Aortic valve disease

Aortic valve disease refers to a group of conditions that affect the aortic valve, one of the four
valves in the human heart. The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle (the heart's main
pumping chamber) and the aorta (the largest artery in the body), and its primary function is to
ensure that oxygen-rich blood flows from the heart into the aorta and subsequently to the rest of
the body.

There are two main types of aortic valve disease:

1. Aortic Stenosis: Aortic stenosis occurs when the aortic valve becomes narrow and stiff, making
it difficult for the valve to open fully. This narrowing restricts the flow of blood from the left
ventricle into the aorta, forcing the heart to work harder to pump blood. Aortic stenosis is often
caused by age-related degeneration of the valve (calcific aortic stenosis) or congenital
abnormalities.

2. Aortic Regurgitation (Aortic Insufficiency): Aortic regurgitation happens when the aortic valve
doesn't close tightly, allowing blood to leak back into the left ventricle during the heart's
relaxation phase. This condition can lead to an increased workload on the heart and may
eventually result in heart failure.

The diagnosis of aortic valve disease typically involves a combination of physical examinations,
imaging tests (such as echocardiography), and sometimes cardiac catheterization. Treatment
options for aortic valve disease depend on its severity and may include:

1. Medications: In some cases, medications can help manage symptoms and slow the progression
of the disease.

2. Valve Repair or Replacement: If the disease is severe and causing significant symptoms or heart
damage, surgical intervention may be necessary. This can involve either repairing the existing
valve or replacing it with a mechanical or biological (tissue) valve. The choice of valve
replacement depends on various factors, including the patient's age and overall health.

3. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR): TAVR is a minimally invasive procedure that
can be an option for some patients, particularly those who are at higher surgical risk. It involves
inserting a replacement valve through a catheter, typically via an artery in the groin.

Aortic valve disease is a relatively common heart condition, especially among older individuals.
The prevalence of aortic valve disease can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, and
underlying risk factors. Aortic stenosis is the most common form of aortic valve disease. In
individuals over the age of 65, the prevalence of aortic stenosis is estimated to be around 2-7%.
The prevalence of congenital aortic valve disease is estimated to be around 1-2% of the
population.