Mahatma

Mahatma Gandhi
Gandhi and
and The
The National
National movement
movement
➔ The act was like a sudden blow to
indians expecting self governance

➔ Gandhi appealed to viceroy to

By laya syju
Non cooperation Movement
1. Causes of the non cooperation
movement
1.Rowlatt act
➔ On receiving a report from the
sedition committee headed by
Justice Rowlatt ,two bills were
introduced to the central
legislature in 1919
➔ This act authorized the government
to imprison any person without trial
and convict him in court
➔ The implications of the rowlatt act
are
◆ Arrest of a person without a
withhold his consent to such
measures
➔ His appeal was ignored.He started
the satyagraha as a challenge to
the government
➔ April 1919 there were a number or
demonstrations and strikes in the
country
➔ The british took brutal measures to
suppress this anti british struggle
➔ An important feature of rowlatt
satyagraha was the hindu muslim
unity
2.Jallianwala bagh tragedy
● A large peaceful crowd gathered in
Jallianwallah Bagh in amritsar on april
13 1919 to protest against the arrest

warrant of Dr Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr satya

◆ In camera trial(trial in
seclusion)
◆ Restrictions on movements of
individuals
◆ Suspension of habeas corpus
pal
● Jallianwallah bagh had only one exit
● General dyer the military commander
of amritsar surrounded the bagh with
his soldiers and.After closing the exit
he ordered them to shoot at the
crowd.The troops kept firing till their
ammunition was over
● About one thousand innocent
demonstrators were killed and many
more were wounded
● The nation was shaken at the
massacre of innocent people.
● Rabrindanath tagore expressed the
pain and anger of the country by
renouncing his knighthood(Giving up
the honor granted by the british
crown for exceptional personal
achievement of public service)
● The british government refused to
annul the rowlatt act and make
amends for the atrocities in punjab
Jallianwallah bagh
Shauket ali and Mohammed Ali
3. Khilafat Movement
● .In the first world war the British
fought against Turkey, Turkey was
defeated and the ottoman empire was
divided.
● The sultan of turkey who was the
caliph was deprived of all authority
● The caliph was looked upon by large
sections of society as their religious
head
● They felt that any weakening of caliph
positions would affect the positions of
muslims.
● The muslim population in India
started a powerful agitation known as
the khilafat movement under the
leadership of Mohammed ali and
Shaukat ali .
● The khilafalists formed a three point
programme
○ The ottoman caliph should
retain his empire
○ The caliph must be left with
sufficient territory
○ The arab lands must remain
under muslim rule
● Khilafat day was observed on october
17 1919
● Gandhiji saw the khilafat movement
as an opportunity for uniting both
hindus and muslims
● He advised the khilafat committee to
adopt a policy of non cooperation
 ● People resigned from government ○ Removal of untouchability and
services shops selling foreign goods other measures for harijan
were picketed students boycotted welfare
schools and colleges and hartals and ○ Emancipation an upliftment of
demonstrations were held women
● By the end of 1920 the khilafat 4. Suspension of the Non cooperation
movement and the Congress non
movement
cooperation movement merged into
● The tragedy of chauri chaura a village
one nationwide movement
in Gorakhpur district in Uttar pradesh
● The khilafat committee appealed to
occurred on february 5 in 1922
all muslims to not join the police and
● A procession of about 3000 peasants
armed services,the ali brothers were
marched to the police station to
arrested on charges of sedition .
protest against the police officer who
2. Programmes had beaten up some volunteers for
1.Boycott programs picketing at a liquor shop.
● The police fired at the peasants.
○ Boycott of government schools
● This infuriated the demonstrators and
colleges and courts
they set the nearby police station on
○ Boycott of foreign goods
fire killing the 22 policemen who were
○ Boycott of elections to be held
inside
for the councils as suggested in
● There were a few other violent
reforms of 1919
incidents in the country.
○ Resignation from nominated
● Gandhiji who was a believer of
seats in local bodies
ahimsa a shocked by these incidents
○ Surrender of titles and honorary
and withdrew the non cooperation
offices
movement in February 12 1922
○ Refusal to attend government
functions
2.Swadeshi programmes
Memorial at chauri
○ Popularization of swadeshi and
chaura
khadi by reviving hand spinning
and hand weaving
○ Development of unity between
hindus and muslims
 3. Impact of the non cooperation
movement
● The national movement
became a nationwide
movement
○ The indian national movement
acquired a real mass base with
students ,teachers peasants
workers and women
● Instilled confidence among
the people
○ It instilled a desire for freedom
and inspired people to challenge
the colonial rule
● The congress became a
revolutionary movement
○It transformed indian National congress from a
deliberative assembly to an organization for
action
● Fostered - hindu muslim unity
○It fostered hindu muslim unity which could be
seen in the merging of the khilafat
movement and the Non cooperation
movement.
○It acted as an opportunity for congress to
bring the urban muslims into the the
nationalist movement
● Popularized the cult of swaraj
○The goal of the non cooperation movement
was to attain swaraj within the british
empire
○The congress realized the nature and value of
popular support
○Although the movement failed to attain swaraj
it brought them closer to it.
Civil Disobedience Movement
1. Factors leading up to the civil
disobedience movement
● Simon commission
CAUSES →
○ In November 1927 the british appointed the
Indian statutory commission popularly
known as simon commision to investigate
the need for further constitutional reforms
○The commision was composed of seven british
members of Parliament
○It had no Indian member
○This was seen as a violation of the principle of
self determination and deliberate insult to
the self respect of indians
REPERCUSSIONS →
○the inc protested against the movement . The
muslim league and hindu mahasabha
supported the congress
○On february 3rd an all india hartal was
organized
○Wherever the commision went they were
greeted with hartals and black flag
 demonstrations under the slogan ‘Simon go
back’
○The government used brutal suppression and
police attacks to break the popular
opposition
○On october 30th 1928 while leading a
demonstration in lahore railway station Lala
lajpat rai was grievously injured.He lost his
life as a result of lathi blows from the police
Lala lajpat rai
●RECOMMENDATIONS OF SIMON COMMISION
○Dyarchy should be abolished and there
should be complete autonomy in the
provinces including the department of law
and order but the governor should be given
overriding powers in certain matters like
internal security
○Provincial legislative councils should be
enlarged
○The governor general should select and
appoint members of his cabinet
○Federal government at the center should not
only embrace british india but also the
princely states
○British troops and british officers should stay
in indian regiments for many more years
○High courts should be under the government
of india
Declaration of poorna swaraj
●Calcutta session of congress had served an
ultimatum to the british to accept the Nehru
report by the end of 1929
●The nehru report was declared to have been
lapsed in the Lahore session of congress in
1929
●It passed a resolution declaring poorna swaraj
to be the objective of the congress
POONA SWARAJ RESOLUTION
●As per the poorna swaraj resolution the word
swaraj in congress would mean complete
independence and was set forth as the goal
of the national movement
●26th January is observed as poorna swaraj day
all over the country with the hosting of the
tricolor flag
●Resignation of members of the legislature
●Withdrawal from all possible association from
the british government
●January 26 was initially independence day and
was celebrated until 1947 but it was
eventually changed to august 15 1947 .
●January 26 is republic day as it is on this day in
1950 that the constitution came to existence
 signing of a pact between gandhi and
irwin the viceroy in march 1931.This is
Civil disobedience movement known as the gandhi irwin pact.
➔ The government agreed to
◆ Withdraw all ordinances and
Dandi march
end prosecutions
➔ On 12th march 1930 march gandhi
◆ Release all political prisoners
began the historic march from
except those guilty of violence
sabarmati ashram to a village in the
◆ Permit peaceful picketing of
gujarat sea coast
liquor shops and foreign cloth
➔ A number of people followed him
shops
➔ On the morning of 6th april gandhi
◆ Restore confiscated properties
violated the salt law by picking up
of satyagrahis
some salt left by sea waves
◆ Permit the free collection and
➔ According to the salt law the
manufacture of salt by people
government had the monopoly to
near the sea coast
manufacture and sell salt
➔ The congress agreed to
➔ He chose to attack the salt law
◆ Suspend civil disobedience
because it affected all sections of
movement
society especially the poor.
◆ Participate in the second round
➔ Gandhi's breaking of salt law marked
table conference
the beginning of the civil disobedience
◆ Not to press investigation for
movement
police excesses
Programme of the movement
Second round table conference
➔ Defiance of salt laws
➔ Gandhi was the role representative of
➔ Boycott of liquor
the congress according to the gandhi
➔ Boycott of foreign clothes and british
irwin pact
goods
➔ The conference was soon deadlocked
➔ Non payment of taxes and revenues
on the minorities issues with separate
Gandhi Irwin pact electrolytes being demanded not only
➔ Since the satyagraha could not be by muslims but by depressed classes
suppressed tej bahadur sapru and christians anglo indians and
jayakar started negotiations with europeans.
gandhi in jail.This resulted in the
 ➔ The question of independence
receded into the background
➔ The british refused to grant dominion
status and gandhi returned to india
disappointed
➔ It brought women out of their homes to
participate in politics and to make them
equal partners in the freedom struggle.

Dominion status-
The authority to run
a government independently

Impact of civil disobedience movement

➔ The movement caused a tide of patriotic
Fervor in the country that would
not leave the government in peace

➔ The civil disobedience movement

widened the base of the freedom
struggle .A large number of social
groups in different parts of the country
took part in indian national movement

➔ It made the people understand the

significance of the principles of non
violence.People could resist violence
with tolerance and courage.

➔ The movement under the leadership of

harijan sevak sangh changed the social
conditions.The depressed classes were
given entry into temples and access to
wells which was denied earlier