SPILLWAYS The majority of impounding reservoirs are formed as a resyl(of the construction of a dam: By its very nature, the stream flow which supplies reservoir is variable. It follows at there would be times when the reservoir jsfull and the stream flow exceeds the demand. The excess water must therefore be giScharged safely from the reservoir 4f many hic failure cases to allow t e water simply to overtop’ the dam would result in s_ known as the structure, For this reason, gérefully designed overflow pas date the/largest flood discharge likely tq/occur in the life of the ent to accom s there is usually dam, Because of the high yélocities of flow often attained infil some form of enei y/ dissipation and scour prevention system at the base of the spillway. This often tkes the form of a stilling basin, SpillwayHYDRAULIC JUMP OR S' NDING WAVE In an open channel when rapidly flowing stream abruptly cl anges to slowly flowi stream, a distinct rise or jump in the elevation of liquid surface takes place, the phenomenon is known as hydraulic jump’ (which is analogous to shock wave in compressible fluids). The hydraulic jumps convert kinetic energy of stream rapidly flowi g into potential energy. Due to this there is a loss of kinetic energy. At the place where hydraulic jump occurs rollers of turbulent water (eddying turbulences) from, which cause dissipation of ene A hydraulic jump oc rs in practice at the toe of spillways or below a sluice ite where the velocity is very high The hydraulic jump is also known as a ‘standing wave’ because it is, in essence, a wave which is stationary (i.e., at stand-still) at one place. Below are examples of hydraulic jump.sig energy at spillways: 1 design and reservoir management. When water flows over a spillway, ficant amount of energy, which must be safely damage downstream of the structure. Here are some common methods for di ENERGY DISSIPATION Spillway energy dissipation is a critical aspect of hydraulic engineering, especially in dam carries a ssipated to prevent erosion and pating Stilling Basin: A stilling basin is a pool of water located downstream of the spillway structure. It is designed to absorb and dissipate the energy of the flowing water. Stilling basins are equipped with various energy-dissipating features, such as baffle blocks, riprap, and deflector blocks. These features disrupt the flow, causing turbulence and reducing the water's velocity. The stilling basin also allows sediment to settle, preventing it from being transported downstream. Baffle Blocks: Bafile blocks are concrete or stone blocks strategically placed in the spillway channel or stilling basin, They create turbulence and eddies in,the water, which dissipate energy. The arrangement and size of bafile blocks can be adjusted 10 optimize energy dissipation.3. Riprap: Riprap consists of large, angular rocks placed on the spillway apron or in the stilling basin. The rough surface of the rocks disrupts the flow and dissipates energy through friction. Properly sized and placed riprap can prevent erosion and scour downstream, 4, Flip Buckets: Flip buckets are curved structures at the end of the spillway that redirect the flow upward before it falls into the plunge pool or stilling basin. This upward redirection dissipates energy by creating a hydraulic jump, which is then : further dissipated in the plunge pool or stilling basin. ‘ ile lil 5, Stepped Spillways: Stepped spillways are designed with a series of steps or drops ‘As water flows over each step, it loses energy due to the change in elevation. Stepped spillways are particularly effective at energy dissipation and preventingProper design and maintenance of spillway energy-dissipation measures are crucial to the safe and efficient operation of dams and reservoirs. Failure to dissipate energy effectively can lead to erosion, structural damage, and potential downstream flooding. Engineers carefully analyze flow characteristics and hydraulic conditions to select and design the appropriate energy-dissipation methods for a specific spillway. WEIR A weir in an open channel is a specific type of flow control structure that is commonly used in hydraulic engineering to measure or control the flow of water in open channels like rivers, streams, canals, or even wastewater treatment plants. Weirs ate typically characterized by their simple design, consisting of a barrier or obstruction placed across the channel, They serve several purposes in open-channel hydraulics: 1. Flow Measurement: Weirs are often used to measure the flow rate of water in open channels. The height of the water level (known as the head) upstream of the weir is related to the flow rate passing over the weir. Engineers and scientists can use this relationship to calculate the flow rate by measuring the head. 2. Flow Control: Weirs can be used to control the discharge or flow rate of water in a channel. By adjusting the height of the weir or modifying its design, engineers can regulate the flow rate to meet specific requirements, such as maintaining a consistent water level downstream or ensuring:a certain flow rate for irrigation. 3, Sediment Control: Weirs can help trap sediment carried by the flowing water. By slowing down the water and allowing sediment to settle, weirs can reduce erosion downstream and improve water quality. There are several types of weirs, each with its own design and specific purpose. Some ‘common types of weirs used in open channels include: Rectangular Weir: This is a simple, rectangular-shaped weir where the flow ‘passes over the top of the weir crest. The flow rate is determined by measuring the water level upstream of the weir.Cipoletti Weir: This is a broader-crested weir used for measuring larger flow rate: | Broad-Crested Weir: This type of weir has a flat, broad eat which is useful for measuring fow rates in wide channels,Broad Crested Weir at allows for greater control of 5. Ogee Weir: An ogee weir has a curved crest th flow, making it suitable for flow regulation. Sea i SN Weirs are essential tools in hydraulic engineering and are used in a wide range of applications, including water resource management, irigation, environmental monitoring, and flood control. They are relatively simple structures but play a crucial role in controlling and managing the flow of water in open channels.ORIFICE, ‘An orifice is a small, typically circular opening or hole in a surfacé. In fluid dynamics and engineering, an orifice is often used as a flow control device. It can refer to both the opening itself and the entire assembly designed to control the flow of a fluid through that opening. Orifices are widely used in industries such as chemical processing, oil and gas, water treatment, and HVAC systems for flow measurement, flow control, and process optimization. They are relatively simple and cost-effective devices for managing fluid flow in a wide range of applications. z Discharge through orifice is determined using the following equation: Q=Caf2gh Where Q= discharge, m°/s : P C= coefficient of discharge F a= area of orifice, m? 9 g= acceleration due to gravity, m/s* h= head on horizontal center line of orifice, m Weakest jatUvos of Orifice 1, Blow Restriction: An orifice ix placed tn a pipe oF condult Ahrough which a Avid (liquid or gas) Is Mowing, The orifice ‘oreates a constriction or restriction In the Mow path Pressure Drop: As the fuld passes through the Velocity increases as it is forved through the smaller opening: Avconting to Bemoulli’s principle, the inerease In fuid velocity ~ results ia decrease in pressure, Flow Rate Measurement: Orill The flow rate through the orifice rifled, Its 1s are often used as flow, rate can be measurement devics calculated by measuring the pressure drop across the orifice fic to the orifice's design, and applying a calibrated equation sp 4, Flow Control: Orifices can also be used to control the ‘of the pressure flow ofa fluid, By changing the size of the orific t, engineers can regulate the flow rate as difference across ‘needed for various industrial proces of Orifices © 4, Sharp-Edged Orifice: This type of orifice has a well-defined, ‘sharp-edged circular opening, I's relatively simple but can e accurate flow measurement and control when properly