperature
changes.

This effect can cause errors in the resistance-temperature curve. To

minimize this error, it is essential to wait for the thermistor to reach
thermal equilibrium before taking readings .