Unit 3 – Handout

I. Lý thuyết ngữ pháp:

1. Ngữ pháp cơ bản:
1.1. Review question:
a. In questions the subject is usually after the first verb:
subject + verb verb + subject

- Will Tom will -> will Tom? Tom be here tomorrow?

- you have -> have you? Have you been working hard?
the house was -> was the house? - When was the
house built?

The subject is after the first verb:

- Is Katherine working today? (not is working Katherine)

b. In present simple questions, we use do/does:

you live -> do you live? - Do you live near there
the film starts -> does the film start? - What time does the film start?

- you sold -> did you sell? Did you sell your car?
- the train stopped -> did the train stopped? Why did the train stop?

But do not use do/does/did if who/what etc. is the subject of the sentence. Compare:
who object who subject

Emma phoned somebody. Somebody phoned Emma.

object subject

Who did Emma phone? Who phoned Emma?

In these examples, who/what etc. is the subject:

- Who wants something to eat? (not Who does want)
- What happened to you last night? (not What did happen)
- How many people came to the party? (not did come)
- Which bus goes to the centre? (not does go)

c. In questions beginning who/what/which/where, prepositions (in, for etc.) usually go

at the end:
- Where are you from? - What was the weather like?
- Who do you want to speak to? - Which job has Tina applied for?

You can use preposition + whom in formal style:

- To whom do you wish to speak?
 d. isn’t it…? / didn’t you …? etc. (negative questions)
We use negative questions especially to show surprise:
- Didn’t you hear the doorbell? I rang it three times.
or when we expect the listener to agree with us:
- ‘Haven’t we met before?’ ‘Yes, I think we have.’

Note the meaning of yes and no in answers to negative questions:

- ‘Don’t you want to go?’ ‘Yes.’ (= Yes, I want to go)
‘No.’ (= No, I don’t want to go)

We often use negative questions with Why …?

- Why don’t we eat out tonight? (not Why we don’t eat)
- Why wasn’t Emma at work yesterday? (not Why Emma wasn’t)

1.2. Articles:
Indefinite articles: a/an
talking about one thing, but not being specific I’d like to go to a concert tonight
With singular but there’s nothing good on.
countable nouns mentioning something for the first time I’ve had a great idea!
talking about things generally (formal) A poet sees the world
differently. (= Poets see)

- We use a before a consonant sound, and an before a vowel sound. It is the sound and not
Watch the spelling that is important (eg a unique experience, an umbrella)
out! - We use a/an to show what group someone or something belongs to, or to classify
it/him/her (Liz is a modernist).

Definite article: the

singular countable nouns
plural countable and uncountable nouns
singular uncountable nouns
with some adjectives to mean groups
of people
being specific Is that the band you were
talking about?
The guitar is one of the
talking generally (formal) oldest musical instruments.
(= Guitars are …)
being specific The scales are balanced to
symbolize equality.
being specific Who did the publicity for
the show
Pop music has always
talking generally (formal) appealed more to the young
than the old

- We often use the with physical things that are unique (eg the moon, the Queen)
Watch - We often use the with superlatives (eg the best) and cardinal numbers (eg the first)
 out! - We can use the to mean the well-known or the famous
✓ I bumped into Damian Hirst, the artist, in the supermarket. (= the well-known artist)

2. Ngữ pháp mở rộng/trường hợp đặc biệt:

2.1. Countable/uncountable nouns:

Countable nouns
- Countable nouns have a singular and plural form. ✓ That painting is amazing
✓ Those paintings are dreadful.
- Some countable nouns …
+ have irregular plurals, eg person/people, mouse/mice.
+ do not change in their plural form, eg the sheep is …., the sheep are …
- With hyphenated countable nouns, we usually form the plural by pluralizing the key word
eg brothers-in-law and over-achievers.
- With organizations and groups of people (eg group/team etc.),it often makes no difference whether
the verb is singular or plural. ✓ The government is/are not doing anything to help the arts.
- With some countable nouns, when we want to refer to a group, we use certain phrases ending in of.
These include: a flock of birds/sheep, a herd of cows/elephants, a pack of cards/dogs, a bunch of
flowers/grapes/keys, a set of encyclopedias/keys.

Singular uncountable nouns

- Singular uncountable nouns only have a singular form. They only take verbs in the singular
✓ Is the information reliable?
- Singular uncountable nouns include: advice, blood, bread, furniture, hair, information, jewelry
knowledge, luggage, milk, money, news, permission, respect, water.
- With singular uncountable nouns, if we want to describe one particular item, we have to use a
phrase ending in of before the noun. Common phrases include: a bar of chocolate/soap, a bit of
help/advice, a blade of grass, a block of concrete, a breath of fresh air, a drop of water, a grain of
salt/sand, a gust of wind, a loaf of bread, a lump of sugar, a piece of bread/information, a scrap of
paper, a sheet of paper, a slice of bread/cheese, a speck of dust/dirt, a spot of ink.

Plural uncountable nouns

- Plural uncountable nouns only have a plural form. They only take verbs in the plural.
 ✓ The scissors aren’t on the table.
- Plural uncountable nouns include: arms, binoculars, cattle, clothes, congratulations, earnings,
glasses, goods, groceries, jeans, odds, pants, pliers, premises, pyjamas, regards, remains, savings,
scales, scissors, shorts, surroundings, thanks, tights, trousers, valuables.
- With plural uncountable nouns, we can sometimes use a pair of, usually when we see something as
having two parts/legs/etc. eg: a pair of binoculars/trousers/scissors/etc.

- Some uncountable nouns end in –s but are singular, eg: diabetes, news, physics, politics.
- Many nouns are countable with one meaning and uncountable with another meaning.
These includes: cake, chicken, chocolate, damage, glass, hair, paper, time, wood, work.
Watch ✓ The table is made of wood. (uncountable, = the material)
out!
✓ It’s a picture of a local wood. (countable, = a small forest)
- Some nouns which are usually uncountable are used as countable nouns in certain
expressions, eg: a knowledge of, a great help.

Quantifiers only used with
countable nouns
a couple of (the), a number of,
another (of the), both (of)(the),
each (of the), either (of the), every,
neither (of the), the entire, the
whole (of) (the), (a) few (of the),
only a few (of the), half (of)(the),
many (of the), several (of the)
Quantifiers only used with Quantifiers used with
singular uncountable nouns all nouns
an amount of, a great deal of, all (of)(the), a lot of/lots of
a little (of the), little (of the), (the), all (of)(the), any (of
much (of the), only a little the), enough (of the), more
(of the) (of the), most (of the), no,
none (of the), plenty of (the),
some (of the)

- a few = some, few = not many, only a few = not many

Watch out! - little + countable noun = small, little + uncountable noun = not much,
a little + uncountable noun = some

2.2. Zero article:

Zero article: no article at all
With plural countable and uncountable nouns talking generally Don’t let your young child use
scissors unsupervised
With singular uncountable nouns talking generally An artist always needs
inspiration

Watch out! We often use no article for concepts (ie not physical things), eg society, space,
nature.
 Articles by category and with particular phrases and expressions
Indefinite article Definite article Zero article
Time in an hour, in a second in the 1840s, in the in 2010, in winter, in
winter, in the afternoon December, on Tuesday,
at night
People and have a job, work as a the King, the Principal, Russians, become
work teacher, I met a very nice the President, the British President, go to work, be
American last night at work, have work to do
Places Is there a beach near here? the Himalayas, the Mount Everest, Berlin,
Pacific Ocean, the Seine, America, Antarctica,
the Earth, the Antarctic, Jupiter, Fleet Street,
the USA, the UK, Lake Michigan, Mykonos
the Scilly Isles
Public buildings Is there a bank near here? the bank, the post office, go to
go to the school/hospital/prison
hospital/prison/school (as a student/patient/
(as a visitor) prisoner)
Entertainment Play us a song!, I’ve got a play the guitar, play tennis, play guitar,
and sport tennis ball the media, on the radio, listen to music, on
go to the cinema, television, watch TV
watch the TV
Organization Does Switzerland have an the BBC, the police, NATO
army? the emergency services,
the United Nations
Education have a lesson, be in the first year geography, be in
take an exam class/year/form
Travel take a taxi, in the car/taxi, on foot, go home, go by
catch a bus/train on the bus/plane car/plane
Health have a have the flu/measles have
cold/cough/headache/ flu/measles/toothache/
toothache/stomach ache stomach ache
II. Từ vựng:
1. Từ vựng cơ bản
PEOPLES OF VIETNAM
No Word Meaning Notes
.
1. Ancestor (n) Tổ tiên, ông cha
2. Basic (adj) Cơ bản
3. Complicated (adj) Phức tạp, tinh vi
4. Costume (n) Trang phục
5. Custom (n) Tập quán, phong tục
6. Diverse (adj) Đa dạng
7. Diversity (n) Sự đa dạng
8. Ethnic (adj) Thuộc dân tộc
9. Ethnic group (n) Nhóm dân tộc
10. Ethnic minority people (n) Người dân tộc thiểu số
11. Gather (v) Thu thập, hái lượm
12. Heritage (n) Di sản
13. Hunt (v) Săn bắt
14. Insignificant (adj) Không quan trọng
15. Majority (n) Đa số, phần lớn
16. Minority (n) Thiểu số, số lượng ít
17. Multicultural (adj) Đa văn hóa
18. Recognise (v) Công nhận, xác nhận
19. Shawl (n) Khăn quàng
20. Speciality (n) Đặc sản
21. Stilt house (n) Nhà sàn
22. Terraced field (n) Ruộng bậc thang
23. Tradition (n) Truyền thống
24. Unique (adj) Độc nhất, duy nhất
25. Waterwheel (n) Cối xay nước
 2. Từ vựng mở rộng/nâng cao:

Type of
No. Word Meaning Source
word
1 Mainland n Đất liền
2 Descendant n Hậu duệ
3 Voyage n Hành trình Reading Explorer 4
4 Feat n Kỳ công, chiến công
5 Revered adj Tôn kính

III. Luyện tập:

No. Book Exercise Page Skill

Lesson 1
1 Destination Unit 14 112-119 Vocab
2 English Vocab in Use Unit 5 16-17 Vocab
Unit 10 10 Grammar
3 English for Life
Unit 33 33 Vocab
4 English grammar in use Unit 69-78 138-157 Grammar
Unit 144-148 92-93
5 English Grammar in Use Supp Grammar
Unit 149-154 94-96
Lesson 2
1-4
Grammar Pratice Grammar
6-10
Oxford Work Skill Unit 5 20-21 Vocab
Destination Unit 21 172-175 Grammar
Destination Unit 24 192-199 Vocab
English Vocab in Use Unit 83-86 172-179 Vocab
FCE - Use of English Unit 9 144-155 Grammar
Lesson 3
1 FCE - Use of English Unit 12 186-197 Grammar
Unit 8 103-114
2 Oxford English Grammar Course Unit 11 155-166 Grammar
Unit 14 201-206
Oxford Practice Grammar - Advanced - Unit 4 20-24 Grammar
3
Supplementary Exercises Unit 6 30-36 Grammar
Unit 4 44-52 Grammar
4 Oxford Practice Grammar - Advanced
Unit 6 68-78 Grammar
Unit 12 48-51
5 MEG Grammar
Unit 27 106-109
 Uit 29-30 114-121
Grammar,
6 Use of English B2 Tests Unit 3 26-35 Vocab,
Reading
Lesson 4
Top 10 Great Grammar for Great Writing Grammar,
1 Unit 3 53-78
- Inter Vocab
Unit 3 26-41 Grammar,
Vocab,
2 Ready_for_FCE_- Coursebook
Unit 9 106-121 Reading,
Writing
3 New_Enflish_File_-_Workbook Unit 2 23 Grammar
Reading,
New English File - Upper-Intermediate Vocab,
4 Unit 6A 54-56
Workbook Grammar,
Listening,
Grammar,
Vocab,
Speaking,
5 NEFIPlus_Student_Book Unit 1B 8-11.
Listening,
Writing,
Reading,
Grammar,
Vocab,
Unit 1 6-15. Speaking,
Reading,
Writing
6 Navigate - B2 - SB
Grammar,
Vocab,
Unit 6 56-65 Speaking,
Reading,
Writing
Grammar,
Unit 4 26-30
Vocab
7 Headway - Upper-inter - WB
Grammar,
Unit 12 77-96
Vocab
Grammar,
8 Headway - Upper-inter - SB Unit 4 34-43
Vocab
Grammar,
9 Grammar_in_Context_3_6th_Edition Unit 10 286-292
Vocab
Reading,
10 Reading Explorer 4 Unit 5 79-96
Vocab