EXPERIMENT-1

AIM: - To measure the temperature using RTD (Resistance Temperature

Detector) and Thermistor & to plot the variation of resistance with
temperature.

APPARATUS: RTD kit, Thermistor kit, Mercury filled thermometer, Electric

Kettle filled with water.

THEORY: Transducers or Sensors are the devices which are used to convert
the measurand into a useful signal. They are present in almost all the
automated devices present around us. Temperature can be defined as the
measure of degree of hotness and coldness of any substance. It can be
measured in degree Celsius(C) or Fahrenheit(F).
Temperature sensors are present in buildings, chemical processing plants,
engines and vehicles etc. Temperature measurement devices can be classified
as mechanically operative (Mercury thermometer) or electrically operative
(RTD etc.). They are based on the principle that electric resistance or voltage of
some materials changes in a reproducible manner with change in temperature.
Resistance Temperature Detector: Resistance thermometers employing
metallic conductors for temperature measurement are called Resistance
Temperature Detectors. RTDs are more rugged and have more or less linear
characteristics over a wide temperature range. For a small range of
temperature, the expression for the variation of resistance of metals with
temperature is

= Resistance at t temp.
= Resistance at t_0 temp.
Thermistor: Resistance thermometers employing semiconductors for
temperature measurement is called Thermistor. They have high temperature
sensitivity and possess non linear characteristics for temperature vs resistance
plot. Their characteristics can be expressed as:

R_T is the resistance at temperature T (K) .

R_0 is the resistance at temperature T0 (K) where T0 is the reference temperature, normally
25.
β is a constant, its value is decided by the characteristics of the material, the nominal value
is taken as 4000.

PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS:
TEMPERATURE (*C) RTD (OHMS) THERMISTOR (KILO-OHMS)

21 108.9 2.87
26 109.7 2.34
30 110.3 2.08
35 111.3 1.73
37 112.2 1.67
40 113.1 1.49
45 115.0 1.18
50 116.8 1.03
55 118.6 0.84
60 120.4 0.74
65 122.9 0.64

The plots TEMPERATURE VS. RESISTANCE are attached below :

RESULT: The plots clearly shows that for RTD sensor , the temperature vs
resistance has linear characteristics and for THERMISTOR sensor, the
temperature vs resistance has non-linear characteristics.