Bwcs Updated Assignment May 2023 Along With Solution Arsal Saeed

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BWCS Updated Assignment (MAY 2023) Along With Solution

( Arsal Saeed)
Intermediate Accounting (Bahauddin Zakariya University)
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ASSESSMENT CRITERIA RELATED TO ESSAY TYPE

QUESTIONS
Précis Writing (10 Marks)
Précis is assessed on the basis of following criteria:
 Decide suitable theme of the passage

 Use own language
 Present the key ideas in clear, coherent and connected manner
 Use correct grammar
 Use correct spelling
 Use appropriate vocabulary (use of technical jargons or complex words is not necessary)
 The length of Précis-writing should be within the word limit mentioned in the requirement
(Note: No marks are awarded for précis, if words or statements are directly copied from the given
comprehension)
Essay Writing (30 Marks)
Essay is assessed on the basis of following criteria:
 Coherence and cohesion of ideas/arguments

In case of an affinity diagram, ideas/arguments presented for or against the theme should
be restricted to the ideas/sub ideas identified in the diagram.
In case of fishbone diagram, elaboration of ideas/arguments should be restricted to the
causes and effects identified in the diagram.
 Use appropriate paragraphing (each idea/argument should be discussed in a separate
paragraph)
 Use idioms and phrases
 The length of essay should be within the word limit mentioned in the requirement
Letter Writing (20 Marks)
Letter is assessed on the basis of following criteria:
 Layout/Format
 Subject: Purpose of the letter
 Salutation
 Body of the letter:
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o Buffer/introduction of the sender, if new

o Main content: Actual message should be written in a clear, logical and
meaningful way. Ideas should be discussed with supporting reason(s).
o Concluding para: This part should be clear and written in a polite way.
 Complimentary close
 Signature line
 Use appropriate vocabulary (use of technical jargons or complex words are not necessary)
Report Writing (20 Marks)
Report is assessed on the basis of following criteria:
 Suitable title
 Table of content
 Executive Summary: A brief overview of the report
o Introduction: Should briefly describe the context and background to the
research/topic.
o Discussion: The main body of report should present the analysis in a
logical
And systematic way and justify the recommendations.
o Conclusion: It should follow logically from the facts in the discussion.
o Recommendation: Recommendation points to the future should be action
oriented,
Feasible, logically related to the discussion and arranged in
order of importance.
 References
 Appendices
Use appropriate vocabulary (use of technical jargon or complex words are not necessary
Memo Writing (20 Marks)
Memo is assessed on the basis of following criteria:
 Layout/format including:
o Names of intended recipients.
o Name and designation of sender
o Date
o Subject of the memo
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 Body of the memo:

o Introduction, showing the reason(s) for writing the memo. It should be brief.
o Details: Necessary details what all employees from executives down to entry level
employees need to know. Explain if this memo is a response or a follow-up to
previously written communication. The details should be in a logical and meaningful
manner.
o Conclusion: State your conclusion regarding your memo. (Explaining clearly what the
sender wants the recipient to do).
o Initials/Signature
SOURCE: ICAP OFFICIAL WEBSITE:

https://icap.org.pk/files/per/students/edu-training/prc/AssessmentCriteria-BWS.pdf
To Access Further Notes/Assignments/Practice Sets/Tests Series And Mocks
CLICK ON THE GOOGLE DRIVE LINK:
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If You Find Any Errors, Omissions, Spelling, Grammatical Or Other Logical Flaws, Please Mail Us At
The Address Below To Let Us Know
EMAIL ID:
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KIND REGARDS:
SIR KASHIF ALI (0324-7087070)
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PAST PAPER ANALYSIS
MONTH STUDENTS STUDENTS PASSING %

APPEARED PASSED
APRIL-2022 693 276 39.82%
MAY 385 163 42.33%
JUNE 527 191 36.24%
JULY 343 163 47.52%
AUGUST 470 205 43.62%
SEPTEMBER 564 206 36.52%
OCTOBER 440 198 45.00%
NOVEMBER 500 228 45.60%
DECEMBER 1126 625 55.51%
JANUARY 1325 812 61.28%
FEBRUARY 1373 819 59.65%
MARCH 1654 986 59.61%
APRIL-2023 1428 899 62.96%
SOURCE: ICAP OFFICIAL WEBSITE :
https://icap.org.pk/students/examination/statistics/
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IDIOMS
IDIOMS MEANINIG
At the eleventh hour The latest possible time
Pull up your socks To make a sincere attempt to improve
Nip it in the bud Destroy something at early stage
Adding insult to injury Make bad situation worse with unfair treatment
Bed of roses Comfortable activity
Beat around the bush Avoid answering and questioning
A slap on wrist Light punishment
Throwing cold water on us To criticize someone’s opinion
Bank on someone To depend on
Not a jot Not at all
Cold head on shoulder To have a good judgement
Frog in throat An inability to speak owing to some overwhelming emotion
To get cold feet Lack of confidence
Above abroad To do something honestly according to rules and laws
To rock the boat Disturb a stable situation
Acid test True test of value of something
Fish out of water Person away from his usual activities
To get someone goat To upset or irritate someone
To give cold shoulder To intentionally ignore someone in an unfriendly way
Throw cold water Discourage to
At loggerheads Disagreement
Throw dust in eyes Seek to mislead someone by misrepresentation
Bury the hatchet To agree to end an quarrel
To hit the nail on the head To do the exactly right thing
Bird’s eye-view A clear and broad impression of whole situation
Play the trump card To behave in a way that allows you to succeed at something
Lock, Stock and barrel Completely / Entirely
Call a spade a spade Speak straight forward
As the crow flies In a straight line, by the shortest route
Hit the ceiling To become very angry
Follow suit To do the same thing as someone else, usually in response to their actions.
To rock the boat To cause trouble or disturb a stable situation.
To give cold shoulder To intentionally ignore or reject someone.
At loggerheads To be in a state of strong disagreement or conflict.
Eat like a horse To eat a large amount of food.
In full swing At the height of activity or excitement.
In cahoots with someone To be secretly working with someone in a dishonest or illegal way.
Pull your socks up To make an effort to improve your performance or behavior.
See eye to eye To agree with someone or have the same opinion.
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Storm in a teacup A situation where a lot of excitement about something that is not important.
Salad days A time of youth, inexperience, and innocence.
With flying color To succeed or perform well, especially in an examination or competition.
To the point Concise and direct; exactly addressing the matter at hand.
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SYNONYMS/ANTONYMS
WORD SYNONYMS ANTONYMS

Fiasco Blunder Blessing
Hasty Agile Slow
Lean Bare Chubby
Bitter Harsh Mild
Confined Immoveable Free
Abeyance Deferral Action
Virtue Charity Evil
Loneliness Alone Crowded
Massive Huge Tiny
Bash Insult Praise
Trigger Activate Block
Resolve Boldness Indecision
Breach Break Bridge
Curb Barrier Encouragement
Discount Allowance Addition
Wrath Offense Love
Defend Avert Attack
Native Real Acquired
Adaptation Refitting Disagreement
Regret Apology Welcome
Adhere Attach Repel
Affluence Bounty Scarcity
Virtually Implicitly surely
Amplify Add Compress
Appreciable Tangible Negligible
Mitigate Allay Increase
Lucid Clear Ambiguous
Scatter Divide Collect
Sturdy Solid Weak
Obstacle Hurdle Aid
Evaluate Measure Ignore
Obsolete Ancient New
Brisk Active Slow
Zealous Rabid Apathetic
Generic Universal Branded
Miserable Suffering Happy
Drowsy Dreamy Alert
Barren Arid Fertile
Sea Surf Land
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Impressive Vital Ordinary

Dutch Aide Neglect
Disobey Resist Conform
Hypocritical Affected Sincere
Poverty Beggary Wealth
Generous Kind Stingy
Cramped Ache Release
Glitter Brightness Dullness
Angular Staggered Flat
Cook Bake Cease
Dispatch Hurry Delay
Far Long Near
Acquirement Creation Failure
Precise Actual Inaccurate
Violation Abuse Obedience
Isolation Confine Integrate
Settle Achieve Prolong
Substantial Ample Tiny
Effectively Persuasive Futile
Louden Roaring Soft
Considerable Ample Tiny
Reduce Minimize Increase
Rigid Hard Soft
Passionate Steamy Cold
Seize Fasten Relinquish
Sharp Acute Blunt
Redemption Retrieval Giving
Bitter Harsh Mild
Ordinance Canon Informality
Courteous Civilized Rude
Acid test Confirmation Contradiction
To flag on dead horse Enthusiasm Apathy
Profound Wise Stupid
Vitriolic Hateful Sweet
Discrimination Injustice Impartial
Inspired Urge Dissuade
Foe Enemy Friend
Abundance Bounty Scarcity
Cease Close Begin
Impediment Blockage Help
Stiff Rigid Easy
Paltry Minor Considerable
Torso Trunk Soul
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Sediments Deposits Giving

Jeopardize Risk Plan
Obscure Vague Distinct
Pure Unpolluted Impure
Array Collection Mess
Shrewd Sharp Blunt
Glib Shallow Inarticulate
Abundant Plentiful Lacking
Tedious Boring Interesting
Fidelity Loyalty Treachery
Exploit Accomplishment Defeat
Compel Bulldoze Block
Prevalent Dominant Rare
Relevant Related Irrelevant
Impeach Accuse Acquit
Proper Correct Improper
Perfect Faultless Faulty
Perpetual Continuous Temporary
Swift Summary Sluggish
Adroit Skillful Awkward
Dilemma Problem Solution
Humble gentle Strong
Instigate Start Halt
Stubborn Dogged Compliant
Redemption Recovery Giving
Succinct Brief Lengthy
Ordinance Law Veto
Impolite Rude Polite
Slim Thin Lengthen
Despair Misery Cheer
Conspicuous Visible Hidden
Foremost Leading Last
Innocent Blameless Guilty
Culinary Cookery Disgusting
Sincere Genuine Disingenuous
Deduce Deem Misunderstand
Trivial Little Important
Meticulous Careful Careless
Nebulous Unclear Clear
Intimate Close Unfriendly
Eminent Renowned Common
Discontent Dissatisfaction Happy
Hypothesis Theory Disbelief
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Profound Deep Stupid

Bucked cheery Clumsy
Wretched Worthless Good
Commence Begin Finish
Insipid Dull Interesting
Assent Sanction Dissent
Obnoxious Hateful Charming
Weird Strange Regular
Authorized Official Unauthorized
Puerile Childish Mature
Cope Manage Mismanage
Paradox Irony Ease
Immense Huge Tiny
Facade Frontage Interior
Exquisite Beautiful Horrible
Apathy Laziness Concern
Cite Quote Praise
Category Group Composite
Purge Laxative Binge
Damp Dank Dry
Circumspect Prudent Bold
Haze Cloud Clear
Obviate Prevent Face
Confiscate Remove Offer
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COMPREHENSION PASSAGES WITH PRECIS
PASSAGE-01 (SCIENCE AND RELIGION)

Many people believe that science and religion are contrary to each other. But this notion is wrong as a
matter of fact, both are complementary to each other. The aim of both these institutions is to explain
different aspects of life, universe and human existence. There is no doubt that the methods of science
and religion are different. The method of science is observation, experimentation and experience. Science
takes its recourse to progressive march towards perfection, the rules of religion are faith, intuition and
spoken word of the enlightened in general, while science is inclined towards reason and rationality,
spiritualism is the essence of religion.
In earlier times when man appeared on earth, he was over-awed at the sight of violent and powerful
aspects of nature. In certain cases, the usefulness of different natural objects of nature overwhelmed
man. Thus began the worship of forces of nature-fire, the sun, the rivers, the rocks, the trees, the snakes,
etc. The holy scriptures were written by those who had developed harmony between external nature and
their inner self. Their object was to ennoble, elevate and liberate the human spirit and mind. But the
priestly class took upon itself the monopoly of scriptural knowledge and interpretation to its own
advantage. Thus the entire human race was in chains.
Truth was flouted and progressive, liberal and truthful ideas or ideas expressing doubt and skepticism
were suppressed and their holders punished. In these trying circumstances the science emerged as a
savior of mankind but its path was not smooth and safe. The scientists and free thinkers were tortured.
This was the fate of Copernicus, Galileo, Bruno and others hut, by and by science gained ground.
ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS:
According to the passage science and religion
a) Are contrary to each other

b) Have the same origin
c) Are supportive to each other
d) Have the same aim or controlling universe
e) Do not allow any deviation from their rules
Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning as the word flouted as used in the
passage.
a) Mocked
b) Nourished
c) Expressed
d) Deflated
e) Concealed
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Which of the following statements is not true in the context of the passage?
a) Man worships the forces of nature

b) Methods of science and religion are different
c) Regimental religion got degenerated into orthodoxy
d) Galileo and Bruno were disciples of Copernicus
e) The holy scriptures were written by people who had tremendous inner strength
Why is it said in the passage that, “science emerged as a savior of mankind”?
a) Many great thinkers contributed to the progress of s

b) Science takes recourse to progressive march toward
c) Science is inclined towards reason and rationality
d) Man was bound in chains by religious orthodoxy
e) The tree thinkers and enlightened men were torture
According to the passage science and religion both
a) Rely on the spoken word of the enlightened

b) Emerged out of the tear of man
c) Emerged from the desire of man to worship the forces of nature
d) Employ different methods of enquiry
e) Work at the cross-purpose of each other
Which of the following statements is true in the context of the passage?
a) Science and religion are antagonistic to each other

b) Science encourages worshipping of nature
c) Religion is essential for external peace and harmony
d) Regimental religion was replaced by scientific principles
e) Science is essential for inner peace of mind
Why does man worship the force of nature?
a) The holy scriptures advocate the worship of forces of nature

b) The worship elevates and liberates the human spirit and mind
c) The worship makes man believe in faith and intuition
d) Forces of nature reach us spiritualism
e) None of the above
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MCQS 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
NUMBER
PASSAGE 01 C A D D D D B - - -
PRECIS
Science and religion are complementary institutions with the aim to explain different aspects of life,
the universe, and human existence. Science relies on observation, experimentation, and reason, while
religion uses faith, intuition, and the spoken word of enlightened individuals. In the past, people
worshipped natural objects, but the priestly class monopolized scriptural knowledge and suppressed
liberal ideas, resulting in chains for the human race. Science emerged as a savior, but scientists and free
thinkers were tortured. However, science eventually gained ground despite opposition.
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PASSAGE-02 (TORNADOES)
A tornado is born from a powerful storm called a supercell. Tornadoes have been reported in all states,
but most tornadoes happen in the central parts of America called “Tornado Alley.” In some supercells,
warm, moist air rises quickly into the atmosphere. Winds blowing at different speeds at different parts of
the supercell produce wind shear and cause a horizontal, rotating column of air. A funnel cloud will form
as the air column rotates faster and more tightly within the supercell. The rain and hail within the storm
cause the funnel cloud to touch the ground resulting in a tornado. The strength of a tornado is measured
by what’s called the Fujita scale. The weakest tornadoes (F0) feature winds of 40-78 miles per hour, while
the strongest tornadoes (F5) have winds of up to 318 miles per hour. All tornadoes can be devastating,
especially if they touch down in areas with lots of people. A tornado outbreak occurs when one storm
system produces multiple tornadoes. Some tornado outbreaks can result in the formation of dozens of
tornadoes over several states. One particularly powerful tornado outbreak occurred between April 25 and
April 28 of 2011, where a record 355 tornadoes in 21 states and Canada were recorded, including an F5
tornado that completely destroyed parts of Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Much of the destruction was caught on
camera and broadcast across the country and internet. The same weather system produced hailstones
that measured 4.5 inches across in southern Virginia. 328 people were killed as a result of the outbreak,
which totaled over $11 billion in damages.
Which is NOT true about tornadoes?
a) Most tornadoes occur in North America in Tornado Alley

b) They only occur in some states
c) Tornado strength is measured on the Fujita Scale.
d) They are born from supercells
What states have never had tornadoes?
a) States outside of Tornado Alley

b) Alaska and Hawaii
c) All states have had tornadoes
d) The passage doesn't say
What causes the supercell to tilt downward toward the ground?
a) Warm air
b) Rain and hail
c) Lightning
d) Wind
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When tornadoes are devastating?
a) When they register on the Fujita Scale

b) When they hit in Tornado Alley
c) When they hit areas with lots of people
d) When wind shear occurs
Which of the following would complete the analogy?
a) Supercell, Tornado
b) Hurricane, Ocean
c) Moon, Stars
d) Thunder, Rain
e) Cloud, Lightning
What is the theme of the first paragraph?
a) Wind Speed
b) The Fujita Scale
c) Historic Tornadoes
d) Birth and Strength of a tornado
Why does the author refer to the hailstones that hit Virginia as part of the tornado outbreak of April
2011?
a) To show how powerful and destructive the storms were

b) The show that tornado outbreaks often happen in the springing
c) To show that much of the damage was caught on camera
d) To show how long the storm lasted
What did paragraph two include that paragraph one did not include?
a) A specific instance
b) Tornadoes can form in distant locations
c) Information about Fujita Scale
d) Both A and C
Select all that are true about the Tornado Outbreak of 2011.
a) It devastated Tuscaloosa, Alabama

b) It produced a violent hailstorm in Virginia
c) It spanned two nations
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d) It was both deadly and costly
MCQS 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
NUMBER
PASSAGE 02 B C B C E D A A A-B -
PRECIS
Tornadoes are formed from a supercell storm, and most occur in Tornado Alley. Warm, moist air rises
quickly, creating a rotating column of air that produces a funnel cloud. The Fujita scale measures the
strength of a tornado, with the strongest having winds up to 318 mph. Tornado outbreaks occur when
a storm system produces multiple tornadoes, and in 2011, a record 355 tornadoes were recorded in 21
states and Canada, resulting in 328 deaths and over $11 billion in damages. The destruction was
broadcast across the country, and the same weather system produced hailstones that measured 4.5
inches in southern Virginia.
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PASSAGE-03 (DIABETES)
There are two types of diabetes, insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent. Between 90 and 95
percent of the estimated 13 to 14 million people in the United States with diabetes have non-insulin-
dependent, or Type II, diabetes. Because this form of diabetes usually begins in adults over the age of 40
and is most common after the age of 55, it used to be called adult-onset diabetes. Its symptoms often
develop gradually and are hard to identify at first; therefore, nearly half of all people with diabetes do not
know they have it. Someone who has developed Type II diabetes may feel tired or ill without knowing
why, a circumstance which can be particularly dangerous because untreated diabetes can cause damage
to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. While the causes, short-term effects, and
treatments of the two types of diabetes differ, both types can cause the same long-term health problems.
Most importantly, both types of diabetes affect the body's ability to use digested food for
energy. Diabetes does not interfere with digestion, but it does prevent the body from using an important
product of digestion, glucose (commonly known as sugar), for energy. After a meal, the normal digestive
system extracts glucose from some foods. The blood carries the glucose or sugar throughout the body,
causing blood glucose levels to rise. In response to this rise, the hormone insulin is released into the
bloodstream and signals the body tissues to metabolize or burn the glucose for fuel, which causes blood
glucose levels to return to normal. The glucose that the body does not use right away is stored in the
liver, muscle, or fat.
In both types of diabetes, this normal process malfunctions. A gland called the pancreas, found just
behind the stomach, makes insulin. In patients with insulin-dependent diabetes, the pancreas does not
produce insulin at all. This condition usually begins in childhood and is known as Type I (formerly called
juvenile-onset) diabetes. These patients must have daily insulin injections to survive. People with non-
insulin-dependent diabetes usually produce some insulin in their pancreas, but the body's tissues do not
respond very well to the insulin signal and therefore do not metabolize the glucose properly—a condition
known as insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is an important factor in non-insulin-dependent diabetes,
and scientists are researching the causes of insulin resistance. They have identified two possibilities. The
first is that there could be a defect in the insulin receptors on cells. Like an appliance that needs to be
plugged into an electrical outlet, insulin has to bind to a receptor in order to function. Several things can
go wrong with receptors. For example, there may not be enough receptors for insulin to bind to, or a
defect in the receptors may prevent insulin from binding. The second possible cause of insulin resistance
is that, although insulin may bind to the receptors, the cells may not read the signal to metabolize the
glucose.
Scientists continue to study these cells to see why this might happen. There is no cure for diabetes
yet. However, there are ways to alleviate its symptoms. In 1986, a National Institutes of Health panel of
experts recommended that the best treatment for non-insulin-dependent diabetes is a diet that helps one
maintain a normal weight and pays particular attention to a proper balance of the different food
groups. Many experts, including those in the American Diabetes Association, recommend that 50 to 60
percent of daily calories come from carbohydrates, 12 to 20 percent from protein, and no more than 30
percent from fat. Foods that are rich in carbohydrates, such as breads, cereals, fruits, and vegetables,
break down into glucose during digestion, causing blood glucose to rise. Additionally, studies have shown
that cooked foods raise blood glucose higher than raw, unpeeled foods. A doctor or nutritionist should
always be consulted for more information and for help in planning a diet to offset the effects of this form
of diabetes.
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According to the passage, what may be the most dangerous aspect of Type II diabetes?
a) Daily insulin shots are needed for treatment of Type II diabetes.

b) Type II diabetes may go undetected and, therefore, untreated.
c) In Type II diabetes, the pancreas does not produce insulin.
d) Type II diabetes interferes with digestion.
Which of the following are the same for Type I and Type II diabetes?
a) Treatments
b) Long-term health risks
c) Short-term effects
d) Causes
According to the passage, one place in which excess glucose is stored is the?
a) Stomach
b) Insulin receptors
c) Pancreas
d) Liver
A diet dominated by which of the following is recommended for non-insulin-dependent diabetics?
a) Protein
b) Fat
c) Carbohydrates
d) Raw foods
Which of the following is the main function of insulin?
a) It signals tissues to metabolize sugar.

b) It breaks down food into glucose.
c) It carries glucose throughout the body.
d) It binds to receptors.
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Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
a) Type I and Type II diabetes are best treated by maintaining a high-protein diet.
b) Type II diabetes is a distinct condition that can be managed by maintaining a healthy diet.
c) Type I diabetes is an insidious condition most harmful when the patient is not taking daily insulin
injections.
d) Adults who suspect they may have Type II diabetes should immediately adopt a high-
carbohydrate diet.
Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a possible problem with insulin receptors in
insulin-resistant individuals?
a) Overeating causes the receptors not to function properly.

b) There may be an overabundance of receptors.
c) A defect causes the receptors to bind with glucose.
d) A defect hinders the receptors from binding with insulin.
According to the passage, in normal individuals which of the following processes occur immediately
after the digestive system converts some food into glucose?
a) The glucose is metabolized by body tissues.

b) Insulin is released into the bloodstream.
c) Blood sugar levels rise.
d) The pancreas manufactures increased amounts of insulin.
Based on the information in the passage, which of the following best describes people with Type I
diabetes?
a) They do not need to be treated with injections of insulin.

b) They comprise the majority of people with diabetes.
c) Their pancreases do not produce insulin.
d) They are usually diagnosed as adults.
What is the closest meaning of the word “offset” in the final sentence of the passage?
a) Counteract
b) Cure
c) Soothe
d) Erase
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PRC-01 BWCS
MCQS 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
NUMBER
PASSAGE 03 B B D C A B D C C A
PRECIS
Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects the body's ability to use glucose for energy. There are two
types of diabetes, insulin-dependent (Type I) and non-insulin-dependent (Type II), which have different
causes, symptoms, and treatments. Type II diabetes is the most common form and usually begins in
adults over 40. Patients with Type II diabetes produce some insulin, but the body's tissues do not
respond well to it, causing insulin resistance. Insulin resistance can result from defects in insulin
receptors or the inability of cells to read the insulin signal. The best treatment for non-insulin-
dependent diabetes is a diet that maintains a normal weight and balances carbohydrates, protein, and
fat. A doctor or nutritionist should be consulted for a proper diet plan to offset the effects of diabetes.
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PASSAGE-04 (STRESS AND ANXIETY)
There is a famous expression in English: "Stop the world, I want to get off!" This expression refers to a
feeling of panic, or stress, that makes a person want to stop whatever they are doing, try to relax, and
become calm again. 'Stress' means pressure or tension. It is one of the most common causes of health
problems in modern life. Too much stress results in physical, emotional, and mental health problems.
There are numerous physical effects of stress. Stress can affect the heart. It can increase the pulse rate,
make the heart miss beats, and can cause high blood pressure. Stress can affect the respiratory system. It
can lead to asthma. It can cause a person to breathe too fast, resulting in a loss of important carbon
dioxide. Stress can affect the stomach. It can cause stomach aches and problems digesting food. These
are only a few examples of the wide range of illnesses and symptoms resulting from stress.
Emotions are also easily affected by stress. People suffering from stress often feel anxious. They may have
panic attacks. They may feel tired all the time. When people are under stress, they often overreact to little
problems. For example, a normally gentle parent under a lot of stress at work may yell at a child for
dropping a glass of juice. Stress can make people angry, moody, or nervous.
Long-term stress can lead to a variety of serious mental illnesses. Depression, an extreme feeling of
sadness and hopelessness, can be the result of continued and increasing stress. Alcoholism and other
addictions often develop as a result of overuse of alcohol or drugs to try to relieve stress. Eating disorders,
such as anorexia, are sometimes caused by stress and are often made worse by stress. If stress is allowed
to continue, then one's mental health is put at risk.
It is obvious that stress is a serious problem. It attacks the body. It affects the emotions. Untreated, it may
eventually result in mental illness. Stress has a great influence on the health and well-being of our bodies,
our feelings, and our minds. So, reduce stress: stop the world and rest for a while.
Which of the following can result from long-term stress?
a) Bliss
b) Depression
c) Alcoholism
d) Whimsy
Choose the best answer to explain how alcoholism is caused by stress.
a) Alcohol is used to relieve stress

b) Alcohol is popular
c) Alcohol is a chemical
d) Alcohol is similar to medicine
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Which of the following is not caused by long-term stress?
a) Bloating
b) Addiction
c) Anorexia
d) Alcoholism
Choose all of the answers that can complete this sentence: Stress can affect the respiratory
system by __________.
a) Causing stomach problem

c) Causing asthma
e) Class of carbon dioxide
h) Causing breathing problems
Symptoms of emotional stress include __________.
a) Feeling joyous
b) Feeling hungry
c) Feeling thirsty
d) Feeling tired
Which of the following is not a common problem caused by stress?
a) Physical problems
b) Anecdotal problems
c) Mental problems
d) Emotional problems
According to the essay, which of the following parts of the body does not have physical problems
caused by stress.
a) The arms
b) The stomach
c) The lungs
d) The heart
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MCQS 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
NUMBER
PASSAGE 04 B A A ALL D B A - - -
PRECIS
Stress is a common cause of health problems and can have physical, emotional, and mental effects.
Physical effects include heart problems, respiratory issues, and stomach aches. Emotional effects
include anxiety, panic attacks, and mood swings. Long-term stress can lead to serious mental illnesses
like depression, alcoholism, and eating disorders. Stress has a significant impact on overall health and
well-being. Reducing stress is crucial to prevent potential health problems.
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PASSAGE-05 (ORGANIC FOODS)

Are organically grown foods the best food choices? The advantages claimed for such foods over
conventionally grown and marketed food products are now being debated. Advocates of organic foods –
a term whose meaning varies greatly – frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more
nutritious than others.
The growing interest of consumers in the safety and more nutritional quality of the typical North American
diet is a welcome development. However, much of this interest has been sparked by sweeping claims that
the food supply is unsafe or inadequate in meeting nutritional needs. Although most of these claims are
not supported by scientific evidence, the preponderance of written material advancing such claims makes
it difficult for the general public to separate fact from fiction. As a result, claims that eating a diet
consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to
health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.
Almost daily the public is besieged by claims for “no-aging” diets, new vitamins, and other wonder foods.
There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones, that
fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs, that untreated grains are better than
fumigated grains and the like.
One thing that most organically grown food products seem to have in common is that they cost more than
conventionally grown foods. But in many cases consumers are misled if they believe organic foods
can maintain health and provide better nutritional quality than conventionally grown foods. So there is
real cause for concern if consumers, particularly those with limited incomes, distrust the regular food and
buy only expensive organic foods instead.
The world “Advocates” in line 2 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
a) Proponents
b) Merchants
c) Inspectors
d) Consumers
In line 4, the word “others” refers to
a) Advantages
b) Advocates
c) Organic foods
d) Products
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The “welcome development” mentioned in line 6 is an increase in
a) Interest in food safety and nutritional quality of the typical North American diet
b) The nutritional quality of the typical North American diet

c) The amount of healthy food grown in North America
d) The number of consumers in North America
According to the first paragraph, which of the following is true about the term “organic
foods“?
a) It is accepted by most nutritionists.

b) It has been used only in recent years.
c) It has no fixed meaning.
d) It is seldom used by consumers.
The word “unsubstantiated” in line 13 is closest in meaning to
a) Unbelievable
b) Uncontested
c) Unpopular
d) Unverified
The word “maintain” in line 18 is closest in meaning to
a) Improve
b) Monitor
c) Preserve
d) Restore
The author implies that there is cause for concern if consumers with limited incomes
buy organic foods instead of conventionally grown foods because
a) Organic foods can be more expensive but are often no better than conventionally
grown foods
b) Many organic foods are actually less nutritious than similar conventionally grown
foods
c) Conventionally grown foods are more readily available than organic foods
d) Too many farmers will stop using conventional methods to grow food crops.
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According to the last paragraph, consumers who believe that organic foods are better
than conventionally grown foods are often
a) Careless
b) Mistaken
c) Thrifty
d) Wealthy
What is the author’s attitude toward the claims made by advocates of health foods
a) Very enthusiastic
b) Somewhat favorable
c) Neutral
d) Skeptical
MCQS 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
NUMBER
PASSAGE 05 A D A C D C A B D -
PRECIS
The debate about whether organically grown foods are the best food choices is ongoing. Advocates of
organic foods claim that they are safer and more nutritious than conventionally grown foods, but the
scientific evidence supporting these claims is lacking. Claims that a diet consisting entirely of organically
grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other health benefits are not supported by scientific
evidence and are based on folklore. Many organically grown foods are more expensive than
conventionally grown foods, and consumers may be misled if they believe that organic foods are
inherently better for their health. This is a concern, particularly for consumers with limited incomes.
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PASSAGE-06 (ROLE OF MICRONUTRIENTS)

Throughout human history the leading causes of death have been infection and trauma. Modern medicine
has scored significant victories against both, and the major causes of ill health and death are now the
chronic degenerative disease, such as coronary artery disease, arthritis, cataract and cancer. These have
a long latency period before symptoms appear and a diagnosis is made. It follows that the majority of
apparently healthy people are pre-ill. Many national surveys reveal that malnutrition is common in
developed countries. This is not the calorie or micronutrient deficiency associated with developing but
multiple nation micronutrients depletion, usually combined with calorific balance or excess. The incidence
and severity of Type B malnutrition will be shown to be worse if newer micronutrients groups such as the
essential fatty acids and flavonoids are included in the surveys. However, the pharmaceutical model has
also created an unhealthy dependency culture, in which relatively few of us accept responsibility for
maintaining our own health. Instead, we have handed over this responsibility to health professional who
know very little about health maintenance or disease prevention. Based on pharmaceutical thinking, most
intervention studies have attempted to measure the impact of a single micronutrient on the incidence of
disease. The classical approach says that if you give a compound formula to test subjects and obtain
positive results, you cannot know which ingredient is exerting the benefit, so you must test each
ingredient individually.
So do we need to analyze each individual's nutritional status and then tailor a formula specifically for him
or her? While we do not have the resources to analyze millions of individual cases. There is no need to do
so. The vast majority of people are consuming suboptimal amounts of most micronutrients, and most of
the micronutrients concerned are very safe. Accordingly, a comprehensive and universal program of
micronutrient support is probably the most cost-effective and safest way of improving the general health
of the nation.
Type B malnutrition will be worse if:

a) Micronutrients groups are included
b) Fatty acids and flavonoids are included
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of these
To know the ingredient is exerting the benefit

a) Give compound formula to test subjects
b) Test each ingredient individually
c) Study the impact of single micronutrients
d) None of these
After analyze each individual's states than:

a) Classical approach starts
b) Maintain the health and disease prevention
c) Tailor a formula
d) None of these
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National surveys reveal:

a) Malnutrition is common
b) Long latency period
c) Both a and b
d) None of these
Pharmaceutical model created:

a) Incidence of disease
b) Nutritional status
c) Unhealthy dependency culture
d) None of these
To improve general health of nation:

a) A comprehensive program
b) Universal program of micronutrient
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of these
What does classical approach say?
a) You must test each ingredient individually

b) Who know very little about health maintenance or diseases prevention
c) A diagnosis is made
d) All of the above
Which of the following are the micronutrients groups?
a) Essential fatty acids

b) Flavonoids
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of these
MCQS 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
NUMBER
PASSAGE 06 B A D D A B A C - -
PRECIS
Modern medicine has successfully tackled infections and trauma, with chronic degenerative diseases
like coronary artery disease, cancer, arthritis, and cataract now being the primary cause of ill health
and death. Malnutrition, which is often a combination of multiple micronutrient deficiencies and
calorific imbalances, is prevalent in developed nations, with newer micronutrient groups like essential
fatty acids and flavonoids making matters worse. While the pharmaceutical model has created a culture
of dependency, a comprehensive and universal program of micronutrient support can improve the
health of the majority of people, who consume suboptimal amounts of micronutrients, and most
micronutrients are safe.
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PASSAGE-07 (SEVERE WEATHER)

Severe storms happen in low-pressure weather systems. Warm, wet air begins rising into the air. The
higher it rises, the cooler it becomes. Water vapor in the air forms drops. This process is called
condensation. The drops join together to form clouds. Precipitation in the form of rain, sleet, snow or hail
falls down to Earth’s surface. Conditions must be very specific for a thunderstorm to develop. Even so,
thunderstorms remain the most common kind of extreme weather. Before a thunderstorm can develop,
there have to be three conditions present. First, the air has to be full of moisture. Next, there must be
either an approaching cold front or an intensely heated piece of Earth’s surface sending warm air up
quickly. Finally, the warm air that rises must be warm enough to stay warmer than the air it passes
through. When these conditions are met, the moisture in the rising air condenses. Clouds form, and a
storm begins. A cold front happens when cold air is moving near the surface of Earth, and it pushes warm
air up very quickly. This is often the beginning of a thunderstorm. Clouds form, and heavy rains begin
falling. Opposite electrical charges inside storm clouds separate. This causes lightning to flash towards
Earth. Lightning has enough energy to heat the air all around it. This sudden burst of heat is what causes
the noise we know as thunder. Thunderstorms often bring disasters with them. This can be in the form of
floods, fi res caused by lightning, damage from hailstones or strong winds, and even tornadoes. A tornado
is a spinning mass of air over land that can destroy virtually everything in its path. A blizzard is a
combination of strong winds and extremely low temperatures. Snowfall increases until it is so heavy it is
difficult or impossible to see. People can become lost in the snow and freeze to death. Homes can be
covered over with snow, trapping people indoors. A hurricane is the most powerful storm known on Earth.
It forms over warm ocean waters off the coast of the tropics, becoming a gigantic swirling mixture of air
and water. It can grow to between 100 and 900 miles wide. Wind speeds can average 75 miles per hour
or more. Hurricanes do the most damage to coastal cities because they quickly lose their strength as they
move over land. Hurricanes are so large and powerful that their swirling clouds can be seen from space
What kind of weather system encourages a thunderstorms to develop?

_________________________________________________________________________________
Why does thunder usually occur during storms that have lightning?
_________________________________________________________________________________
What is one of the conditions necessary for a thunderstorm to develop?

_________________________________________________________________________________
Name one danger associated with blizzards.

__________________________________________________________________________________
Which kind of extreme weather do you think would be the most difficult to face? Why?
__________________________________________________________________________________
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MCQS PASSAGE 07
NUMBER
01 A Low-pressure weather system.
02 Because thunder is the sound made by a lightning flash.
03 Example of correct answer: The air must be full of moisture.
04 Example of correct answer: People can get lost in the blizzard and freeze to death.
05 YOUR OWN CHOICE 
PRECIS
Severe storms such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, blizzards, and hurricanes can cause disasters. To
develop a thunderstorm, the air must be full of moisture, there must be an approaching cold front or
heated surface, and the warm air must remain warmer than the air it passes through. When these
conditions are met, the moisture in the rising air condenses, forming clouds and a storm. Thunder and
lightning occur due to opposite electrical charges within storm clouds. Tornadoes, blizzards, and
hurricanes can cause destruction, with hurricanes being the most powerful and able to reach up to 900
miles wide with wind speeds averaging 75 mph or more. Hurricanes cause the most damage to coastal
cities.
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PASSAGE-08 (FRUIT FLIES)

Fruit flies are tiny insects that are attracted to ripe or rotting fruits and vegetables. The flies not only eat
the fruit, they also lay their eggs there. A single fruit fly can lay up to 500 eggs on the surface of a piece of
fruit. Within eight days, the fruit flies that hatch from these eggs are full adults that can then lay their own
eggs. As you can see, what might start out as a small fruit fly problem can become very large very quickly?
Although there is a chance fruit flies can carry germs on to your food, this is not very likely. Fruit flies are
annoying, but they probably will not hurt you. Because they are such a nuisance, however, most people
want to get rid of these pesky bugs as quickly as possible. Some people use pesticide sprays on the fruit
flies. Although this will kill the flies, it will also spread harmful poison all over your kitchen. Luckily, there
is also a completely safe way for you to get rid of fruit flies in your house. The first step is for you to remove
all fruits or vegetables from your counter. Store these items in the refrigerator or in sealed containers.
Clean up any spilled juice or bits of food that might be on the floor. Take out the trash and empty the
recycling bin. Wash any dirty dishes that are in your sink. Doing all of these things will stop new fruit flies
from finding food or places to lay their eggs. Next, make a trap to catch all of the remaining fruit flies in
your house. First, fill a small bowl with a few tablespoons of vinegar. Then, put a piece of very ripe or
rotting fruit into the vinegar. Cover the bowl very tightly with a sheet of plastic wrap and poke a few very
small holes in the wrap with a fork. If all goes according to plan, the flies will enter the trap through the
holes but will be unable to fly back out. This trap will catch all of the remaining fruit flies. You can either
kill these flies or release them outdoors. Fruit flies can be a pest, but they do not have to make you crazy.
With a little effort, you can get existing flies out of your house and prevent new ones from taking over
your kitchen.
Why are fruit flies so called?
a) They live in only ripe fruits.

b) They thrive on fruits.
c) Their young ones grow on fruits.
d) They prefer to eat only rotting fruits.
A single fruit fly can lay up to
a) 5000 eggs in every fruit.

b) 500 eggs under the fruit.
c) 500 eggs.
d) 500 eggs per week.
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As used in paragraph 3, a nuisance is something that
a) Bothers you
b) Can be dangerous
c) Grows fast
d) Is very small
According to the passage, why should you not use pesticide spray to kill fruit flies?
a) Most sprays do not actually kill all of the fruit flies

b) Buying sprays can get expensive if you need to use a lot of them
c) The sprays take too much time to work
d) It can be dangerous to use them in your kitchen
It takes about a week
a) For the fruit flies to lay eggs.

b) For the eggs to hatch.
c) For the hatched fruit flies to grow fully.
d) For the hatched fruit flies to eat the fruit.
Most people want to get rid of fruit flies because
a) They spoil the food.

b) They consume the whole fruit.
c) They carry germs.
d) They annoy people.
In reading this passage, we learn that fruit flies
I. Die immediately after they lay their eggs

II. Can grow into adults after only 8 days III.
III. are mostly harmless
a) I only
b) I and II only
c) II and III only
d) I, II, and III
Based on the information in the penultimate (next-to-last) paragraph, we can understand that the
author thinks that
a) some people do not mind having fruit flies in their house

b) some people do not like killing insects
c) fruit flies do not like vinegar
d) making a fruit fly trap can be difficult
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MCQS 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
NUMBER
PASSAGE 08 B C A D C D C B - -
PRECIS
Fruit flies are tiny insects that are attracted to ripe or rotting fruits and vegetables. They can quickly
become a nuisance as they lay up to 500 eggs on the surface of a single piece of fruit. While they are
not likely to harm humans, their presence can be annoying. Using pesticide sprays can spread harmful
poison, so it is better to remove food sources and make a trap. To catch the remaining fruit flies, fill a
small bowl with vinegar and add a piece of ripe fruit, then cover the bowl with plastic wrap and poke
small holes. The flies will enter the trap but won't be able to fly back out. This trap can be used to get
rid of existing flies and prevent new ones from taking over your kitchen.
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PASSAGE-09 (WOMEN EMPOWERNMENT)
Women empowerment refers to making women powerful to make them capable of deciding for
themselves. Women have suffered a lot through the years at the hands of men. In earlier centuries, they
were treated as almost non-existent. As if all the rights belonged to men even something as basic as
voting. As the times evolved, women realized their power. There on began the revolution for women
empowerment. As women were not allowed to make decisions for themselves, women empowerment
came in like a breath of fresh air. It made them aware of their rights and how they must make their own
place in society rather than depending on a man. It recognized the fact that things cannot simply work in
someone's favor because of their gender. However, we still have a long way to go when we talk about the
reasons why we need it.
In other words, women from all over the world have been rebellious to reach the status they have today.
While the western countries are still making progress, third world countries like India still lag behind in
women empowerment. In India, women empowerment is needed more than ever. India is amongst the
countries which are not safe for women. There are various reasons for this. Firstly, women in India are in
danger of honor killings. Their family thinks it is right to take their lives if they bring shame to the
reputation of their legacy.
Moreover, the education and freedom scenario is very regressive here. Women are not allowed to pursue
higher education. They are married off early. The men are still dominating women in some regions like it's
the woman's duty to work for him endlessly. They do not let them go out or have freedom of any kind. In
addition, domestic violence is a major problem in India. The men beat up their wife and abuse them as
they think women are their property. More so, because women are afraid to speak up. Similarly, the
women who do actually work get paid less than their male counterparts. It is downright unfair and sexist
to pay someone less for the same work because of their gender. Thus, we see how women empowerment
is the need of the hour. We need to empower these women to speak up for themselves and never be a
victim of injustice.
Women want to be empowered so that...
a) They can travel alone.

b) They can decide for themselves.
c) They can dominate their spouses.
d) None of the above.
Non-existent means same as...
a) Someone who will not go.

b) Someone who hate women.
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c) Someone who hate men.

d) Someone who is not present.
How did women realize the need to be empowered?
a) They were suffering because of men.

b) Not capable of deciding for themselves.
c) No voting rights.
d) All of the above.
The expression 'a breath of fresh air' means same as...
a) They are comfortable breathing.

b) They removed the pollutants from the air.
c) They experienced a refreshing change.
When women were empowered they realized
a) Interdependence
b) Independence
c) Oppression
d) Suspension
The phrase 'a long way to go' implies...
a) Long journey to reach the empowerment building.

b) A lot of hurdles to be overcome to gain empowerment.
c) To take the opposite choices which men take, to be victorious?
d) To not worry about male gender any more.
Read the two opinions and then choose the right option.
 Opinion 1: all countries have history of ill-treating women.

 Opinion 2: the western countries never ill-treat their women.
a) Opinion 1 and opinion 2 are correct
b) Only opinion 1 is correct.
c) Only opinion 2 is correct.
d) Opinion 1 and 2 are incorrect.
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Women from all over the world have been rebellious to reach their Status, today Means.
a) Women deserve to be ill-treated because they have always been timid.

b) Women deserve to be ill-treated because they are too wild.
c) Women have fought for their recognition to be treated the way they are today.
d) Women are rebellious because they want to dominate men.
Women in India are in danger of honor killing" this means...
a) They are killed because they bring shame.

b) They are killed if they marry anyone other than their own caste.
c) They are killed because of their legacy.
d) They are unsafe so they are killed.
Domestic violence is a major problem in India.
a) Women are exploited as if they are their property.

b) Women speak too much in their domestic place.
c) Women must be disciplined through violence.
MCQS 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
NUMBER
PASSAGE 01 B D D C B B D C A A
PRECIS
Women empowerment refers to making women capable of making their own decisions and being
aware of their rights. Women have faced discrimination and oppression throughout history, and
women empowerment is a necessary step towards equality. While progress has been made in western
countries, third world countries like India still have a long way to go. In India, women face challenges
such as honor killings, lack of education and freedom, domestic violence, and unequal pay. Women
empowerment is crucial in empowering women to speak up against injustice and establish themselves
in society.
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PASSAGE-10 (CHINESE NEW YEAR)

In China, New Year's Day is on the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar. The date may differ
each year. It is at the end of January or in early February. People return home to China from all over the
world to celebrate the day. In other countries, people who live in big cities in areas called Chinatown also
celebrate. The Chinese New Year is also called the Spring Festival. It is from the ancient tradition which
marks the end of winter and the beginning of spring with a celebration. It is the start of a new growing
cycle on the Earth. Family and friends get together.
The event is full of colorful decorations and traditions. Chinese New Year is over 4,000 years old. Their
celebration starts on New Year's Eve. A big party is held on the next day. The entire event last15 days.
After the 15 days, the Lantern Festival occurs at the time of the first full moon. The families start getting
ready for the event two weeks ahead of time. They clean their houses to get rid of all the bad luck which
has accumulated in the previous year. After the celebration person cannot clean a room for several days
or he might sweep out the good luck which has come in. Cleaning up also means apologizing to friends
and paying off bills. Red and gold are the Chinese colors. Banners in these colors are hung everywhere as
decorations with wishes for good luck written on them. For the Chinese, red and gold are lucky colors.
Red symbolizes life and happiness. Gold symbolizes riches. Food must be prepared ahead of time because
it is unlucky to use a knife during the New Year's festival. A knife may cut off all the good luck for the New
Year. People decorate their houses with some of the lucky plants. Orange trees, pussy willows and
mandarin trees are several which are bought. A celebration can only begin after the family pays respect
to their dead relatives. On New Year's Eve, the families go to the temple to pray for good Jack in the
coming year. They carry food or incense to try to please the Spirits of the dead. Chinese red and gold
lanterns are hung all around the towns. Firecrackers are also a big part of the celebration. They are lit
outside businesses and houses to scare away bad spirits. They are also a part of the big parades. A lion
performance is acted out by two people. One nods the head and one the body of the lion. The performers
put on acrobatic stunts. The lion actors run along the streets accompanied by drums, gongs and cymbals.
Their purpose is to bring goodwill to all. A “Laughing Buddha” goes along with the lion actors. He teases
the lion and makes him fall down and roll around. People standing along the road place red envelopes
into the lion's mouth. They contain money which is a donation for whatever martial arts school is putting
on the show. Sometimes a business hangs a head of lettuce from the ceiling. The actor in the lion outfit
has to reach up and pick off the red envelope from inside the lettuce. Then the lion spits out the leaves to
spread good luck. At the end of the performance, a scroll pops out of the lion’s mouth carrying a message
of good luck. The usual colors for the lion outfit are red, green and gold.
Which of the following are China’s lucky colors?

a) Red and black
b) Red and gold
c) Red and green
d) Red and white
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What is another name for the Chinese New Year?

a) Winter Party
b) Fall Festival
c) Spring Festival
d) Summer Festival
Which of the following is the reason the families clean their houses to get ready for the New Year?
a) To make room for the holiday tree
b) To sweep out the old bad luck.
c) To prepare for company
d) To honor their ancestors
Which of the following is in the red envelopes winch people put in the lion's mouth?
a) Candy
b) Flowers
c) Money
d) Good luck messages
Which of the following should not be used during the New Year's festival?
a) Rats
b) Rice paper
c) Knives
d) Metal plates
Which of the following it’s inside the lettuce heads which the businesses hang outside their shops?
a) Toys
b) Candy
c) Fortune cookies
d) Red envelopes
MCQS 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
NUMBER
PASSAGE 01 B C B C C D - - - -
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PRECIS
Chinese New Year, also known as the Spring Festival, is celebrated on the first day of the lunar calendar,
marking the end of winter and the beginning of spring. It is a 15-day event that involves cleaning homes,
decorating with red and gold banners and lucky plants, preparing food ahead of time, and praying to
dead relatives for good luck. Firecrackers and lion performances are also part of the celebration. The
lion performers put on acrobatic stunts and collect red envelopes filled with money for donations. The
festival ends with the Lantern Festival on the first full moon of the year.
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PASSAGE-11 (OCEAN WATER)

Ocean water plays an indispensable role in supporting life. The great ocean basins hold about 300
million cubic miles of water. From this vast amount, about 80,000 cubic miles of water are sucked into
the atmosphere each year by evaporation and returned by precipitation and drainage to the ocean.
More than 24,000 cubic miles of rain descend annually upon the continents. This vast amount is
required to replenish the lakes and streams, springs and water tables on which all flora and fauna are
dependent. Thus, the hydrosphere permits organic existence. The hydrosphere has strange
characteristics because water has properties unlike those of any other liquid. One anomaly is that water
upon freezing expands by about 9 percent, whereas most liquids contract on cooling. For this reason, ice
floats on water bodies instead of sinking to the bottom. If the ice sank, the hydrosphere would soon be
frozen solidly, except for a thin layer of surface melt water during the summer season. Thus, all aquatic
life would be destroyed and the interchange of warm and cold currents, which moderates climate,
would be notably absent. Another outstanding characteristic of water is that water has a heat capacity
which is the highest of all liquids and solids except ammonia. This characteristic enables the oceans to
absorb and store vast quantities of heat, thereby often preventing climatic extremes. In addition, water
dissolves more substances than any other liquid. It is this characteristic which helps make oceans a great
storehouse for minerals which have been washed down from the continents. In several areas of the
world these minerals are being commercially exploited. Solar evaporation of salt is widely practiced,
potash is extracted from the Dead Sea, and magnesium is produced from sea water along the American
Gulf Coast.
The author’s main purpose in passage is to
a) Illustrate the importance of conserving water

b) Describe the properties and uses of water
c) Compare water with other liquids
d) Explain how water is used in commerce
The phrase “this vast amount” in line 4 of paragraph 1 refers to

a) 80,000 million cubic miles of water
b) 24,000 Square miles of rain
c) 24,000 cubic miles of rain
d) 300 million cubic miles of water
The word “replenish” in paragraph 1 can best replaced by.

a) Fill again
b) Replace
c) Evaporate
d) Form
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According to the passage, fish can survive in the oceans because.

a) Evaporation and condensation create a water cycle
b) There are currents in the oceans
c) They do not need oxygen
d) Ice floats
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of water?

a) Water can absorb heat
b) Water is good solvent.
c) Water contracts on cooling
d) Water expands when it is frozen
MCQS 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
NUMBER
PASSAGE 01 B C A D C - - - - -
PRECIS
The hydrosphere is essential for sustaining life on Earth, holding 300 million cubic miles of water, with
80,000 cubic miles evaporating and returning each year through precipitation and drainage. The unique
properties of water, such as expanding upon freezing and having a high heat capacity, enable aquatic
life to thrive and climate to be moderated. Water also dissolves more substances than any other liquid,
allowing the oceans to store minerals washed down from continents, which are being commercially
exploited in several areas worldwide.
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PASSAGE-12 (OVER POPULATION)

A very important world problem, if not the most serious of all the great world problems which affect
us at the moment, is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet. The limited
amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues
to grow at its present rate. In an early survey conducted in 1888, a billion and a half people inhabited
the earth. Now, the population exceeds five billion and is growing fast - by the staggering figure of 90
million in 1988 alone. This means that the world must accommodate a new population roughly equal
to that of the United States and Canada every three years! Even though the rate of growth has begun
to slow down, most experts believe the population size will still pass eight billion during the next 50
years. So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the
knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as "Death Control". You have no doubt heard of
the term "Birth Control" - "Death Control" is something rather different. It recognizes the work of the
doctors and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago. Would have died of a variety
of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that include farming
methods and sanitation, as well as the control of these deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce
the rate at which we die - creating a population explosion. We used to think that reaching seventy
years old was a remarkable achievement, but now eighty or even ninety is becoming recognized as the
normal life-span for humans. In a sense, this represents a tremendous achievement for our species.
Biologically this is the very definition of success and we have undoubtedly become the dominant
animal on the planet. However, this success is the very cause of the greatest threat to mankind.
What does “it” refer to in line 4?

a) Important world problem
b) Increasing number
c) Limited amount of land
d) Huge population
This is the very definition of success’ paragraph 3 refers to:

a) Increasing life span to 80 or 90
b) Reaching 70 years old
c) Having a normal life span
d) Technological innovations
Which of the following is closest in meaning to eighty or even ninety normal life span for humans?
a) On average, people now live to be over eighty.
b) We should recognize that people now live to between eighty and ninety on average
c) Now a days it isn’t normal for people to die younger than eighty
d) Average life expectancy is increasingly being considered to be eighty or more.
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The main purpose of paragraph 2 is:

a) To put forward the argument that world population has to be reduced.
b) To give a brief history of the growth in world population.
c) To emphasize how quickly the world population is rising.
d) To stress how large the world population is now.
In paragraph 3, which of the following is not given as a reason for a reduction in death rates?
a) New Hospital
b) Better hygiene
c) Improved food production
d) Better control of fatal diseases.
MCQS 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
NUMBER
PASSAGE 01 D C D D A - - - - -
PRECIS
The world's rapidly increasing population is a critical problem as the limited land and resources cannot
sustain such growth. The population has already surpassed five billion and is increasing by 90 million
annually. This surge is due to the widespread adoption of "Death Control," which has improved
healthcare, farming methods, sanitation, and the control of deadly diseases. Consequently, people are
living longer than ever before, with eighty or ninety becoming the norm. While a remarkable
achievement, this population explosion poses the greatest threat to humankind.
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PASSAGE-13 (WORK HOLISM)

A survey of 8,000 people by the UK Institute of Personnel and Development found that one in three people
work more than 48 hours per week and claim to be addicted to their jobs. One in six people work more
than 60 hours a week and three-quarters of employees currently work overtime but only one-third gets
paid for 5 it. Work holism can be described as the inability to stop working. Whether you are in the office,
at home, in bed, or socializing, if you find that you cannot stop thinking about work or talking about work
then it is very likely that you are or you are about to become a 10 workaholic. Until recently many people
described work holism as a respectable addiction, and half thought that it was an excellent trait. However,
the condition is now recognized as a serious problem and many theories have been offered to try and
better 15 understand what motivates the workaholic. Some theories see it as 8 strategy to hide underlying
emotional problems such as anxiety, low self-esteem, depression and obsessive-compulsive traits. Some
scientists define a workaholic as a person whose need to work has become so excessive that it disturbs
(upset) physical health, 20 personal happiness, interpersonal relations or the ability to function socially.
Thorne and Johnson identify two types of workaholics: the active and the passive. Active workaholics work
simply for pleasure of working. They have energy for working longer hours and they believe that such hard
working brings special rewards. On the other hand, passive workaholics are driven (motivated) to work by
insecurities, fear or paranoia until overwork becomes a habit, damaging the balance of their lives almost
without them realizing it. Workaholics are often stressed. Studies show that Japan has the 30 € targets
number of workaholics worldwide and overwork is responsible for 10,000 deaths there each year. The
Japanese even have a word for death by overwork “Karoshi”. Physical or mental exercise such as positive
thinking, relaxing meditation, or spiritual comfort from family and friends can all help to overcome work
holism.
The main idea of this passage is

a) People in the UK are addicted to work but don't aid for it
b) Work holism is a respectable addiction
c) Work holism is a serious problem all over the world and should be identified and treated
d) Physical and mental exercises are important to treat work holism.
Working overtime in the UK is

a) Cause of accidents
b) Not paid for majority of employees
c) Overpaid for all employees
d) Or all employees
A workaholic is a person who

a) Is absent from work every week
b) Thinks about holidays while at work
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c) Has family problems

d) Cannot stop working
Work holism may be a way of hiding

a) Social drinking
b) Addictive habits
c) Personal happiness
d) Emotional problems
Workaholics who work out of fear and insecurities are
a) Active workaholics
b) Passive workaholics
c) Damaging the balance of their lives
d) Both B and C
MCQS 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
NUMBER
PASSAGE 01 B C D D B - - - - -
PRECIS
According to a survey by the UK Institute of Personnel and Development, one in three people work over
48 hours a week and one in six people work over 60 hours a week. Work holism, described as an
addiction to work, can negatively impact physical health, personal happiness, interpersonal
relationships, and social functioning. Workaholics can be driven by insecurities, fear, or a desire for
pleasure. Japan has the highest number of workaholics worldwide, with overwork responsible for
10,000 deaths per year, known as "Karoshi". Strategies to overcome work holism include exercise,
positive thinking, relaxation, and support from family and friends.
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PASSAGE-14 (ENVIORNMENTAL POLLUTION)
Rapidly increasing environmental pollution has created a deep sense of awareness among the masses of
the urgent need to safeguard our habitat. Among the different types of pollution affecting our cities, only
air and water pollution have received adequate attention of the environmentalists. The concern for noise
pollution, which has reached alarming proportions in a number of important cities of the world, including
Karachi, has been minimal. It is because of this apathy that the average noise level in Karachi far exceeds
the safe level of 55-60 decibels. In certain areas of the city, the noise levels during the day- time, have
been recorded in excess of 100 decibels. Empirical studies reveal that excessive noise levels pose a grave
threat to human health and cause a number of complications. In a well-researched study on the impact
of high noise-levels on human beings, it has been established that consistently high level of noise not only
damages the ear drums, but also causes nausea, severe body pains and hypertension which lead to
nervous breakdown and ulcers.
The real cost of noise-induced loss to industry is considered to be far greater than that of most other
occupational hazards. Declining productivity among workers in certain industries, such as stone
crushing, heavy steel and metal stamping and aeronautical engineering is attributable to high noise
levels which adversely affect the mental and physical health of the workers. Workers exposed to high
intensities of noise for prolonged periods are often found to be irritable and tense and prone to react
violently even to minor differences or disagreements. Extended periods of eight hours of daily exposure
to high levels of noise can cause life-long deafness.
With growing environmental awareness, some countries in Europe are beginning to take the problems
of noise most seriously. In the Netherlands, zoning regulations prohibit the construction of housing
projects in areas which have high levels of noise pollution, like main highways or airports. In addition,
construction of anti-noise surface-porous asphalt roads reduces traffic noise by up to 5 decibels. In the
major cities of Pakistan, three-wheeler rickshaws and buses plying with defective silencers are the
worst offenders. Besides, mechanical workshops in the residential areas also contribute to the menace
of noise pollution. The citizens must take serious note of the threats posed by noise pollution.
Give a suitable title to the passage.
a) Environmental pollution in Pakistan
b) Hazards of noise pollution in Karachi
c) Environmental pollution; Pakistan vs. Foreign countries
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d) How noise pollution affects industrial workers
What are the three types of pollution mentioned in the above passage?
a) Environmental pollution, air pollution and soil pollution

b) Thermal pollution, water pollution and noise pollution
c) air pollution, water pollution and noise pollution
d) Noise pollution, soil pollution and industrial pollution.
Identify four types of dangers posed to human health by noise pollution as stated in the passage.
a) nausea, body pain, hypertension and damage to ear drums
b) Life-long deafness, ulcers, body pain and cancer
c) Damage to ear drums, nervous breakdown, body pain and lung cancer
d) Body pain, nausea, deafness and asthma.
Noise pollution affects industrial workers by:
a) Making them grouchy, headstrong and quiet.
b) Making them violent, shrewd and relentless.
c) Making them less productive, irritable and mentally and physically ill.
d) Making them ruthless, argumentative and autonomous.
According to the passage, which types of vehicles and industries create the most noise on the roads
and residential areas of Pakistan?
a) Construction industry, inter-city transport and airports
b) Industries in the residential area, heavy duty bikes and three wheeler rickshaws
c) Buses with defective silencers, tinted cars and CNG rickshaws
d) Three wheeler rickshaws, buses with defective silencers, and mechanical workshops.
MCQS 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
NUMBER
PASSAGE 01 - - - -
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PRECIS
Noise pollution is a major concern in Karachi, with average levels exceeding the safe limit of 55-60
decibels, and reaching over 100 decibels in some areas. High noise levels have been linked to a range
of health problems, including damage to the ear drums, nausea, severe body pains, hypertension,
nervous breakdowns, and ulcers. The cost of noise-induced loss to industry is significant, with declining
productivity and adverse effects on the mental and physical health of workers. Some European
countries have taken action to address noise pollution, including prohibiting construction in noisy areas
and using anti-noise surface-porous asphalt roads. In Karachi, three-wheeler rickshaws, buses with
defective silencers, and mechanical workshops in residential areas contribute to the problem. It is
important for citizens to recognize and address the threats posed by noise pollution.
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ESSAYS WITH CAUSES AND EFFECTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS IMPACTS

CAUSES EFFECTS
Advancements in computing power Increased Efficiency
Big Data Job Displacement
Need for automation Ethical Considerations
AI has become an increasingly prevalent topic of discussion in recent years, and its potential benefits and
drawbacks are being debated by experts across various fields.
On the one hand, AI has the potential to revolutionize industries and improve our quality of life in
numerous ways. It has the ability to automate repetitive tasks, increase efficiency, and enable us to solve
complex problems more quickly and accurately than ever before. Furthermore, AI-powered healthcare
and medical diagnostics can lead to more accurate diagnoses and treatment plans, ultimately saving lives.
However, there are also potential negative impacts of AI. One concern is that widespread automation
could lead to job displacement and exacerbate income inequality. Additionally, there are concerns about
the ethical implications of AI, particularly around issues such as privacy, bias, and control.
As we continue to develop and deploy AI technologies, it is essential that we consider the potential
impacts on society and work towards ensuring that the benefits outweigh the risks. It is also important
that we prioritize transparency, accountability, and ethical considerations in the development and
deployment of AI.
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CHILD LABOR
CAUSES EFFECTS
Poverty Physical harm
Lack of access to education Emotional harm
Cultural and social norms Lack of education
Child labor is a prevalent issue in Pakistan, where an estimated 12 million children are working in various
industries, including agriculture, manufacturing, and services. The majority of these children are working
in hazardous conditions, without proper safety measures or access to education.
Poverty is the main driving force behind child labor in Pakistan, as many families rely on the income
generated by their children to survive. However, this practice perpetuates the cycle of poverty, as these
children are denied the opportunity to receive an education and develop the necessary skills to break out
of poverty.
The government of Pakistan has implemented various laws to prohibit child labor, including the
Employment of Children Act of 1991 and the Punjab Restriction on Employment of Children Act of 2016.
However, these laws are not adequately enforced, and many employers continue to exploit children for
cheap labor.
To address this issue, there needs to be a coordinated effort by the government, civil society
organizations, and international stakeholders to eradicate child labor in Pakistan. This includes investing
in education and providing alternative livelihood opportunities for families living in poverty, as well as
enforcing existing laws to hold employers accountable for exploiting children.
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SLEEP DEPRIVATION
CAUSES EFFECTS
Lifestyle factors Decreased cognitive function
Medical conditions Mood disturbances
Environmental factors Increased risk of health problems
Sleep deprivation is a condition where an individual does not get enough sleep. It is a common problem
that affects many people worldwide. There are many reasons why people suffer from sleep deprivation,
such as work-related stress, medical conditions, and lifestyle choices.
Sleep is essential for our health and well-being. Lack of sleep can have negative effects on our physical
and mental health. In the short term, sleep deprivation can cause fatigue, irritability, difficulty
concentrating, and mood swings. It can also lead to an increased risk of accidents and injuries. In the long
term, sleep deprivation can lead to serious health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and
depression.
To avoid sleep deprivation, it is important to practice good sleep hygiene. This includes sticking to a regular
sleep schedule, avoiding caffeine and alcohol before bedtime, creating a comfortable sleeping
environment, and avoiding screens before bedtime.
In conclusion, sleep deprivation is a common problem that can have serious negative effects on our
health and well-being. It is important to prioritize good sleep hygiene to ensure that we get the rest we
need to function at our best.
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UNEMPLOYMENT
CAUSES EFFECTS
Economic recession or depression Reduced consumer spending
Technological advances Increased government spending
Lack of education and skills Psychological effects
It is a problem that has persisted for far too long, and it is important that we address it urgently.
Unemployment not only affects individuals and families by depriving them of a regular source of income,
but it also has a wider impact on the economy as a whole. Unemployment leads to reduced spending
power, which in turn leads to a decrease in demand for goods and services. This can have a negative effect
on businesses and industries, and can even lead to a slowdown in economic growth.
We must come together as a society to address this problem. This can be done by creating more job
opportunities through government policies and initiatives, encouraging entrepreneurship, and investing
in education and skills development. It is also important that we support those who are unemployed
through various programs and initiatives that provide them with the necessary skills and resources to find
gainful employment.
In conclusion, we must act swiftly and decisively to address the issue of unemployment. Let us work
together to create a better future for ourselves and for generations to come.
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INFORMAL LABOR
CAUSES EFFECTS
Lack of job opportunities Economic impact
Weak labor laws and regulations Lack of social security
Poverty and lack of education Poor working conditions
Informal labor refers to work that is not recognized or protected by legal or regulatory frameworks. It
includes various types of employment, such as street vendors, domestic workers, day laborers, and small-
scale farmers. Informal workers often lack access to social protection, minimum wages, and basic labor
rights, which puts them at risk of exploitation, poverty, and insecurity.
The informal economy has grown significantly in recent decades, especially in developing countries, where
it accounts for a large share of employment and economic activity. Informal workers often provide
essential goods and services, such as food, clothing, and construction, and contribute to the informal
economy's resilience and dynamism.
However, informal labor also poses challenges for policymakers and society, such as the lack of tax
revenue, the difficulty of regulating working conditions, and the risk of social exclusion. Therefore, efforts
are needed to improve the working conditions, social protection, and access to education and training for
informal workers, while also promoting formalization and inclusive economic growth.
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EMPLOYEE TURNOVER AND ITS IMPACTS

CAUSES EFFECTS
Lack of job satisfaction Decreased morale
Poor management Reduced productivity
Limited opportunities for growth and Increased costs
development
Employee turnover refers to the process of employees leaving a company and being replaced by new
hires. This can have significant impacts on both the employees who leave and the company they leave
behind.
One of the most immediate impacts of employee turnover is the cost associated with finding and training
new employees. This can be a major expense for companies, as they have to spend time and money to
attract and hire new talent, and then provide them with the necessary training and resources to perform
their jobs effectively.
In addition to these financial costs, employee turnover can also have a negative impact on company
morale and productivity. When employees leave, it can create a sense of instability and uncertainty among
the remaining staff, which can lead to decreased motivation and performance.
Employee turnover can also have a negative impact on the company's reputation, as word of mouth about
high turnover rates can make it difficult to attract and retain top talent.
Overall, employee turnover is a major concern for companies, as it can have significant impacts on their
financial performance, productivity, and reputation. To address this issue, companies may need to invest
in strategies to improve employee engagement, satisfaction, and retention.
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IMPACT OF DEFORESTATION
CAUSES EFFECTS
Expansion of agriculture and urbanization Soil erosion and degradation
Demand for timber and wood products Loss of biodiversity
Forest fires caused by human activities Climate change due to increased carbon dioxide
levels
Deforestation is the removal of trees and other vegetation in forests, leading to the degradation of the
ecosystem. The impact of deforestation is far-reaching and affects both the environment and humans.
Deforestation results in loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, water cycle disruption, and climate change. The
loss of forests contributes to the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to global
warming. Deforestation also leads to the loss of habitat for wildlife and puts many species at risk of
extinction.
The impact of deforestation on humans is also significant. Deforestation reduces the availability of natural
resources, such as timber and medicinal plants, leading to economic loss for communities that depend on
these resources. Deforestation also increases the risk of natural disasters, such as floods and landslides,
as forests play a vital role in regulating the water cycle.
To mitigate the impact of deforestation, it is essential to promote reforestation, sustainable forestry

practices, and responsible consumption of natural resources. These efforts can help protect the
environment and promote economic development in a sustainable manner.
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HEALTH PROBLEMS IN RURAL AREAS

CAUSES EFFECTS
Lack of healthcare facilities High incidence of communicable diseases
Poor sanitation and hygiene Malnutrition and stunted growth in children
Limited access to clean drinking water Limited access to treatment for chronic illnesses
Rural areas often face unique health challenges that differ from those in urban areas. Access to healthcare
services is limited in rural areas, leading to a higher burden of disease and reduced life expectancy. Rural
communities also have a higher prevalence of chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, and
obesity.
The lack of healthcare infrastructure in rural areas makes it challenging to deliver healthcare services
effectively. Healthcare professionals are scarce in rural areas, and this creates a significant barrier to
accessing healthcare services. Additionally, rural areas often lack transportation infrastructure, making it
challenging for individuals to travel to healthcare facilities.
To address the health challenges in rural areas, it is essential to invest in healthcare infrastructure,
increase the number of healthcare professionals in rural areas, and improve transportation infrastructure.
Telehealth technologies can also help improve access to healthcare services in rural areas.
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GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACTS

CAUSES EFFECTS
Advances in technology and communication Increased economic growth and development
Liberalization of trade policies Loss of traditional cultures and values
Growth of multinational corporations Growing income inequality
Globalization refers to the interconnectedness of the global economy, leading to the exchange of goods,
services, and ideas across borders. Globalization has had a significant impact on the global economy,
leading to increased economic growth and reducing poverty. However, globalization has also led to job
loss in some industries and increased income inequality.
Globalization has also had a significant impact on the environment, leading to increased resource
consumption and carbon emissions. The rise of global supply chains has also led to labor exploitation and
environmental degradation in some countries.
To mitigate the negative effects of globalization, it is essential to promote sustainable trade and
investment practices that promote economic growth while protecting the environment and promoting
social justice. Additionally, it is essential to invest in education and training programs to ensure that
workers can adapt to the changing global economy.
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GLOBAL WARMING
CAUSES EFFECTS
Burning of fossil fuels Rising sea levels and increased flooding
Deforestation Extreme weather events
Industrial processes Loss of biodiversity and habitat destruction
Global warming is the increase in the Earth's average temperature due to human activities, such as the
burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The impact of global warming is far-reaching, leading to rising
sea levels, extreme weather events, and ecosystem disruption. Global warming also poses a significant
threat to human health, leading to an increase in infectious diseases and heat-related illnesses.
To address global warming, it is essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to a low-
carbon economy. This can be achieved through the use of renewable energy sources, improving energy
efficiency, and promoting sustainable transportation practices. Additionally, it is essential to promote
policies that protect forests and promote reforestation, as forests play a vital role in regulating the Earth's
climate.
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OBESITY IN CHILDREN
CAUSES EFFECTS
Poor diet and lack of physical activity Increased risk of diabetes and heart disease
Genetics and family history Low self-esteem and poor body image
Increased availability of fast food and sugary Social stigma and discrimination
snacks
Obesity is a major health problem that affects millions of people worldwide. It is a condition in which
excess body fat accumulates to the extent that it can cause health problems. The primary cause of obesity
is an imbalance between the calories consumed and the calories burned by the body. This imbalance is
often the result of a sedentary lifestyle and a diet high in processed and high-calorie foods.
Obesity is associated with several health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure,
and certain types of cancer. It can also lead to psychological issues such as low self-esteem and depression.
Prevention and management of obesity involve making lifestyle changes, including eating a balanced and
healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight. In some cases,
medical intervention may be necessary, such as weight loss surgery or medication.
Obesity is a serious health concern that requires awareness and action to prevent and manage. It is
important to educate oneself on the risks of obesity and take steps towards a healthy lifestyle to prevent
its negative consequences.
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FEAR OF EXAMS
CAUSES EFFECTS
Pressure to perform well Anxiety and stress
Lack of preparation or study time Reduced academic performance
Past negative experiences or failures Avoidance of academic pursuits
Exams are an integral part of the education system, and many students experience fear and anxiety
leading up to them. This fear can be caused by a variety of factors, such as pressure from parents, a desire
to achieve good grades, or a fear of failure. However, excessive fear of exams can have negative
consequences, such as poor academic performance, low self-esteem, and even physical symptoms such
as headaches and nausea.
One way to overcome exam anxiety is to be well-prepared. This includes studying regularly, taking practice
exams, and seeking help from teachers or tutors when needed. It can also be helpful to maintain a healthy
lifestyle by getting enough sleep, eating well, and exercising regularly.
Another way to alleviate exam anxiety is to practice relaxation techniques such as deep breathing or
meditation. Additionally, it can be beneficial to reframe one's mindset towards exams, focusing on them
as opportunities to demonstrate knowledge and skill rather than as threats.
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ARE CELL PHONE REALLY DANGEROUS

CAUSES EFFECTS
Electromagnetic radiation emitted by phones Increased risk of certain types of cancer
Addiction to phone use Poor sleep quality
Distracted driving Reduced face-to-face communication and social
interaction
The use of cell phones has become ubiquitous in modern society, and concerns have been raised about
the potential health risks associated with their use. Some studies have suggested that cell phone radiation
may increase the risk of brain cancer and other health problems. However, the evidence is inconclusive,
and many experts believe that the risks associated with cell phone use are relatively low.
To reduce the potential health risks associated with cell phone use, it is recommended to use hands-free
devices such as earphones or speakerphones when making calls, and to limit the amount of time spent on
the phone. Additionally, it is important to avoid carrying cell phones in pockets or close to the body, as
this may increase exposure to radiation.
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STREET BEGGING
CAUSES EFFECTS
Poverty and homelessness Negative impact on tourism and city image
Lack of education and job opportunities Increased crime and social disorder
Mental illness or addiction Exploitation of vulnerable populations
Street begging is a prevalent problem in many cities around the world. People who resort to begging often
do so because they lack basic necessities such as food, shelter, and clothing. However, begging can also
become a means of making a living for some, and this can lead to a cycle of dependency that is difficult to
break.
There are many reasons why people may turn to begging, including poverty, disability, and displacement.
However, begging can also be a result of systemic issues such as unemployment and inadequate social
welfare programs. Addressing these underlying issues is essential to reducing the prevalence of street
begging.
One way to address street begging is to provide education and training opportunities to individuals who
are struggling to make ends meet. This can include vocational training, entrepreneurship programs, and
access to microfinance. Additionally, providing affordable housing and access to basic services such as
healthcare can help individuals to become self-sufficient.
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DISTANCE LEARNING
CAUSES EFFECTS
Advances in technology and communication Greater access to education for people in remote
areas
Increased demand for flexible and convenient Reduced social interaction and community
education building
Cost savings for both students and institutions Challenges with technology and internet access
Distance learning, also known as online learning, has become increasingly popular in recent years. It allows
students to access educational materials and interact with teachers and classmates without being
physically present in a traditional classroom. This flexibility can be particularly useful for individuals who
are unable to attend classes in person due to geographic, financial, or other constraints.
There are many advantages to distance learning, including increased access to educational opportunities,
flexibility in scheduling, and reduced costs associated with transportation and housing. However, it can
also pose challenges, such as a lack of interaction with teachers and peers, technical difficulties, and a
need for self-motivation.
To maximize the benefits of distance learning, it is important to establish clear communication with
teachers and classmates, set realistic goals and timelines, and actively participate in online discussions
and assignments. Additionally, it can be helpful to establish a dedicated study space and routine to ensure
that coursework is completed efficiently and effectively.
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NEWLY ESTABLISHED RESTAURANT OFFERS EXTRAORDINARY COFFEE

TO ITS CUSTOMER
CAUSES EFFECTS
Innovation and creativity in food and beverage Increased customer satisfaction and loyalty
industry
Access to high-quality coffee beans Positive word-of-mouth and social media buzz
Focus on providing unique and memorable Potential to attract new customers and drive
customer experiences business growth
The food and beverage industry is a highly competitive space, where restaurants and cafes constantly
strive to offer unique and exceptional products to attract and retain customers. One such trend that has
gained immense popularity in recent times is the emphasis on high-quality coffee. The newly established
restaurant, recognizing this trend, has made it a priority to offer extraordinary coffee to its customers.
One of the primary reasons why the restaurant is offering exceptional coffee is to stand out in the
competitive market. By providing a unique coffee experience to its customers, the restaurant hopes to
attract coffee enthusiasts and create a loyal customer base. Moreover, coffee is a staple beverage for
many people, and serving high-quality coffee can significantly enhance the overall dining experience.
In addition to this, the restaurant understands the importance of the origin and quality of the coffee
beans. Hence, they have partnered with reputable coffee roasters who source premium quality beans
from various regions across the world. This allows the restaurant to offer a diverse range of coffee flavors,
ranging from nutty to fruity, to cater to different palates.
In conclusion, the newly established restaurant's decision to offer extraordinary coffee to its customers is
a strategic move to distinguish itself from the competition and provide a unique experience. By focusing
on high-quality beans and diverse flavors, the restaurant hopes to create a loyal customer base and
establish itself as a go-to destination for coffee enthusiasts.
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WATER CRISIS IN PAKISTAN

CAUSES EFFECTS
Climate change and irregular rainfall patterns Reduced agricultural productivity and food
insecurity
Poor infrastructure and inefficient water Spread of waterborne diseases
management
Population growth and increasing demand for Increased social and political unrest
water
Pakistan is currently facing a severe water crisis due to various reasons such as climate change,
mismanagement, and increasing population. The country's main source of water is its rivers, but they are
becoming increasingly polluted and overused. As a result, the availability of water per capita is decreasing
day by day, causing great hardships for the people.
The agriculture sector, which is the backbone of Pakistan's economy, is also suffering due to the water
crisis. Farmers are unable to cultivate their crops as they do not have access to enough water. This is not
only affecting the farmers but also leading to food insecurity for the country.
Moreover, the lack of access to clean drinking water has led to health problems among the population.
Waterborne diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, and typhoid fever are common in areas where people rely
on contaminated water sources.
In order to address this crisis, the government needs to take immediate action to improve water
management practices and invest in infrastructure to increase the availability of clean water. Additionally,
public awareness campaigns should be launched to educate people about the importance of conserving
water and the dangers of using contaminated water. Only by taking these measures, can Pakistan hope
to overcome its water crisis and ensure a sustainable future for its people.
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CLIMATE CHANGES
CAUSES EFFECTS
Burning of fossil fuels Rising sea levels and increased flooding
Deforestation and land use changes Changes in temperature and precipitation
patterns
Natural climate cycles and variations Loss of biodiversity and habitat destruction
Climate change is a significant and urgent global issue. It refers to the long-term alterations in the
Earth's climate, including temperature, precipitation patterns, and sea levels, caused by human
activities. Climate change has far-reaching impacts on the environment, human health, and the
economy. It is linked to natural disasters, water scarcity, food insecurity, and social unrest. To mitigate
the impacts of climate change, individuals, businesses, and governments must take action to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, increase renewable energy use, and promote sustainable practices.
Adaptation strategies, such as building resilient infrastructure, implementing early warning systems, and
improving disaster preparedness, are also critical. Urgent and concerted efforts are needed to address
climate change to ensure a safe, healthy, and sustainable future for all.
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ROAD ACCIDENTS
CAUSES EFFECTS
Distracted driving (e.g., using mobile phones Physical injuries to drivers, passengers, and
while driving, eating or drinking, grooming, etc.) pedestrians
Speeding or reckless driving Damage to vehicles and other property
Driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol Psychological trauma and emotional distress
Road accidents are a major cause of injury and death globally. Every year, millions of people are injured
or killed in traffic crashes, often due to human error, such as speeding, drunk driving, and distracted
driving. To reduce the number of road accidents, governments must prioritize road safety and implement
measures such as improved road infrastructure, better enforcement of traffic laws, and public awareness
campaigns. Drivers must also take responsibility for their actions on the road, such as obeying traffic laws,
driving defensively, and avoiding risky behaviors. Pedestrians and cyclists also play a role in road safety by
following traffic rules and wearing reflective clothing when walking or cycling at night. By working
together, we can reduce the number of road accidents and create safer roads for everyone.
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BARRIERS IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

CAUSES EFFECTS
Language barriers Misunderstandings and confusion
Cultural differences Reduced productivity and efficiency
Physical disabilities (e.g., hearing or speech Negative emotions and conflict among individuals
impairments) or groups
Effective communication is essential in personal and professional relationships. However, there are many
barriers that can hinder effective communication, such as language barriers, cultural differences, physical
barriers, and emotional barriers. Language barriers can be addressed by using interpreters or learning a
common language. Cultural differences can be bridged by learning about different cultures and their
communication styles. Physical barriers, such as distance or noise, can be overcome by using technology
or finding a quiet space to communicate. Emotional barriers, such as fear or anxiety, can be addressed by
building trust and establishing open communication. Effective communication requires active listening,
clear messaging, and empathy. By understanding and addressing communication barriers, we can improve
our relationships and achieve better outcomes in personal and professional settings.
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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
CAUSES EFFECTS
Power imbalances and control issues Physical injuries and health problems
Substance abuse Emotional trauma and psychological distress
Stress and financial problems Social isolation and disrupted family
relationships.
Domestic violence is a serious and widespread problem that affects millions of people worldwide. It
refers to any form of physical, sexual, or psychological abuse that occurs within a domestic or intimate
relationship. Domestic violence is often linked to power imbalances and gender inequality, and it can
have devastating impacts on the victims and their families. To address domestic violence, it is essential
to raise awareness about the issue and provide support and resources for victims. Governments must
also enact laws and policies that protect victims, hold perpetrators accountable, and prevent domestic
violence from occurring. Educating young people about healthy relationships and promoting gender
equality can also help prevent domestic violence in the long term. Domestic violence is a complex issue
that requires a coordinated and comprehensive response to ensure the safety.
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AIR POLLUTION
CAUSES EFFECTS
Emissions from vehicles and industrial processes Diseases of respiratory system
Burning of fossil fuels Acid rain
Natural events such as dust storms Hazard to wild life
Air pollution is a significant environmental and public health issue that affects millions of people
worldwide. It refers to the presence of harmful substances, such as particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen
dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, in the air we breathe. Air pollution is caused by a range of human activities,
including transportation, energy production, and industrial processes. It is linked to respiratory and
cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and premature death. To reduce air pollution, governments must
implement policies and regulations that promote cleaner transportation, energy-efficient buildings, and
the use of renewable energy sources. Individuals can also play a role by reducing their carbon footprint,
using public transportation, and supporting sustainable products and practices. Addressing air pollution
is essential to protecting public health and promoting sustainable development.
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ESSAY WITH IDEAS AND SUB IDEAS
PAPER MONEY
MAIN IDEAS
IDEA-01 IDEA-02 IDEA-03
Drawbacks of paper money Convenience of paper money Importance of paper money in
society
SUB IDEAS SUB IDEAS SUB IDEAS
 Easy to carry and use  Risk of counterfeiting,  Despite rise of digital
for purchases leading to economic currencies, paper
instability money remains most
widely used form of
currency
 Easy to store and can be  Security features, such  Crucial role in
used for large as watermarks and facilitating global trade
purchases holograms, needed to and commerce
prevent counterfeiting
Paper money, also known as fiat currency, is a form of currency that has been in use for centuries. It
replaced the earlier forms of currency, such as precious metals and coins, as it was more convenient to
use and easier to carry around. Today, paper money is the most widely used form of currency across the
world.
One of the main advantages of paper money is its convenience. It is easy to carry around and can be used
to make purchases quickly and easily. It is also easy to store and can be used to make large purchases
without the need to carry around large amounts of coins or other forms of currency.
However, paper money is not without its drawbacks. One of the main concerns is the risk of
counterfeiting. This is why paper money is designed with various security features, such as watermarks
and holograms, to prevent counterfeiters from reproducing it.
Overall, paper money has become an essential part of our daily lives. Despite the rise of digital currencies,
it continues to be the most widely used form of currency across the world.
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SELF EMPLOYMENT VS JOB

MAIN IDEAS
Factors Influencing the Decision Advantages of Self-Employment Advantages of Working as an
Between Job and Self- Employee
Employment
 Guaranteed steady  Ability to set own  Desire for stability vs.
income schedule desire for flexibility
 Benefits such as health  Ability to choose clients  Preference for working
insurance and paid independently vs.
vacation time working in a team
The decision to work as an employee or to become self-employed is one that many people face at some
point in their careers. There are advantages and disadvantages to both options, and the right choice
depends on individual circumstances.
One of the main advantages of working as an employee is job security. Employees are generally
guaranteed a steady income, and they may also receive benefits such as health insurance and paid
vacation time. However, employees may have less control over their work environment and may be
subject to the decisions of their employers.
On the other hand, self-employment offers greater flexibility and control over one's work environment.
Self-employed individuals can set their own schedules and choose their own clients. However, they are
also responsible for their own income and may not have the same level of job security as employees.
Ultimately, the choice between job and self-employment depends on individual circumstances, including
personal preferences, financial goals, and career aspirations
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INCOME TIED TO THE COST OF DEGREE

MAIN IDEA
The cost of obtaining a degree Income level affects the The relationship between
affects future income. affordability of obtaining a income and the cost of
degree. obtaining a degree is complex
 The higher the cost of  Students from low-  The cost of living in
obtaining a degree, the income families may be different regions can
longer it takes to break deterred from pursuing affect the affordability
even on the investment. higher education due to of obtaining a degree.
the cost.
 The return on  Student debt can have a  Government policies
investment for a degree significant impact on the and initiatives can play a
varies depending on the ability to achieve role in making higher
field of study. financial stability and education more
invest in the future. accessible and
affordable.
In recent years, there has been a growing concern over the correlation between income and the cost of a
degree. It's no secret that obtaining a college degree can be expensive, and with the rising cost of tuition
and student loan debt, many people are questioning whether a college education is worth the financial
burden.
The truth is that, on average, individuals with a college degree do earn higher salaries than those without
one. However, the income potential of a degree is not always proportional to the cost of obtaining it.
Some degrees have a higher return on investment than others, meaning that the income earned from a
degree in a particular field may not justify the cost of the degree.
Furthermore, there are many factors that influence income, such as location, industry, and experience
that can have a greater impact on earnings than the cost of a degree. While the cost of obtaining a degree
is undoubtedly a concern for many, it's important to remember that the benefits of a college education
extend far beyond just earning potential. Higher education can provide valuable skills, knowledge, and
opportunities for personal and professional growth that can lead to a fulfilling and successful career.
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IMPACT OF PANEL SCREEN AND TV INTERVIEWS OF POLITICIANS

MAIN IDEAS
The panel screen interview can A panel screen interview allows Positive media coverage from a
also increase the politician's a politician to connect with a successful panel screen
public exposure diverse audience interview can increase a
politician's popularity
 A politician's body  A poorly executed panel  These platforms are
language and tone of screen interview can double-edged sword.
voice during a panel result in negative media
screen interview can coverage and public
influence the public's backlash.
perception of them.
 Poorly executed panel  Panel screens and TV  These platforms provide
screen interview can interviews are an politicians with a
negatively impact a integral part of modern unique opportunity to
politician's image and political discourse communicate their
reputation. ideas
Panel screens and TV interviews have a significant impact on how politicians are perceived by the public.
These platforms provide politicians with a unique opportunity to communicate their ideas, plans, and
beliefs directly to the masses. As such, they can sway public opinion and help shape political discourse.
During panel discussions, politicians have the chance to showcase their ability to debate and articulate
their viewpoints. This can build credibility and trust with the public, who are looking for leaders with
strong communication skills. TV interviews, on the other hand, allow politicians to show their human side,
displaying their personalities, emotions, and empathy towards the issues that affect their constituents.
However, these platforms can also be a double-edged sword. One slip-up, misstatement or mistake can
lead to negative publicity and affect the public's perception of a politician. Therefore, it is crucial for
politicians to be well-prepared, composed and articulate during panel discussions and TV interviews.
Overall, panel screens and TV interviews are an integral part of modern political discourse. By using them
wisely, politicians can reach a broader audience and influence public opinion in their favor.
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LIFE PROBLEMS OF OLD GENERATION

MAIN IDEAS
Health Problems Financial Problems Social Problems
 Cognitive health  Inadequate retirement  Loneliness and isolation
problems such as savings and income. due to loss of friends
dementia, Alzheimer's, and family members.
and memory loss.
 Mental health problems  Rising healthcare costs  Limited social activities
such as depression, and long-term care and opportunities to
anxiety, and social expenses engage with others.
isolation.
As people grow old, they often face various problems that can affect their quality of life. Some of the
common life problems of the older generation include health issues, financial challenges, social isolation,
and the loss of loved ones.
Health problems such as chronic diseases, mobility issues, and cognitive decline can make it difficult for
older people to carry out daily activities and maintain their independence. Financial challenges can also
arise due to retirement, reduced income, and rising healthcare costs.
Social isolation is another problem that affects many elderly people, as they may lose touch with friends
and family members or experience difficulties in making new connections. This can lead to feelings of
loneliness and depression.
Finally, the loss of loved ones can be particularly challenging for the elderly, as they may feel a sense of
isolation and grief. Coping with these losses can be difficult, especially if they do not have a strong support
network.
Overall, it is important for society to address the life problems of the older generation, by providing
healthcare, social support, and financial assistance to ensure that they can enjoy a dignified and fulfilling
life.
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FLEXIBLE WORKING HOURS FOR EMPLOYEE

MAIN IDEAS
Enhanced Productivity and Improved Work-Life Balance Improved Work-Life Balance
Performance
 Increased creativity and  Reduced stress and  Ability to set their own
innovation resulting burnout due to greater work hours and
from a more relaxed and control over their schedules.
less rigid work schedule. schedule.
 Improved efficiency and  Better mental and  Opportunity to manage
focus due to the ability physical health resulting their workload and
to work during optimal from a healthier work- prioritize tasks.
times. life balance.
Flexible working hours have become increasingly popular in today's work culture. This type of work
schedule allows employees to have more control over their work-life balance, which can lead to increased
job satisfaction and improved mental health.
Flexible working hours can take various forms, such as compressed workweeks, part-time work, job
sharing, and telecommuting. This type of schedule can be beneficial for both employees and employers.
Employees have the ability to work when they are most productive, and they can also better manage
personal commitments, such as family responsibilities or pursuing education. Employers can benefit from
a happier and more engaged workforce, which can lead to increased productivity and lower staff turnover
rates.
While flexible working hours may not be feasible for every type of job, more and more companies are
recognizing the benefits and offering this option to their employees. By offering flexible working hours,
employers can attract and retain top talent, increase productivity, and improve employee well-being.
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ARE MEN AND WOMEN EQUAL?

MAIN IDEAS
Women are more likely to Gender equality is critical for  Gender inequalities still
experience gender-based social and economic progress. persist in many areas of
violence and harassment. life.

 Affording equal
 Addressing gender- opportunities for both  Women are often paid
based violence and genders is essential for less than men for
harassment is necessary social and economic similar work.
for achieving gender progress.
equality.
 Both genders have
 Gender-based violence unique strengths and  Women are
and harassment limit abilities. underrepresented in
women's opportunities politics in many
and well-being. countries.
The question of whether men and women are equal is complex and multifaceted. While men and
women have equal rights under the law in many countries, gender inequalities persist in many areas of
life.
In terms of political representation, women are still underrepresented in many countries. Similarly,
women are often paid less than men for similar work, and they are more likely to work in precarious and
low-paying jobs. Moreover, women are more likely to experience gender-based violence and harassment,
which can limit their opportunities and well-being.
However, men and women are not fundamentally different or unequal. Both genders have unique
strengths and abilities, and they should be afforded equal opportunities to succeed and contribute to
society. Moreover, gender equality is not just a matter of justice and fairness, but it is also critical for social
and economic progress.
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FREEDOM OF SPEECH
MAIN IDEA
Importance of Free Speech Limits on Free Speech Balancing Free Speech and
Protection

 Protecting individual  Fundamental human  Necessary restrictions
rights right (e.g. hate speech)
 Preventing harm and  Essential for promoting  Debate over where to
discrimination against democratic values draw the line
marginalized groups
Freedom of speech is considered by many to be a fundamental human right, enshrined in many national
and international laws and constitutions. The right to express one's opinions and ideas without fear of
censorship or retaliation is seen as essential for promoting democratic values and protecting individual
autonomy.
However, the issue of free speech is also a complex and controversial one. While most people agree that
some limits on speech are necessary (such as prohibitions against hate speech or incitement to violence),
there is much debate over where to draw the line.
Some argue that there are certain kinds of speech that should be restricted in order to protect
marginalized groups from harm. Others believe that any attempt to limit free speech is a dangerous
infringement on individual rights, and that the best way to combat hateful speech is through more speech
and dialogue.
Ultimately, the question of free speech is one that requires careful consideration and balance. While it is
important to protect individuals' right to express themselves, it is also essential to ensure that speech
does not lead to harm or discrimination against others. Striking this balance will continue to be an ongoing
challenge for societies around the world.
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GENETICALLY ENGINEERED FOODS

MAIN IDEA
Advantages of GMOs Concerns about GMOs Debate over GMOs

 Supporters argue for  Environmental impact  Increased crop yields
potential benefits
 Critics argue for more  Potential long-term  Reduced use of
research and caution health effects pesticides and
chemicals
Genetically engineered foods, or GMOs, are a controversial topic in the world of agriculture and food
production. GMOs are created when scientists insert genes from one organism into the DNA of another,
in order to produce crops that are more resistant to pests, diseases, or environmental stresses.
Supporters of GMOs argue that they have the potential to solve many of the world's food security
challenges, by increasing crop yields and reducing the need for pesticides and other chemicals. They also
point out that genetically engineered crops have been extensively tested for safety, and have not been
shown to pose any significant risks to human health.
Critics, however, have raised concerns about the potential environmental and health impacts of GMOs.
They worry that genetically modified crops may harm beneficial insects or contaminate wild plant
populations, and that there may be long-term health effects associated with consuming GMOs.
Overall, the debate over GMOs is far from settled. While some people believe that genetically engineered
foods have the potential to be a powerful tool for improving food security and sustainability, others are
more skeptical and believe that more research is needed before GMOs can be widely adopted.
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ORGANIC FOODS
MAIN IDEA
Organic farming practices are Organic foods are healthier than The scalability and accessibility
better for the environment conventionally grown foods. of organic foods are concerns.

 Organic fruits and  Some argue that  Organic farming
vegetables are higher in organic farming is not promotes soil health.
nutrients. scalable enough to feed
the world's growing
population.
 Organic meat and dairy  Organic foods are not  Organic farming
products are free of always affordable or reduces the amount of
antibiotics and accessible to everyone toxic chemicals released
hormones. into the air and water.
Organic foods have become increasingly popular in recent years due to growing concerns about the health
and environmental impacts of conventional agriculture. Organic farming practices emphasize the use of
natural fertilizers and pest control methods, as well as the avoidance of synthetic pesticides and
genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
One of the primary benefits of organic foods is that they are generally considered to be healthier than
conventionally grown foods. Organic fruits and vegetables are often higher in nutrients, and organic meat
and dairy products are typically free of antibiotics and hormones. Additionally, organic farming practices
are better for the environment, as they promote soil health and reduce the amount of toxic chemicals
released into the air and water.
However, some critics argue that organic farming is not scalable enough to feed the world's growing
population, and that GMOs may be necessary to ensure food security. Others contend that organic foods
are not always affordable or accessible to everyone, and that more needs to be done to address these
issues.
Overall, while there are certainly pros and cons to the organic food movement, it is clear that many people
are choosing to incorporate more organic products into their diets. Whether this trend will continue
remains to be seen, but for now, organic foods appear to be here to stay.
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WOMEN EDUCATION
MAIN IDEA
Importance of women Barriers to women education Strategies to promote women
education education
 Women education can  Social norms and  Policies that support
reduce poverty cultural beliefs limit girls' education, such as
women's educational scholarships
opportunities
 Women education can  Inadequate education  Gender-sensitive
promote gender systems hinder teaching methods
equality women's access to
education
Women education is crucial for personal and societal growth. Educating women can help to reduce
poverty, improve health outcomes, and promote gender equality. It can also lead to more prosperous and
stable communities, as educated women are more likely to participate in the labor force and contribute
to the economy.
However, despite the importance of women education, many women around the world still face
significant barriers to accessing education. These barriers can include social norms and cultural beliefs,
economic constraints, and inadequate education systems. Additionally, girls and women are often
disproportionately affected by conflicts, natural disasters, and other crises, which can further limit their
access to education.
To promote women education, it is essential to address these barriers and create enabling environments
for girls and women to learn. This can include policies that support girls' education, such as providing
scholarships and promoting gender-sensitive teaching methods. It can also involve engaging with
communities and addressing social and cultural norms that limit women's educational opportunities.
In conclusion, women education is essential for personal and societal growth, and it is crucial to address
the barriers that prevent girls and women from accessing education.
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EXPANSION OF A BAKERY BUSINESS BY INCREASING OUTLETS

MAIN IDEA
Maintaining quality and Factors to consider before Advantages of expanding a
integrity when expanding a expanding a bakery business. bakery business by increasing
bakery business. outlets.
 Assessing market  Ensuring a strong brand  Improves profitability
demand and image and effective and revenue.
competition. marketing strategies.
 Availability of resources  High standards of  Expansion should not

for expansion. quality and customer compromise the
service are crucial. existing business.
The expansion of a bakery business by increasing outlets can be an effective way to grow the business and
increase profitability. By opening new outlets, the business can reach new customers and increase its
market share. Moreover, multiple outlets can help to spread the risk associated with operating a single
location.
However, expanding the business by increasing outlets requires careful planning and execution. It is
essential to assess the market demand, competition, and available resources before making any decisions.
Additionally, a successful expansion requires a strong brand image, consistent product quality, and
effective marketing strategies.
Finally, it is essential to ensure that the expansion does not compromise the quality or integrity of the
existing business. Maintaining high standards of quality and customer service is crucial for the success of
any business, and it should be a top priority when expanding.
In conclusion, expanding a bakery business by increasing outlets can be a sound business strategy, but it
requires careful planning and execution to be successful.
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IMPORTANCE OF HIGHER EDUCATION

MAIN IDEA
Accessibility of higher Societal benefits of higher Personal, social, and economic
education. education. benefits of higher education.

 Leads to higher salaries  It is a worthwhile  Drives innovation and
and better job security. investment for solves complex
individuals and problems.
communities.
 Helps individuals  Everyone should have  Creates new jobs and
become more engaged access to pursue higher contributes to
and responsible education. economic growth.
citizens.
Higher education is critical to personal, social, and economic growth. It helps individuals to broaden their
horizons, gain new skills, and develop critical thinking abilities. A higher education degree is often a
prerequisite for many career paths, and it can lead to higher salaries and better job security. Moreover,
higher education can help individuals to become more engaged and responsible citizens, capable of
contributing to their communities.
In addition to individual benefits, higher education can also benefit society as a whole. It can drive
innovation, create new jobs, and help to solve complex social and environmental problems. Moreover, a
highly educated population is more likely to be healthier, happier, and more prosperous.
Overall, higher education is an essential component of personal and societal growth. It is a worthwhile
investment for individuals and communities, and it should be accessible to everyone who wants to pursue
it.
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BRANDING
MAIN IDEA
1. Significance of effective 2. Importance of brand positioning 3. Elements of effective
branding for business success branding

 Consistent brand image  Distinctive and memorable  Communicating it to
across all marketing brand name or logo consumers in a way
channels that resonates with
them
 Identifying unique  Reflects values and  Building brand
value proposition of personality of brand recognition and
product or service loyalty among
consumers
Branding is a key element of marketing that involves creating a unique identity for a product or service.
Effective branding can help to differentiate a product or service from its competitors and build brand
recognition and loyalty among consumers.
One of the main elements of branding is a brand name or logo. These should be distinctive and
memorable, and they should reflect the values and personality of the brand. Effective branding also
involves creating a consistent brand image across all marketing channels, including social media,
advertising, and packaging.
Brand positioning is another important element of branding. This involves identifying the unique value
proposition of a product or service and communicating it to consumers in a way that resonates with them.
Overall, effective branding is essential for the success of any business. By creating a strong brand identity
and communicating it effectively to consumers, businesses can build brand.
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ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE INDUSTRY

MAIN IDEA
1. Low environmental impact of 2. Challenges facing the electric 3. Growth potential of the electric
electric vehicles vehicle industry vehicle industry

Government incentives to High cost of electric vehicles Fewer greenhouse gas
encourage adoption emissions
Major car manufacturers High cost of batteries Can be powered by renewable
investing in electric vehicle energy sources
technology
The establishment of the electric vehicle industry has been a major development in recent years. As
concerns over climate change and environmental pollution have grown, more and more people are
turning to electric vehicles as a cleaner, more sustainable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars.
One of the main advantages of electric vehicles is their low environmental impact. They produce fewer
greenhouse gas emissions than traditional cars, and they can be powered by renewable energy sources
such as solar and wind power.
However, the establishment of the electric vehicle industry also faces a number of challenges. One of the
main challenges is the high cost of electric vehicles compared to traditional cars. This is due in part to the
high cost of batteries, which are essential components of electric vehicles.
Despite these challenges, the electric vehicle industry is poised for continued growth in the coming years.
Governments around the world are offering incentives to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles, and
major car manufacturers are investing heavily in electric vehicle technology.
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FASHION
MAIN IDEA
Fashion as an aspect of culture Fashion as an economic force Fashion as a form of self-
and history expression
Clothing's role in social and Major employer, from designers Reflects personality, mood, and
political movements to retailers beliefs
Fashion trends reflecting values Generates revenue through Helps to feel confident and
and beliefs of society or time sales and exports empowered, or blend in and
period feel comfortable
Fashion is often dismissed as frivolous and superficial, but it is important in many ways. First and foremost,
fashion is a form of self-expression. What we wear can reflect our personality, our mood, and our beliefs.
Fashion can help us feel confident and empowered, or it can allow us to blend in and feel comfortable in
social situations.
In addition, fashion is a significant economic force, providing jobs and contributing to the global
economy. The fashion industry is a major employer, from designers and manufacturers to retailers and
marketers. It also generates revenue through sales and exports.
Fashion is also an important aspect of culture and history. Clothing has played a significant role in social
and political movements throughout history, from the suffragette movement to the civil rights
movement. Fashion trends can also reflect the values and beliefs of a society or time period.
Finally, fashion is a form of art. Designers create beautiful and innovative pieces that inspire and
challenge our ideas of what is possible. Fashion shows and exhibits showcase this creativity and provide
a platform for emerging talent.
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ICAP STUDY TEXT ESSAYS
1. Customer attitudes towards online buying is positive.

Customer attitudes towards online buying is positive: In today's fast-paced world, convenience
is key. Online shopping allows for easy access to a wide range of products and services, and
customers can make purchases from the comfort of their homes. According to recent surveys,
customer attitudes towards online buying are overwhelmingly positive. Online shopping
provides consumers with a variety of benefits, such as saving time, avoiding crowds, and
accessing a larger selection of products. Additionally, online shopping allows for easy
comparison shopping, which can help customers make informed decisions and save money.
With the growth of e-commerce, online retailers have made significant strides in improving
the customer experience, offering features such as free shipping and hassle-free returns.
Overall, online shopping has become an essential part of our daily lives, and it's no surprise
that customer attitudes towards it are positive.
2. Wind and water provides alternate sources of energy.
Wind and water provide alternate sources of energy: The world is facing an energy crisis, and
we must find alternative sources of energy to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. Wind and
water power are two promising alternative sources of energy. Wind turbines can generate
electricity by harnessing the wind, while hydroelectric power stations generate electricity by
harnessing the power of water. Both of these sources of energy are renewable and have a
much lower carbon footprint than traditional fossil fuels. Moreover, wind and water power are
abundant, and their potential has yet to be fully realized. While there are some limitations to
these sources of energy, such as the need for specific weather conditions, technological
advancements have made wind and water power more accessible and efficient than ever
before. With continued investment and development, wind and water power could become
the primary sources of energy for a sustainable future.
3. Is Pakistan self-sufficient in natural resources?
Is Pakistan self-sufficient in natural resources? Pakistan is rich in natural resources such as coal,
natural gas, and minerals. However, the country's ability to exploit these resources has been
limited by political instability, poor infrastructure, and corruption. As a result, Pakistan is
heavily dependent on imports to meet its energy needs. While Pakistan has made some
progress in developing its natural resources, much more needs to be done to become self-
sufficient. The country has the potential to generate significant revenue from its natural
resources, which could be used to drive economic growth and development. However, it will
require political will, investment, and reforms to improve the country's ability to exploit its
natural resources. In conclusion, Pakistan has the potential to become self-sufficient in natural
resources, but significant challenges must be addressed.
4. Technology is a threat to privacy.
Technology is a threat to privacy: Technology has revolutionized the way we live, work, and
communicate. However, it has also brought about new threats to our privacy. With the
increasing amount of personal information available online, there is a growing risk of data
breaches and cyberattacks. Additionally, technology has made it easier for governments and
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corporations to monitor our activities and collect our data. While there are measures in place
to protect privacy, such as data protection laws and encryption technologies, they are not
foolproof. The potential for abuse of personal information is a significant threat, and we must
remain vigilant to protect our privacy rights. While technology has many benefits, we must be
aware of the risks and take steps to protect our privacy.
5. Can smoking be prevented by making tobacco illegal?
Can smoking be prevented by making tobacco illegal? Tobacco use is a major health hazard
and is responsible for many preventable deaths each year. While making tobacco illegal may
seem like a logical solution, it is unlikely to be effective. Prohibition has historically been shown
to have limited success, as it drives the market underground and leads to increased crime and
violence. Additionally, making tobacco illegal would infringe on personal freedoms and would
likely lead to a black market. Instead, efforts should focus on education and prevention.
Governments should invest in anti-smoking campaigns, increase taxes on tobacco products,
and restrict marketing.
6. Is a highly competitive environment good or bad for studying or
working?
A highly competitive environment can have both positive and negative effects on studying or
working. On one hand, competition can motivate individuals to work harder and strive for
excellence, leading to increased productivity and innovation. It can also provide opportunities
for individuals to learn from others and develop important skills such as time-management and
collaboration. However, on the other hand, intense competition can create stress, anxiety, and
a toxic work or study environment, leading to burnout and decreased job satisfaction. It can
also foster a culture of cut-throat competition, where individuals prioritize their own success
over the well-being of others. Therefore, while some level of competition can be beneficial, it
is important to strike a balance and ensure that it does not become detrimental to the overall
success and happiness of individuals.
7. Is it true that life 100 years ago was easier?
The idea that life 100 years ago was easier is a myth. While there were certainly fewer
technological advancements and less complicated societal structures, life was also
characterized by extreme poverty, limited access to education and healthcare, and widespread
discrimination. Many individuals had to work long hours in dangerous conditions to make ends
meet, and infant mortality rates were much higher. Furthermore, advancements in technology
and medicine have led to significant improvements in the quality of life, such as increased life
expectancy and improved access to education and healthcare. While modern life certainly has
its challenges, it is important to recognize the progress that has been made and continue to
work towards a more equitable and just society.
8. Is being fired a suitable punishment for cyberbullying?
Being fired may not always be a suitable punishment for cyberbullying. While cyberbullying is
a serious issue that can have severe emotional and psychological effects on victims, it is
important to consider the circumstances surrounding the incident and the severity of the
behavior. In some cases, education and counseling may be a more effective solution, as it can
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help individuals understand the impact of their actions and develop empathy for others.
However, in cases where the behavior is particularly egregious and repeated attempts to
address it have failed, termination may be necessary to ensure the safety and well-being of
others. It is important to approach each situation on a case-by-case basis and consider all
available options before making a decision.
9. Are we too dependent on technologies?
It is true that we have become increasingly dependent on technology, but this does not
necessarily have to be a negative thing. Technology has provided many benefits, such as
increased communication, access to information, and automation of tedious tasks. However,
it is important to recognize the potential downsides of this dependence, such as the loss of
interpersonal skills and the potential for addiction. Therefore, it is important to strike a balance
and use technology in a way that enhances our lives without detracting from our ability to
engage with the world around us.
10. Is covid-19 a source of global change?
Covid-19 has certainly been a source of global change, but whether this change is ultimately
positive or negative remains to be seen. The pandemic has led to widespread disruption and
loss, including economic downturns, increased mental health issues, and significant loss of life.
However, it has also brought about important changes, such as increased investment in
healthcare and science, renewed focus on social justice and equity, and increased awareness
of the importance of collective action. Whether these changes will be sustained and lead to
lasting positive outcomes remains to be seen, but it is clear that Covid-19 has had a significant
impact on the world as we know it.
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USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR LETTERS
USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR LETTERS REQUESTING INFORMATION

OPENINIG CLOSING
 I am writing to enquire about…  I would appreciate if you please inform
me as soon as possible…
 Could you please let me know about…  Please send me the details…
USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR LETTERS ASKING FOR ADVICE

OPENING CLOSING
 I am writing to ask if you could help me  I would appreciate it if you could give me
with... your advice as soon as possible…
 I would appreciate it if you could give me  I look forward to receiving your advice…
some advice about…
 I am writing to ask you for your advice…  I would be grateful if you could offer your
advice…
 Could you possibly offer your advice… 
 I wonder if you please help me with a 
problem…
USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR LETTERS OF INVITATION

OPENING CLOSING
 We would be honored if you…  We would be grateful if you could…
 I cordially invite you to…  Please indicate whether you will be able
to attend…
 I would love it if you come to…
 You are invited to attend…
USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR LETTERS OF COMPLAINT

OPENING CLOSING
 I am writing to complaint  I hope you will replace…
about/regarding/on the subject of…
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 I am writing to draw your attention to…  I trust the situation will improve…
 I am writing to you in connection with…  I hope we can sort this matter out
amicably…
 I want to express my strong dis-
satisfaction with…
USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR LETTERS OF APPLICATION (FOR JOB)

OPENING CLOSING
 I am writing with regard to your  I would appreciate a reply at your earliest
advertisement… convenience…
 I am writing to apply for the post which i  Please contact me regarding any queries
saw advertised in… you may have…
 I enclose my CV and I would be glad to
attend an interview at any time
convenient to you…
 I look forward to hearing from you in due
course…
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LETTERS
Write a letter to regional Inspector, Islamabad, informing him about

increasing beggars’ number in town.
02 March 20xx
Regional Inspector
Islamabad
Postcode: 04403
To take action against increasing beggar’s number
Dear Inspector,
I am writing to bring to your attention the increasing number of beggars in our town. Recently, I have
noticed a significant rise in the number of people begging on the streets, particularly in busy areas such
as markets and bus stations. This is a matter of concern as it not only affects the overall cleanliness and
hygiene of our town, but also creates an unsafe environment for residents and visitors.
I request you to take immediate action to address this issue. It is important to understand the root cause
of this problem and find a sustainable solution. I urge you to work with relevant authorities and social
welfare organizations to provide support and assistance to these individuals, rather than simply penalizing
them.
Thank you for your attention to this matter.
Yours Sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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You and your grandfather visit a Sunshine hospital, Lahore, hospital

management misbehave you. Write a complaint letter to CEO.
02 March20xx
Chief Executive Officer
Sunshine hospital,
Lahore
Post code: 05499
Complaint against management
Respected sir,
I am writing to express my disappointment and concern regarding the recent experience I had with the
hospital management during my visit to the hospital with my grandfather. The hospital staff was
extremely rude and unprofessional in their behavior towards us. Despite our repeated requests, they were
unresponsive and showed no empathy towards my grandfather, who was in pain.
I believe that the behavior of the hospital staff was unacceptable and should not be tolerated. As a
concerned citizen, I would like to file a formal complaint against the hospital management. I urge you to
take immediate action to investigate this matter and ensure that such incidents do not happen again in
the future.
Sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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Write a letter to Head Of Supply Department of HP printing machines, ABC

Road, Lahore making an inquiry about the possibility of supplying two new
machine to your office as soon as possible.
02 March 20xx
Head of supply department
HP Printing Machines
ABC Road, Lahore
Post code: 00000
Requisition of new printing machines
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to inquire about the possibility of procuring two new printing machines for our office. We are
interested in purchasing high-quality machines that can help us streamline our printing processes and
improve the efficiency of our work.
I would like to request a quotation for two machines that meet our requirements, including specifications,
features, and cost. Additionally, I would like to know about the warranty and after-sales support that your
company offers.
We would appreciate a prompt response to this inquiry as we need to make a purchase decision soon.
Sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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Write a letter to DAWN newspaper’s Chief editor expressing your concern

about the increase in price of petrol and diesel that has affected the
common man.
02 March 20xx
Chief Editor
DAWN News
LAHORE
Post Code: 0000
About increase in fuel prices
Sir,
I am writing to express my concern about the recent increase in petrol and diesel prices, which has
affected the common man in our country. This price hike has led to a rise in the cost of transportation,
resulting in an increase in the prices of essential goods and services.
The common man is already struggling to make ends meet, and this increase in prices has only added to
their financial burden. I believe that it is the responsibility of the government to take steps to control the
rising prices of fuel and ensure that the common man is not adversely affected.
I urge you to bring this issue to the forefront and raise awareness among the public about the impact of
these price hikes. We need to work together to demand action from the government and hold them
accountable for their policies that affect the lives of citizens.
Yours Sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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Assume that you are a trader. Write a letter to mayor of city ABC explaining
the detail of losses due to collapse of city drainage system and why the
city government should compensate. Also suggest possible solution in
order to avoid recurrence of similar situation in future.
02 March 20xx
City Mayor
ABC
Post code: 0000
Explanation of losses due to collapse of drainage system
Sir,
I am writing to bring to your attention the recent collapse of the city's drainage system and the significant
losses that my trading business has incurred as a result. The damaged drainage system caused severe
flooding in our warehouse, which resulted in the loss of inventory and equipment.
As a trader, I understand the importance of maintaining public infrastructure, such as the city's drainage
system. However, the recent collapse has severely impacted my business, and I believe that the city
government should compensate me for the damages incurred.
In addition to compensation, I would like to suggest that the city invests in regular maintenance of its
public infrastructure to prevent future incidents like this from occurring. Regular inspections and
maintenance can help to identify potential issues before they become major problems, and ultimately
save the city and its citizens from future losses and damages.
I hope that you will consider my request for compensation and take necessary measures to prevent similar
situations in the future. Thank you for your attention to this matter.
Sincerely,
<SIGNATUR>
XYZ
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lOMoARcPSD|32486831
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Write a persuasive letter to customer explaining the reasons for

inconvenience. Assume you have a business of spray for the prevention of
malaria. You received a complaint from one of your customer Ali regarding
few outdated sprays were supplied to his shop named as BACTIFYING
traders, located in Lahore.
02 March 20xx
BACTIFYING Traders
Lahore
Post code: 0000
Explanation of the reasons for inconvenience
Dear Customer,
I am writing to address the recent complaint you filed regarding the outdated sprays that were supplied
in the market. We apologize for any inconvenience caused and would like to assure you that we take the
quality of our products very seriously.
We understand the importance of providing effective and up-to-date sprays for the prevention of malaria,
and we are committed to ensuring that our products meet the highest standards of quality and safety.
Unfortunately, it seems that some outdated sprays were mistakenly supplied to the market, and we take
full responsibility for this error.
In order to rectify this situation, we are taking immediate steps to recall all outdated sprays and replace
them with new and effective products. We will also be implementing additional quality control measures
to prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future.
We value your business and appreciate your trust in our products. We are committed to providing you
with the highest quality and most effective sprays for the prevention of malaria, and we will do everything
in our power to ensure that you are completely satisfied with your purchase.
Thank you for your understanding, and please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any further
concerns or questions.
Sincerely,
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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Write letter to Municipal councilor of ABC Town, requesting him to have the
street cleaned and relieve the residents from mental agony by implement a
well-planned garbage disposal system.
02 March 20xx
Municipal Councilor
ABC City
Post code: 0000
For cleanliness of streets
Sir,
I am writing to request your urgent attention to the issue of the poor sanitation and garbage disposal
system in our area. The accumulation of garbage on our streets has become a major concern for the
residents, causing not only an unpleasant odor but also mental agony due to the health hazards it poses.
We request you to take necessary actions and implement a well-planned garbage disposal system in our
area. We hope that you will take immediate action and prioritize the cleanliness of our streets. It is our
responsibility to keep our environment clean and healthy, and we trust that you will support us in this
endeavor.
Yours sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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Write a complaint letter for Grill & Fry restaurant Lahore, Senior Manager.
Some foreign friends came to your restaurant. Management behavior was
very bad. First we waited for 50 minutes then cold soup was served. Other
items taste was also bad. You very disappointed and claim your bill
payment return.
02 March 20xx
Senior Manager
Grill and Fry
Lahore
Complaint about misbehavior of staff
Dear Sir,
I am writing to express my disappointment with my recent visit to your restaurant. I came with some
foreign friends, but the experience was far from satisfactory. Firstly, we had to wait for 50 minutes before
being served, which was extremely frustrating. Secondly, when the food finally arrived, it was cold and
tasteless. The soup was so cold that it felt like it had been in the refrigerator for days.
To make matters worse, the behavior of your management was very bad. They showed little regard for
our concerns and did not make any effort to rectify the situation. Considering the poor quality of food and
the terrible service we received, I request a full refund for the amount charged on our bill.
I hope that you take immediate steps to improve your restaurant's services and maintain a high standard
of quality. Thank you for your attention to this matter.
Sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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Assume you are John. You have bought new shoes from XYZ Footwear for
annual sports gala at your college. But due to staff negligence both shoes
were of left foot. Write a letter to manager of XYZ Footwear LAHORE for
replacement of shoes.
02 March 20xx
The Manager
XYZ Footwear
Lahore
Post code: 0000
For replacement of shoes
Sir,
I recently purchased a pair of shoes from your store for the annual sports gala at my college. However,
due to staff negligence, both shoes were of the left foot, which has caused inconvenience and
disappointment.
I would appreciate it if you could arrange for the replacement of the shoes with the correct pair. As the
sports gala is coming up soon, I hope you can expedite the process so that I can have the shoes in time for
the event.
Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to your prompt response.
Sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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Write a letter to your teacher requesting him to write a reference letter to

your UK collage.
02 March 20xx
City Lahore
Postcode: 0000
Request for reference letter
Dear Sir,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to request a reference letter for my application to a UK
college. I am very keen to pursue higher studies in the field of [mention the field] and I believe that the
course offered by this college is a perfect fit for my aspirations.
I would be grateful if you could provide me with a reference letter that highlights my academic
achievements, skills, and character. Your letter will play a vital role in the admission process and I am
confident that it will strengthen my application.
Thank you for your time and assistance in this matter. I appreciate your support and guidance throughout
my academic journey.
Sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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Letter to Director of Premier insurance company requesting compensation

for perfumes that are damaged during traffic jams.
02 March 20xx
Senior Director
Premier insurance company
City
Post code: 0000
Request for Compensation for Damaged Perfumes during Traffic Jams
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to request compensation for the damages incurred to my perfumes during a recent traffic
jam. As you may be aware, I had insured my perfumes with your company, and I am now requesting a
claim.
On [date], I was transporting my perfumes in my car when I got stuck in a severe traffic jam. Unfortunately,
the high temperatures in my car caused the perfumes to spoil, resulting in significant damage to my
products.
I have attached all the necessary documentation, including the policy details and proof of the damages
incurred. I would be grateful if you could process my claim as soon as possible and reimburse me for my
losses.
Sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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Letter to manager of Cool & Cold company, for approval of repair of chillers
and renting containers.
02 March 20xx
The manager
Cool and Cold
City
Post code: 0000
Approval for Repair of Chillers and Renting of Containers
Sir,
I am writing to request your approval for the repair of our chillers and the renting of additional containers.
As you may be aware, the chillers in our warehouse have been malfunctioning, resulting in reduced
efficiency and increased energy consumption.
Additionally, we are facing a shortage of storage space due to our expanding business operations.
Therefore, I recommend that we repair the chillers and rent additional containers to address these issues.
I have attached a detailed cost estimate for both repairs and rentals. I assure you that the repairs and
rentals are essential and will help us to maintain our efficiency and productivity.
Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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Write a letter to junior manager of Alpha courier services for packing and
moving your household items from Karachi to Islamabad.
02 March 20xx
Junior manager
Alpha courier services
Karachi
Post code: 0000
For packing and moving your household items
Sir,
I am writing to inquire about the services your company offers for packing and moving household items
from Karachi to Islamabad. I am planning to relocate to Islamabad in the next month and I need a reliable
company to handle the packing and transportation of my belongings.
Could you please provide me with information on your packing and moving services, including the cost
and the timeframe required for the move? Also, do you offer any additional services such as unpacking
and installation at the new location?
I would appreciate it if you could send me a detailed proposal outlining your services and pricing so that I
can make an informed decision. Thank you for your time and assistance.
Sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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Assume you are employee of an audit firm named as TERA. Write Letter to
your senior manager to Extend the reporting period of employer.
02 March 20XX
Senior manager
TERA firm
City
Post code: 0000
For extension of reporting period of employer
Sir,
I am writing to request an extension of the reporting period for my employer, [Employer Name]. Due to
some unforeseen circumstances, I have not been able to complete the required work within the given
timeframe. I understand that this may cause inconvenience to the company, and I apologize for the same.
I would be grateful if you could consider my request for an extension of the reporting period by [Number
of Days]. This will enable me to complete the work and submit it in a timely manner. I assure you that I
will work diligently to complete the work within the extended timeframe.
Thank you for considering my request. I appreciate your understanding in this matter.
Sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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Write a letter to editor of “DAWN Newspaper” for poor condition of parks in

your town.
02 March 20xx
Chief Editor
DAWN News
LAHORE
Post Code: 0000
About poor condition of parks in town
Sir,
I am writing to draw your attention to the poor condition of parks in our city. As a resident of the city, I
am deeply concerned about the neglect that these parks have been subjected to. The parks, which are
meant to provide a green space for the citizens, are in a deplorable condition with overgrown bushes,
litter, and broken play equipment.
The deteriorating condition of the parks not only affects the aesthetic appeal of our city but also poses a
health hazard for the citizens. I request the concerned authorities to take immediate action to restore
these parks to their former glory. This can be done by cleaning up the parks, repairing the play equipment,
and maintaining the greenery.
I hope that you will bring this issue to the forefront and create awareness among the citizens about the
importance of maintaining our public spaces.
Yours Sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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Assume you are Ali, living in Delta Town, England. Write a letter to your
friend Bilal asking him to come for a mountaineering expedition. Bilal is
living in Alpha Town, Lahore.
02 March 20xx
Alpha town
Lahore
Post code: 0000
Invitation for mountaineering expedition
Dear Bilal,
I hope this letter finds you well. It has been a while since we went on an adventure together. I am writing
to invite you for a mountaineering expedition in Delta Town. The views from the top are breathtaking,
and I am sure you will enjoy the challenge.
Delta Town has some of the best mountaineering spots in England, and I think it would be a great
opportunity for us to explore them together. We could plan the trip for next month so that we can prepare
ourselves well. I have already started the preparations and have made the necessary arrangements.
I hope you can make it, Bilal. It would be great to have you here for this adventure.
Yours sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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Assume you are production manager of Fine Ltd. Write a letter to HR

manager of your company, recommending him to increase bonus for
employees in order to increase productivity level.
02 March 20xx
HR Manager
Fine limited
City
Post code: 0000
Recommendation for increase in employee’s bonus
Sir,
I am writing to recommend an increase in employee bonuses at Fine Ltd. As the production manager, I
have noticed a decline in productivity levels lately, and I believe that offering better incentives to the
employees can help us overcome this challenge.
I understand that the company has financial constraints, but I believe that this investment in the
employees will pay off in the long run. Happier employees are more productive, and it will help us meet
our targets more efficiently.
I request you to consider my recommendation and take necessary steps to increase the employee bonus.
I am confident that this will lead to better results and improved productivity levels.
Thank you for your consideration.
Sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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lOMoARcPSD|32486831
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Consider yourself a trustee of not for profit organization named YMCA

which provides free education to orphan children. Write a circular letter
asking for donation to support the orphan children.
02 March 20xx
City
Post code: 0000
For funds raising
Dear Donor,
I am writing to seek your support for YMCA, a not-for-profit organization that provides free education to
orphan children. Our aim is to ensure that every child, regardless of their background, has access to
education and a chance to build a better future.
We rely on the generosity of donors like you to continue our work and make a difference in the lives of
these children. Your contribution can help us provide books, uniforms, and other necessary items to the
children, as well as support our teachers and staff.
We are grateful for any amount of donation that you can provide. Your kindness will make a significant
impact on the lives of these children and help them achieve their dreams.
Thank you for your consideration and support.
Sincerely
<SIGNATURE>
XYZ
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MEMORANDUMS
IN CURRENT BUDGET GOVERNMENT HAS DECREASED THE IMPORT

DUTIES. WRITE MEMO TO PROCUREMENT DEPARTMENT TO INCREASE
THE IMPORTS OF CARS.
Date: 02 March 20XX
To: Procurement Department
CC: …………..
From: [Name]
Subject: Increased Imports of Cars
I am writing to bring to your attention that due to the recent reduction in import duties by the
government, we have seen a significant increase in the imports of cars. This has resulted in an increase in
demand for imported cars, and we need to ensure that our procurement team is equipped to handle this
increased demand.
We request that the procurement department take necessary steps to ensure that we have adequate
resources to meet the increased demand, and also explore the possibility of sourcing cars from new
suppliers in order to ensure the best prices and quality for our customers.
Please provide us with a detailed plan on how you intend to manage the increased imports of cars in the
coming months, and any other recommendations you may have.
Regards
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ZETA IS NEW PRODUCT OF YOUR COMPANY WHICH HAS HIGH DEMAND IN

MARKET, NOWADAYS. WRITE A MEMO TO SENIOR MANAGER TO
INCREASE THE PRODUCTION OF ZETA
Date: 02 March 20XX
To: Manager
CC: …………..
From: [Name]
Subject: Increasing Production of Newly Launched Product Zeta
I am writing to inform you about the increased demand for our newly launched product, Zeta. We have
received an overwhelming response from our customers, and we need to increase our production in order
to meet this demand.
We request that you take necessary steps to increase the production of Zeta and ensure that we have
adequate resources to meet the increased demand. This may involve hiring additional staff, increasing
production hours, or investing in new equipment and technology.
We believe that by increasing our production of Zeta, we can take advantage of this increased demand
and maximize our profitability. We request that you provide us with a detailed plan on how you intend to
increase production, and any other recommendations you may have.
Regards
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WRITE A MEMO TO HR MANAGER, RECOMMENDING HIM A BONUS PLAN

AND MORE INCENTIVES FOR EMPLOYEES.
Date: 02 March 20XX
To: HR Manager
CC: …………..
From: [Name]
Subject: Recommending Bonus Plan and Employee Facilities
I am writing to recommend that we introduce a new bonus plan and employee facilities to encourage our
employees and improve their productivity. We believe that providing additional benefits and incentives
will help motivate our employees and improve their job satisfaction.
We recommend that we introduce a performance-based bonus plan, as well as additional employee

benefits, such as health insurance and paid time off. We believe that these changes will not only benefit
our employees, but also improve our overall productivity and profitability.
We request that you review these recommendations and provide us with your feedback and suggestions
on how we can implement them effectively.
Regards
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DUE TO HIGH DEMAND OF YOUR PRODUCTS. YOU NEED MORE WORKERS.

WRITE A MEMO TO HR MANAGER OF YOUR BUSINESS FOR HIRING NEW
EMPLOYEE.
Date: 02 March 20XX
To: HR Manager
CC: …………..
From: [Name]
Subject: Hiring New Employee
I am writing to request your assistance in hiring a new employee for our team. We have identified a need
for an additional team member to help with the increased workload, and we believe that your expertise
and experience can help us find the right candidate.
We would like to hire someone who has the required skills and experience, but also shares our company's
values and culture. Therefore, we request that you provide us with a list of potential candidates who fit
these criteria, and also assist us with the recruitment and hiring process.
Thank you for your assistance in this matter.
Regards
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WRITE A MEMO TO SENIOR DIRECTOR INFORMING HIM ABOUT IMPACT OF

TECHNOLOGY ON YOUR BUSINESS.
Date: 02 March 20XX
To: Senior Director
CC: …………..
From: [Name]
Subject: Impact of Technology on Business
I am writing to inform you about the impact of technological advancements on our business. Over the
past few years, we have witnessed significant developments in technology, which have greatly influenced
the way we conduct our business.
These technological advancements have provided us with new opportunities to increase efficiency and
productivity, streamline our processes, and improve the overall customer experience. However, they have
also brought about new challenges that we need to address in order to stay competitive in the market.
Therefore, I recommend that we invest in new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine
learning, to stay ahead of the curve and remain competitive in our industry.
Regards
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IMPORTANT NOTE:
REPORTS ARE PART OF PRC-01 SYLLABUS. ALTHOUGH ICAP HAS NOT TESTED REPORT WRITING IN
EXAMS TILL NOW. HOWEVER THE EXAM WAY ALSO ASK STUDENTS TO WRITE A REPORT. THEREFORE
SOME SHORT REPORTS ARE GIVEN BELOW. THESE ARE JUST FOR UNDERSTANDING PURPOSE.
1. AN INTERNEE SHARING MONTHLY TASK REPORT TO THE ASSIGNED

MANAGER:
Background: As an internee, it is essential to provide timely and accurate information about the tasks
performed during the month. The monthly task report is an effective tool to ensure communication
between the internee and the assigned manager.
Findings: The monthly task report should include a summary of the tasks completed during the month,
any challenges encountered, and the action plan for the upcoming month. The report should also highlight
any achievements or accomplishments and the skills learned during the month.
Discussion: The monthly task report helps the assigned manager to keep track of the internee's progress
and offer feedback and suggestions for improvement. It is also an opportunity for the internee to
showcase their skills and demonstrate their value to the organization.
Conclusions: The monthly task report is a crucial component of effective communication between an
Internee and their assigned manager. It ensures transparency, accountability, and continuous
improvement.
Recommendations: The internee should ensure that the monthly task report is well-structured, concise,
and includes all the relevant information. The report should be submitted on time, and the internee
should be open to feedback and suggestions from the assigned manager.
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2. A COMMITTEE REPORT FOR PROJECT PROGRESS:
Background: Committees are often formed to oversee and manage projects. The committee report is an
essential tool for sharing project progress, highlighting any issues or challenges, and providing
recommendations for improvement.
Findings: The committee report should include a summary of the project objectives, milestones achieved,
budget spent, and any issues or challenges encountered. The report should also provide
recommendations for improving project performance.
Discussion: The committee report is a critical communication tool for ensuring that all stakeholders are
informed about project progress. It is an opportunity to identify any potential roadblocks and take
corrective action before they become significant issues.
Conclusions: The committee report is an essential component of effective project management. It

promotes transparency, accountability, and continuous improvement.
Recommendations: The committee report should be well-structured, concise, and easy to understand. It
should be shared with all stakeholders and submitted in a timely manner. The report should also include
a section for feedback and suggestions for improvement.
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3. A SALES ASSOCIATE SHARING MARKET INSIGHT TO HIS MANAGER:
Background: Market insights are essential for any organization to stay competitive and make informed
decisions. As a sales associate, sharing market insights with the manager is critical for driving business
growth.
Findings: The sales associate should provide an analysis of market trends, competitor activity, and
customer behavior. The report should also highlight any opportunities or threats in the market and
provide recommendations for improvement.
Discussion: Sharing market insights with the manager helps to ensure that the organization is well-
informed and can make strategic decisions. It also promotes collaboration and fosters a culture of
continuous learning and improvement.
Conclusions: Sharing market insights is a critical component of effective sales and business development.
It promotes informed decision-making, collaboration, and continuous improvement.
Recommendations: The sales associate should ensure that the market insights are well-researched,
comprehensive, and relevant. The report should be presented in a clear and concise manner, and the sales
associate should be open to feedback and suggestions from the manager.
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QUARTERLY DEPARTMENTAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR CEO
Background: This report provides an overview of the progress made by the department in the last quarter,
highlighting the achievements, challenges, and areas that require improvement. The report also includes
a forecast of the expected performance for the next quarter.
Findings: During the last quarter, the department achieved its target of completing 95% of the projects
on time, resulting in a 10% increase in revenue. The department has also increased its customer
satisfaction rate by 8%, and the employee turnover rate has decreased by 5%. However, the department
faced some challenges, such as a shortage of skilled manpower, which resulted in project delays and an
increase in overtime costs.
Discussion: The department has made significant progress in achieving its goals, and the management
should acknowledge and appreciate the efforts made by the team. The challenges faced by the
department should be addressed to ensure that they do not hinder the performance of the department.
The management should also look into hiring additional manpower and improving the skillset of the
existing team to enhance the department's overall performance.
Conclusions: The department has made significant progress in achieving its goals, and the management
should continue to support and encourage the team. The challenges faced by the department should be
addressed to ensure that the department performs optimally.
Recommendations: The management should address the challenges faced by the department, such as a
shortage of skilled manpower, to ensure that the department performs optimally. The management
should also look into hiring additional manpower and improving the skillset of the existing team to
enhance the department's overall performance.
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2. FRAUD INVESTIGATION REPORT
Background: This report presents the findings of an investigation into suspected fraud committed by an
employee. The investigation was initiated after the company received a report of suspicious financial
transactions.
Findings: The investigation revealed that the employee had created fake invoices and had been siphoning
off company funds for personal gain. The employee had also tampered with accounting records to cover
up the fraudulent activities. The total amount embezzled was $50,000.
Discussion: Fraudulent activities can have severe consequences on the company's financial health and
reputation. The company needs to take swift action to prevent such activities from happening in the
future. The employee involved in the fraudulent activities should be terminated immediately, and legal
action should be taken to recover the embezzled funds.
Conclusions: The investigation confirms that an employee had committed fraud and had embezzled
company funds. The company needs to take swift action to prevent such activities from happening in the
future.
Recommendations: The Company should take immediate action to terminate the employee involved in
the fraudulent activities and recover the embezzled funds. The company should also review its internal
control systems to prevent similar fraudulent activities from happening in the future.
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3. TAX COMPLIANCE REPORT
Background: This report provides an overview of the company's tax compliance status, including a review
of tax returns filed and tax payments made.
Findings: The Company has filed all required tax returns, and all taxes due have been paid on time. The
company has also complied with all tax laws and regulations.
Discussion: Tax compliance is a critical aspect of the company's operations. The management should
continue to prioritize tax compliance to avoid any legal or financial repercussions that may arise from non-
compliance.
Conclusions: The Company is in compliance with all tax laws and regulations. The management should
continue to prioritize tax compliance to avoid any legal or financial repercussions that may arise from non-
compliance.
Recommendations: The Company should continue to prioritize tax compliance and ensure that all tax
returns are filed accurately and on time. The management should also stay up-to-date with changes in tax
laws and regulations to ensure continued compliance.
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A RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR APPROVAL OF BUDGET.

Background: Research proposals are necessary for any organization or individual seeking approval of
Budget for a research project. The proposal should clearly outline the objectives, methodology, budget,
and timelines of the research project. This report aims to present a research proposal to secure budget
approval.
Findings: The research project will investigate the impact of social media on consumer behavior. The study
aims to determine the extent to which social media influences consumer decision-making and explore the
factors that affect this behavior. The research will involve a quantitative survey of 500 participants, who
will be selected using stratified random sampling. The survey will be conducted online, and the data
collected will be analyzed using statistical software. The budget for the research project is estimated to
be $50,000, which includes costs for participant recruitment, data collection, analysis, and reporting.
Discussion: The use of social media has increased significantly in recent years, and it has become a popular
platform for businesses to reach out to consumers. Therefore, understanding the impact of social media
on consumer behavior is essential for businesses to develop effective marketing strategies. The proposed
research will contribute to existing literature by providing insights into the factors that affect consumer
behavior on social media.
Conclusions: The proposed research project is relevant and timely, given the increasing use of social media
in marketing. The study will provide insights into the impact of social media on consumer behavior, which
will be valuable for businesses and marketers. The budget estimate for the project is reasonable, and it
covers all the necessary expenses for conducting the research.
Recommendations: To secure budget approval, the research proposal should be presented in a clear and
concise manner, highlighting the relevance of the study, the methodology, and the expected outcomes.
The proposal should also address any potential risks or challenges that may arise during the research
process. Finally, it is recommended to seek input and feedback from stakeholders to improve the quality
of the proposal.
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ICAP OFFICIAL MODEL PAPER (UPDATED SOLUTION)
Q.1 (a) Read the passage and answer the questions below.
Some people treat money as virtual extension of their lives. This feeling may be obsessional to the point
that money is considered to guarantee a paradise on earth. Of course, they are wrong. The rich are also
vulnerable to sickness, accidents and other exigencies like the poor.
In a life of inner peace, money has only. Symbolic significance: it is the means to purchase necessities of
life. Reconciled people do not have to create 'synthetic-aliveness' by inciting envy in others. For
synthetically alive people, money is power to compete for love, prestige, and to promote a
punishment/reward system. Accumulation of money by such people creates a fortress mentality: it is
considered as the bulwark against incursions and also to project a sense of superiority or a kind of self-
conferred nobility. Money is used for self-glorification, unkindness, besides friendship and charity.
We have become a possession-oriented society rather than a people-oriented society. Personal
possessions include palatial houses, latest model cars, designer clothes, club memberships, etc. This calls
for constant action - dependency on always doing something - a habit which we also unfortunately
inculcate in our children. Enticing advertisements constantly increase our appetite for more things. Goals
are created to get something 'worth living for’ but we feel an almost immediate emptiness soon after the
thing is acquired. So we think of still newer things: this obviously requires money.
As it is highly malignant, 'money sickness' kills. Of course it isn't money that kills, rather the people who
kill. Money obsessiveness is ruthless, destructive and dehumanizing - people are seen as properties with
money making potential.
Belief that money has power to provide a secure, happy and healthy existence is a delusion. Appropriate
priorities can create the realization that people and relationships take precedence over things.
ANSWER THESE QUESTION:
i) Accumulation of money by 'synthetically-alive' individuals confer on them. (Select

TWO options)
o a genuine aura of nobility and superiority over other people
o a life of inner peace with healthy relationships with other people
o a life which is substantially free from anger, resentment and envy
o an assurance that they themselves and their progeny will enjoy a life of satisfaction and
contentment
ii) According to the author, moneyed individuals:

o are not immune from sickness and other exigencies
o do not suffer from effects of delusion
o seldom experience feelings of dissatisfaction and pangs of wants as they possess the amenities
that they need
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o at times resort to use of money to promote friendship and for purposes of charity
iii) The passage highlights that the principal target of aggressive advertisements are:
o the reconciled-people who have several unmet needs
o the people-oriented segments of the society who are keen to demonstrate their acceptance and
authority to others
o the possession-oriented members of the society who have an insatiable appetite for acquisition
of newer products
o those people who use money to show their importance and acceptance in the society
iv) Both the reconciled and the synthetically-alive Individuals use money to compete for love and
prestige and to implement a self-satisfying toward system.
o True
o False
v) Money is a malignant sickness which is pervasive in our society and leads people to commit
brutal acts.
o True
o False
vi) According to the author, goals are created to get something worth living for but we feel an
almost immediate emptiness soon after the thing is acquired.
o True
o False
vii) Priorities can create the realization that ____________ take precedence over things.
o necessities
o relationships
o people and relationships
o life skills
viii) Synthetic aliveness means:

o biological presence of
o spiritually alive
o both (a) and (b)
o irrelevant
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ix) Accumulation of money by ____________ people creates a fortress mentality.

o reconciled people
o dead people
o synthetically alive people
o poor people
x) According to author, the urge of enriching personal possessions is:

o repeated cycle which we inculcate in our offspring too
o linear pattern which stops with the person’s dismissal
o never leaves is prey
o stops immediately after we get our necessities
ANSWER:
QUESTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ANSWER C&D A&D C A FALSE TRUE C C C A
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Q.1 (b) Write a precise of following passage about 95-100 words. Also suggest a suitable title for this
passage
Some people treat money as virtual extension of their lives. This feeling may be obsessional to the point
that money is considered to guarantee e paradise on earth. Of course, they are wrong. The rich are also
vulnerable to sickness, accidents and other exigencies like the poor.
In a life of inner peace, money has only symbolic significance; it is the means to purchase necessities of
life. Reconciled people do not have to create 'synthetic-aliveness' by inciting envy in others. For
synthetically-alive people, money is power to compete for love, prestige, and to promote a
punishment/reward system. Accumulation of money by such people creates a fortress mentality: is
considered as the bulwark against incursions and also to project a sense of superiority or a kind of self-
conferred nobility. Money is used for self-glorification, unkindness, besides friendship and charity.
We have become a possession-oriented society rather than a people-oriented society. Personal

possessions include palatial houses, latest model cars, designer clothes, club memberships, etc. This calls
for constant action - dependency on always doing something - a habit which we also unfortunately
inculcate in our children. Enticing advertisements constantly increased appetite for more things. Goals are
created to get something ‘worth living for’ but we feel an almost immediate emptiness soon after the
thing is acquired. So we think of still newer things: this obviously requires money.
As it is highly malignant, ‘money sickness' kills. Of course it isn't money that kills, rather the people who
kill. Money obsessiveness is ruthless, destructive und dehumanizing-people are seen as properties with
money making potential.
Belief that money has power to provide a secure, happy and healthy existence is a delusion. Appropriate
priorities can create the realization that people and relationships take precedence over things.
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ANSWER:
TITLE:
The Delusion of Money OR Obsession Obsessive Beliefs and Possession-Oriented Society
PRECIS:
Money obsession is a highly malignant belief that money can guarantee a paradise on earth, which is a
delusion. Money has only symbolic significance in a life of inner peace, as it is used to purchase
necessities. However, for synthetically-alive people, money is a means of self-glorification, competition,
and promoting a punishment/reward system. This obsession creates a possession-oriented society that
constantly seeks new things, resulting in a habit of dependency. Money sickness is destructive,
dehumanizing, and kills, as people are seen as properties with money-making potential. Therefore,
appropriate priorities are necessary to realize that people and relationships take precedence over
things.
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Q2: Answer one of the following:
a) “Television programs are one of the major causes of violence in society.”
i) Construct causes and effects for the given problem using fishbone diagram. Write problem and
each of the cause and effect in the spaces provided. (10 marks)
ii) In identifying television programs as major cause of violence in society, discuss your arguments.
Word limit: 250 words (20 marks)
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ANSWER:
TELEVISION PROGRAMS ARE ONE OF THE MAJOR CAUSES OF VIOLENCE IN SOCIETY

CAUSES EFFECTS
Exposure to violent content Normalization of violent behavior
Normalization of aggression Normalization of violent behavior
Portrayal of violence Desensitization to violence
The idea that television programs are a major cause of violence in society has been debated for decades.
While it is true that some television programs contain violent content, it is not accurate to attribute the
cause of violence solely to television.
Research has shown that there are various factors that contribute to violent behavior, including biological,
psychological, and social factors. Exposure to violent content on television may have an impact on some
individuals, but it is not the only or even the primary cause of violence.
Furthermore, television programs often provide important educational and cultural content that can
enrich society. It is important to recognize that television is a complex and diverse medium, and it cannot
be reduced to a single factor in determining the causes of violence in society.
Instead of blaming television programs, it is important to address the underlying factors that contribute
to violent behavior, such as poverty, inequality, and mental health issues. By addressing these root causes,
we can create a safer and more peaceful society for everyone.
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b) “The Grading system should not exist to judge a student's abilities. Is it really an unfair way to
analyze students’ progress?”
i) Develop main ideas and sub pointers for or against the given theme using affinity diagram. Write each
idea in the separate spaces provided. (10 marks)
ii) Argue for or against the given theme. Word limit: 250 words (20 marks)
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ANSWER:
CURRENT GRADUNG SYSTEM

MAIN IDEAS
Limitations of the Grading Alternative Approaches to
System Negative Effects of the Grading Assessment
System

 Emphasizing formative  Creates undue stress  Ignores non-academic
assessment and and anxiety for students skills and talents
feedback
 Incorporating project-  Encourages a focus on  May not account for
based learning and grades rather than differences in learning
other performance- learning for its own styles
based assessments sake
The current grading system has been a topic of debate for a long time. Many argue that the grading system
is an unfair way to judge a student's abilities as it reduces their learning to a single letter or number. The
grading system is often subjective, and a student's grade can depend on the teacher's personal biases or
the difficulty of the test. Additionally, it does not take into account the various factors that can impact a
student's academic performance, such as personal circumstances or learning disabilities.
Furthermore, grades can lead to an unhealthy obsession with getting high marks, rather than focusing on
the learning process itself. This can result in a lack of interest in learning and a fear of failure, which can
ultimately hinder a student's progress.
Rather than relying solely on grades, a more holistic approach to assessment is necessary. This could
include qualitative assessments, such as essays or presentations, as well as feedback on progress and
individualized learning plans. By doing so, we can better understand each student's unique strengths and
weaknesses, and provide them with the necessary support to reach their full potential.
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Q.3 For each word in list A match the synonyms from list B. (20 marks)
A B
o Task o Agile
o Bravery o Smooth
o Nimble o Warn
o Grasping o Float
o Remorse o Job
o Caution o Overtake
o Blame o Greedy
o Overhaul o Valor
o Drift o Accuse
o Sleek o Regret
ANSWER:
A B
o Task o Job
o Bravery o Valor
o Nimble o Agile
o Grasping o Greedy
o Remorse o Regret
o Caution o Warn
o Blame o Accuse
o Overhaul o Overtake
o Drift o Float
o Sleek o Smooth
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Q4: Analyze the following letter. List down any FIVE weaknesses and redraft it.
(Format carries marks) (20 marks)
31/10/21
Dawood Center
Karachi
Dear Martha Hyer:
Because you are a regular contributor to the Crises Management in Karachi, we thought it might not be
too much trouble for you to speak at our Management Society Annual Dinner on April 15, 2001.
Some of us business students at Karachi admire your book "Beyond Cultural Boundaries” which appeared
in November, 2000 and was an immediate success. One of our professor said you were now the nations
diversity management leader. Because we have no funds for honoraria, we have to rely on local speakers.
Our dinner usually begins at 8:00 with a social hour, followed by dinner at 9:30 and the speaker from 9:00
until 9:30 we can arrange transportation for you and your guest if you need.
We realize that you must be very busy, but we hope you'll agree.
Yours Truly
Azam Bhatti
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ANSWER:
31 March 2021
[Recipient’s Address]
[City]
[Zip Code]
Invitation to speak at management society annual dinner
Dear Martha Hyer,
I hope this letter finds you well. As a regular contributor to the Crises Management in Karachi, we would
be honored if you would be willing to speak at our Management Society Annual Dinner on April 15, 2023.
We are a group of business students in Karachi who have been greatly inspired by your book, "Beyond
Cultural Boundaries," which was published in November 2021 and quickly gained recognition. One of our
professors even described you as the nation's diversity management leader.
Our dinner usually starts at 8:00 p.m. with a social hour, followed by dinner at 9:30 p.m. and the speaker
from 9:00 p.m. until 9:30 p.m. We would be happy to arrange transportation for you and your guest if
needed. While we do not have funds for honoraria, we would be grateful for your participation.
We understand that you are a busy person, but we hope that you will consider our invitation. We
appreciate your time and expertise and are confident that your speech would greatly benefit our students.
Thank you for your consideration, and we hope to hear from you soon.
Sincerely,
<SIGNATURE>
[Name]
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FIVE WEAKNESSES
1. The date at the beginning of the letter is written as "31/10/21" which is not a valid date format
as it is missing the year and the month and day are in reverse order.
2. The letter addresses Martha Hyer but does not specify her title or position, making it unclear
who she is or why she would be a good fit for the Management Society Annual Dinner.
3. The sentence "One of our professor said you were now the nations diversity management
leader." contains a grammatical error as "professor" should be pluralized to "professors".
Additionally, the word "nations" should be capitalized as it is referring to a proper noun.
4. The dinner schedule is not coherent as it states that the speaker will be from 9:00 until 9:30,
but dinner will start at 9:30.
5. The letter does not provide any information about the topic or focus of Martha Hyer's speech,
which may make it difficult for her to prepare appropriately.
To Access Further Notes/Assignments/Practice Sets/Tests Series And Mocks
CLICK ON THE GOOGLE DRIVE LINK:
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vJEnHumWkyS1JqGTtz7czShaCsARevh7?usp=sharing
If You Find Any Errors, Omissions, Spelling, Grammatical Or Other Logical Flaws, Please Mail Us At
The Address Below To Let Us Know
EMAIL ID:
bwcs1122@gmail.com
KIND REGARDS:
SIR KASHIF ALI (0324-7087070)
ARSAL SAEED (0302-0508118)
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ASSESSMENT CRITERIA RELATED TO ESSAY TYPE

Précis Writing (10 Marks)

Précis is assessed on the basis of following criteria:

 Decide suitable theme of the passage

Essay Writing (30 Marks)

Essay is assessed on the basis of following criteria:

 Coherence and cohesion of ideas/arguments

Letter Writing (20 Marks)

Letter is assessed on the basis of following criteria:

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o Buffer/introduction of the sender, if new

Report Writing (20 Marks)

Report is assessed on the basis of following criteria:

Memo Writing (20 Marks)

Memo is assessed on the basis of following criteria:

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 Body of the memo:

SOURCE: ICAP OFFICIAL WEBSITE:

To Access Further Notes/Assignments/Practice Sets/Tests Series And Mocks

CLICK ON THE GOOGLE DRIVE LINK:

SIR KASHIF ALI (0324-7087070)

ARSAL SAEED (0302-0508118)

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PAST PAPER ANALYSIS

MONTH STUDENTS STUDENTS PASSING %

SOURCE: ICAP OFFICIAL WEBSITE :

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Downloaded by Ali Rehman (rrehmanali2002@gmail.com)

WORD SYNONYMS ANTONYMS

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Impressive Vital Ordinary

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Sediments Deposits Giving

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Profound Deep Stupid

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COMPREHENSION PASSAGES WITH PRECIS

PASSAGE-01 (SCIENCE AND RELIGION)

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS:

According to the passage science and religion

a) Are contrary to each other

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a) Man worships the forces of nature

Why is it said in the passage that, “science emerged as a savior of mankind”?

a) Many great thinkers contributed to the progress of s

According to the passage science and religion both

a) Rely on the spoken word of the enlightened

Which of the following statements is true in the context of the passage?

a) Science and religion are antagonistic to each other

Why does man worship the force of nature?

a) The holy scriptures advocate the worship of forces of nature

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Downloaded by Ali Rehman (rrehmanali2002@gmail.com)

ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS:

Which is NOT true about tornadoes?

a) Most tornadoes occur in North America in Tornado Alley

What states have never had tornadoes?