Uruguay:

Uruguay, whose official name is República Oriental del Uruguay, is a sovereign

country in South America, located in the eastern part of the Southern Cone. Its
capital and most populous city is Montevideo. It is bordered to the northeast
by Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul state), to the west and southwest by Argentina
(provinces of Corrientes, Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires, and the Autonomous
City of Buenos Aires (separated by the Río de la Plata ) and has coasts on the Atlantic Ocean to the
south. It covers 176,215 km² and is the second smallest country in South America, after Suriname.
According to data from the last census of the INE in 2011, the population of Uruguay is 3,286,314
inhabitants, making it the tenth position among the twelve South American countries.

It is a presidential country subdivided into nineteen departments and 125 municipalities. The capital and
most populous city of the country is Montevideo, with 1.3 million inhabitants, whose metropolitan area is
around two million, which represents 56.3% of the national total. It is a founding member of the United
Nations, Mercosur, the OAS and the G77, and is a member of other international organizations.

The current Uruguayan territory was known during colonial times as Banda Oriental, and included the
territory of the so-called Misiones Orientales, which were later taken over by the Brazilian government
and became part of the current Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. On August 27, 1828, the Preliminary
Peace Convention was signed, which established the creation of an independent state, although without
an official name. The name of the new state given in its first Constitution was "Eastern State of Uruguay",
which was changed to the current one in the Constitutional Reform of 1918.

It has a temperate climate with an average temperature of 17.5 °C, with January being the warmest
month, with an average of 22.6 °C, and July being the coldest month, with an average of 10.6 °C. Rainfall
is abundant and varies from almost 1000 mm per year in the south to 1500 mm in the north, on the
border with Brazil. Rainfall also varies seasonally, with the autumn and spring months being the most
abundant in rainfall.

The main economic resources are agriculture, forestry and livestock. Mineral and energy resources are
scarce, and the main industries are paper, cardboard, cement and oil refinery.

According to the United Nations, it is the country with the highest literacy level in Latin America .
According to the organization Transparency International, Uruguay ranks 21st on the list of countries with
the lowest Corruption Perceptions Index, being the second best placed in the Americas, behind Canada,
which ranks 11th. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) says it is the third country in
Latin America (after Chile and Argentina) with the highest Human Development Index (HDI) and the 54th
in the world. According to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), it is
one of the countries in the region with the most equitable income distribution, with a Gini coefficient of
0.39. It is also the fourth country in Latin America (after Cuba, Costa Rica and Chile) with the highest life
expectancy. In 2018, it is the third country in Latin America (after Panama and Chile) with the highest
GDP (PPP) per capita.

The Latino Barometer Corporation, in a study conducted in 2008, ranks it as the most peaceful country in
Latin America. In addition, according to the U.S. magazine International Living, it is the best
Latinoamérica place to live in Latin America. This same publication assures that it is among the twenty
safest countries in the world, while the British publication The Economist places it among the twenty
most democratic, being the only South American country considered by this index as a "full democracy".
Civil wars and the extermination of the Indians:
Since Independence, Uruguay has attempted to integrate into the Western
world by expelling one of the surviving indigenous peoples, known as the
Charrúas, to take their lands. On April 11, 1831, when General Fructuoso
Rivera was president and General Manuel Oribe was minister of war, the
Salsipuedes Massacre took place in which about thirty Charrúas died, the
most important of a series of battles with the native peoples, which resulted
in the emigration of many Charrúas to Brazil and Argentina. This battle was
the corollary of a war that preceded the arrival of the Spaniards in the Río de
la Plata, between the Charrúa and the Guarani nation, the latter protected by
General Rivera.

The first forty years of the new country witnessed great political instability.
The continuous clashes between whites and colorados gave rise to the so-
called Great War and the long siege of Montevideo, with the country divided
between two rival governments, and which witnessed serious interference in
its internal affairs by Argentina and Brazil. That war was followed by a series
of coups and revolutions, which led Uruguay to participate in the long and
costly War of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay. It was only after the
Revolution of the Spears in 1872 that a more peaceful resolution of political
situations began, although small civil wars continued until 1904. In 1870
Spain recognized Uruguay's independence when the Treaty of Recognition,
Peace and Friendship was signed between the Oriental Republic of Uruguay
and the Kingdom of Spain.

Independence
Artigas at the Gate of the Citadel, oil painting by Juan Manuel Blanes.
 During the May Revolution of 1810 (which began in Buenos
Aires) and the revolutionary uprising in the provinces of El Plata,
the city of Montevideo remained loyal to the Spanish
authorities, although much of the rural interior and smaller cities
did not. At the beginning of its formation, the caudillo José
Gervasio Artigas stands out, whose intention was to create in
the Eastern Province the nucleus of a confederation that would
encompass the entirety of the United Provinces of the Río de la
Plata. Artigas titled himself protector of the free peoples,
bringing together under his military command the Banda
Oriental—mostly present-day Uruguay—and the present-day
Argentine provinces of Entre Ríos, Misiones, Corrientes, Santa Fe
and, briefly , Córdoba. It also sought to integrate the Eastern
Missions—which Artigas declared part of the Eastern Province—
and the Republic of Paraguay. In 1815 Artigas convened a
meeting of a congress of those provinces—the Congress of the
East—in the Arroyo de la China, present-day Concepción del
Uruguay in Entre Ríos, to try to solve his problems with the
government of Buenos Aires. During the Portuguese-Brazilian
invasion, Artigas focused his operations from the Purification
Camp.
During his brief period as leader and ruler of the Banda Oriental, Artigas promoted the implementation of
an advanced social development program that included a reform of agrarian structures, through the
Provisional Regulation of 1815, which established a distribution of land with a social sense under the
slogan that "the unhappiest be the most privileged." Within this category, the regulation mentions blacks,
zambos and poor widows with children, among others. Other development projects include the founding
of the first public library, the customs regulations for the promotion of domestic production, and the first
attempt to establish a public school. This process came to an end with the invasion of the Portuguese
through Brazil. In 1816 the Banda Oriental fell under the power of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil
and the Algarve. In 1821 the Cisplatin Congress decided to incorporate the territory into Portugal under
the name of Cisplatine Province. In 1825 there was a revolution known as the emancipatory feat of the
Thirty-Three Orientals, immediately followed by the Brazilian War between the Empire and the United
Provinces of the Río de la Plata. This concluded with the constitution of the Eastern State of Uruguay in
1828 after the signing of the Preliminary Peace Convention.

Economic Deterioration:
Around 1955 an economic crisis began that also affected political institutions.
During the 1960s there was a continuous process of social and economic
deterioration with a notable increase in the agitation of left-wing trade union
sectors. At the same time, the activity of about ten revolutionary groups was
recorded, among which the "Tupamaros" who leaned towards urban guerrilla
warfare stand out. At the same time, during the 1960s and 1970s, far-right
organizations such as the Uruguayan Youth of Standing (JUP) and the
Tupamaros Hunting Command (CCT), known as the Death Squad, were active
. The Armed Forces used the deterioration that was ravaging the country to
their advantage, gradually assuming prominence. These events led, ten years
later, to a coup d'état that established a civilian-military dictatorship.
Dictatorship:
Civil-military dictatorship in Uruguay (1973-1985)
 Democratically elected in 1971, Bordaberrydissolved the chambers in 1973 and
established the civil-military dictatorship that would last until 1985.Memorial to the
Detained and Disappeared.

On June 27, 1973, the then president, Juan María Bordaberry, dissolved
parliament with the support of the Armed Forces and months later created a
Council of State with legislative functions, administrative control and with
the task of projecting a constitutional reform "that reaffirms republican-
democratic principles", restricts freedom of expression of thought and
empowers the Armed Forces and police to ensure the uninterrupted provision
of public services.

The coup d'état of June 1973 and its resulting Council of State were
immediately resisted by a large part of the citizenry and by the workers
grouped in the National Workers' Convention (CNT), as well as by the Student
Movement, mainly represented by the Federation of University Students
(FEUU) of the University of the Republic , who staged a 15-day general strike,
the longest in history so far.

The Armed Forces arrested leftist leaders and other citizens without political
positions and accused them of sedition throughout the military dictatorship,
that is, until 1985, as well as (for brief periods) prominent leaders of the
traditional political parties such as Jorge Batlle Ibáñez and Luis Alberto
Lacalle de Herrera, who would later become presidents of the Republic with
the return to democracy, among others.

Members of "left-wing" parties were held almost incommunicado and

subjected to physical and psychological torture (later verified by
organizations such as the International Red Cross). Nearly 100 political
prisoners died in Uruguayan prisons and another 140 people are still missing.

The media were censored or banned, the trade union movement destroyed,
and tons of books burned following the banning of the works of some writers.
People registered as opponents of the regime are excluded from public
administration and education.
In 1976, at the end of Bordaberry's constitutional mandate, in the conviction
that the political chaos that the country had experienced was the
responsibility of its political system, he proposed to the Junta of
Commanders-in-Chief of the Armed Forces a reform of the country's
institutional system, eliminating political parties and replacing them with
"currents of opinion"" in a corporatist system, an idea that is not shared by
the military. The disagreements between Bordaberry and the military
generated the political crisis of June 1976, which culminated in the dismissal
of the president and the interim appointment of Alberto Demicheli to occupy
the first magistracy.

Demicheli, who until then had held the presidency of the Council of State,
assumed the presidency of the Republic on July 12. As the first measures of
his government, he proceeded to sign Institutional Acts 1 and 2, by which he
suspended "until further pronouncement" the call for general elections
(scheduled for November of that same year) and created the "Council of the
Nation". As far as economic policy is concerned, Demicheli ratified the
National Development Plan created in 1972 during the Bordaberry
government. The economic policy applied sought a radical reformulation of
the foundations of the country's economic functioning, a new alliance
between the military and the techno-bureaucracy, aimed at transforming the
productive structures of foreign trade, income distribution, demand and
relative prices, within a framework of broad liberalization and opening of the
economy. Finally, on September 1 of the same year, Demichelli delegated the
presidency to Aparicio Méndez (former Minister of Public Health), who took
office for a five-year term.

The Minister of Economy and Finance, Alejandro Végh Villegas, seeks to

promote the financial sector and foreign investment. Social spending is being
reduced and many state-owned enterprises are being privatized. However, the
economy did not improve and deteriorated from 1980 onwards, GDP fell by
20% and unemployment rose to 17%. The state intervenes in an attempt to
rescue failing companies and banks.

Return to democracy:
Julio María Sanguinetti, Uruguay's first constitutional president after the country's
dictatorship, held office from 1985 to 1990 and, after his re-election in 1994, also from
1995 to 2000.

On November 30, 1980, the citizenry rejected the constitutional reform

project proposed by the dictatorial regime, beginning a slow process of
political opening. On September 1, 1981, General Gregorio Álvarez assumed
the presidency, and in 1984 he called for elections, although with citizens and
political parties banned. After the same year, the Colorado Party emerged
triumphant. During the first days of 1985, Álvarez left the command in the
hands of the president of the Supreme Court of Justice in office, Rafael
Addiego Bruno and, finally, on March 1, 1985, the government returned to the
 civilians with the assumption of Julio María
Sanguinetti as president. In February and March
1985, the major political parties agreed to vote
on an amnesty law that extinguished political,
common and related military crimes committed
after January 1, 1962. Exceptions to the
amnesty were made for perpetrators and co-
perpetrators of completed crimes of intentional
homicide, for which only the review of
sentences by civil courts was ordered. Police
and military officials who had committed
offences involving inhuman, cruel or degrading
treatment or the detention of persons who had
subsequently disappeared, or who had covered
up such conduct, were expressly excluded.

Law 15.848 on the Expiry of the State's

Punitive Claim (popularly known as the
"impunity law" or "expiry law"), which covered all members of the Armed
Forces accused of human rights violations between 1973 and 1985, was
approved by parliament in December 1986. In the following years, a campaign
was carried out to collect signatures to push for a referendum to annul it. On
April 16, 1989, after more than 25% of Uruguayan citizens signed the
referendum, it was held, with a victory of the so-called "yellow vote" (because
of the color of the ballot), which ratified the law, with a margin of 57% against
43% with respect to the "green vote". for its annulment. The triumph of the
"yellow vote" meant not annulling the expiry law, and maintaining the
amnesty for crimes committed during the military government.

In the November 1989 elections, Luis Alberto Lacalle (of the National Party)
was elected. In 1994 Sanguinetti was elected for the second time.

In 1996, a constitutional reform was put to the citizens for consideration,

which established for the first time internal elections and the runoff; this
reform was approved by a narrow margin in the plebiscite. Thus, in 1999
Jorge Batlle (of the Colorado Party) triumphed, as a result of this new system.
Geography:
Geography of Uruguay

Satellite image of Uruguay

 It has a total land area of 176,215 km², of which
175,015 km² is the sum total of the
departments, 1200 km² comprises the sum of
the artificial lakes of the Negro River, 105 km²
of the islands of the Uruguay River and 16,799
km² of jurisdictional waters (Uruguay River, La
Plata River and Merín Lagoon). As of August
2016, the territorial sea area was 125,057 km²
(see Extreme points of Uruguay). On 30 August
2016, the United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea confirmed Uruguay's new
extension of the continental shelf, bringing the
country's seabound growth of 83,000 km² and now having more maritime than
terrestrial territory. From then on, the total area of the Uruguayan territory
covers 384,272 km².

Limits Contested:
Uruguay has two border disputes with Brazil over the territories known as Isla
Brasilera and Rincón de Artigas, in the department of Artigas, which occupy
an area of 237 km².

Flora:
Flora of Uruguay

Red Ceibo is the national flower of Uruguay.

The flora of Uruguay is defined as the around

2500 plant species distributed in 150 families,
either native or foreign, that exist in that
country. 75% of the territory is pastureland, and
native forests, together with palmares, cover
752 000 ha (4.3% of the country's land area).
The existence of differentiated zones of species
throughout the territory is mainly determined by
the existence or not of artificial irrigation, the
lack of which causes natural grassland to predominate in most of the
Uruguayan territory. On the other hand, large plant species can be found in
streams, mountain ranges, riverbanks and surrounding areas.

Uruguay has the largest ombú group in the world,

located in the Laguna de Castillos. Also noteworthy
is the enormous palm grove of the species Butiá
capitata that covers a large part of the department of
Rocha, being the southernmost group of palm trees
in the world, with hundreds of thousands of
specimens distributed over tens of km².
Borders:
Country Frontier
Argentina 541 km 3

Brazil 1050 km3

Total 1591 km3

Borders with Argentina:

The border between Argentina and Uruguay is a line of 887 km, marked by
the Uruguay and La Plata rivers (392 km). It begins at a Uruguay-Argentina-
Brazil triple border Argentina Brasil, at the mouth of the Cuareim River with the
Uruguay River. The river course of the river continues, passing to the west of
the departments of Uruguay of Artigas, Salto, Paysandú, Río Negro, Soriano
and Colonia of the Argentine provinces of Corrientes, Entre Ríos and Buenos
Aires , until it empties into it Río de la Plata.

Borders with Brazil:

The border between the Oriental Republic of Uruguay and the Federative
Republic of Brazil is a strip of land located south of the Brazilian state of Rio
Grande do Sul, and extends for 1068 km, from the triple border, in the north,
to the mouth of the Chuy stream, the southernmost point of Brazil. In total,
the border has 608.4 km of rivers and canals, 140.1 km of lagoons, 57.6 km of
conventional lines and 262 km of watersheds.

Culture:
Language
Main cities where the Spanish language of the River Plate is
used.Uruguay does not have an official language. The most widely
spoken language in the country is Spanish; Portuguese and Portuñol Riverense, a dialect of Portuguese, are
spoken in a minority way in some border regions , neither of which is recognized in the constitution.
Uruguayan Sign Language (LSU) was also legally recognized as the language of the deaf in 2001 by Law No.
17378. Although there is no designation of a general official language in the Uruguayan Constitution, in the
legal-procedural field, Spanish is the official language for the performance of all procedural acts, and the
assistance of an interpreter is necessary in the event that a party to the judicial process does not understand it.

Spanish has variants and influences like all languages; terms or expressions emerge that identify Uruguayans
from every point of the country. The Spanish spoken in Uruguay is a variant of the Spanish of the River Plate, a
dialect of Spanish spoken in the Río de la Plata basin, in Argentina and Uruguay and other surrounding regions.
Centred on the cities of Buenos Aires, Montevideo and Rosario, the three most important population centres
in the region, it extends its cultural influence to geographically distant regions, especially through the media,
where it is the standard reading in both countries.

In the past there used to be a good group of people who spoke Italian or French as their first language, but this
has been lost with time and the cessation of European immigration to America in recent decades. There is also
a sizable minority who speak Russian, Yiddish, Corsican, German, Guarani, Lithuanian, Portuguese , and
Plautdietsch.

In the border region with Brazil of the department of Rocha and parts of the department of Maldonado, a
variant of the Spanish of the River Plate is spoken that dispenses with voseo in favor of tuteo, a particularity
that is supposedly due to the Castilian origin of its original population, although the variety of Portuguese from
southern Brazil is an archaic variety that uses tuteo (and dispenses with the voseo which is the rule in modern
Portuguese), the border influence can also be assumed.

Portuguese dialects: There is a set of variants of Portuguese in the northern region of Uruguay that are
scientifically called "Portuguese Dialects of Uruguay". Its best-known variant is called portuñol riverense (no
relation to Portuñol, the simple mixture of Portuguese and Spanish). It is spoken on the border between
Uruguay and Brazil, and more specifically in the area of the sister cities of Rivera and Santana do Livramento,
as well as between the cities of Artigas and Quarai, and in https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarai Chuy and
Chuí. Only Uruguayan citizens use this language.

Other languages: In addition to Spanish, English is taught in public education from the last school year (6th
grade) in order to provide basic notions and a basis for the studies of English that continue during secondary
education (although students with a good level of English can take a test to exempt language studies).

Portuguese is also taught in some secondary education institutions.

French was taught from 1st to 3rd grades; Italian was taught in 5th and 6th grades in the Humanities and Law
orientations respectively.

Art:
Music

Tango dancers in Montevideo.

The music of the River Plate par excellence is the tango (whose
greatest exponent is Carlos Gardel), and also the milonga.
Uruguay also has music such as candombe and the Uruguayan
murga, which have their apogee in the so-called carnival (in the
case of candombe) and in the same Carnival, in the case of the
murga.
Among the outstanding musicians and singers are Aníbal
Sampayo, Alfredo Zitarrosa, Eduardo Mateo, Julio Sosa, José
Carbajal, Daniel Viglietti, Amalia de la Vega, Osiris Rodríguez Castillos, Jaime Roos, Eduardo Darnauchans,
Fernando Cabrera, the brothers Hugo Fattoruso and Osvaldo Fattoruso (former members of Los Shakers
and Opa), the most important musician of their generation, Jorge Drexler, Rubén Rada, Pablo Estramín,
Gastón Ciarlo "Dino", Jorge Lazaroff, Tabaré Arapí, Leo Maslíah, Mariana Ingold, Pablo Sciuto, Quintín
Cabrera, Gustavo Pena, Riki Musso and groups such as Los Stomaches, El Kinto, Totem, La Chancha, Los
Iracundos, Los Olimareños, Los Que Iban CantandoLa Triple Nelson , La Tabaré Riverock Banda, Traitors,
Vultures After One, The Quartet of Us, No Te Va Gustar, La Vela Puerca, Once Tiros, Trotsky Vengarán, La
Trampa, ReyToro, Cursi, The Jetsons, Astroboy, Karibe con K, Sonora Borinquen, El Cubano de América,
Márama, Rombai , etc. Also Uruguayan are the author of the most famous tango music in the world (La
Cumparsita), Gerardo Matos Rodríguez, Eduardo Fabini, nationalist composer of the first half of the
twentieth century, HÉCTOR TOSAR, composer, theorist and musical pedagogue; the revolutionizer of the
technique of playing the cultured guitar, Abel Carlevaro, the great murga and tango singer Washington
Canario Luna, among other great artists.

In Opera, the sopranos Rita Contino, María José Siri and Luz del Alba Rubio stand out with international
careers. Mezzo sopranos: Raquel Pierotti and Graciela Lassner. The tenors: Carlos Ventre, Edgardo Rocha,
Gastón Rivero and Juan Carlos Valls. The baritones: Erwin Schrott and Darío Solari. At the national level,
the sopranos stand out: Sandra Silvera, Sandra Scorza, Marianne Cardoso. Mezzo sopranos: Rina Baffa
and Mariella Nocetti. The tenors: Gerardo Marandino. Baritones: Federico Sanguinetti, Marcelo Otegui.

In contemporary cultured music, the activities of the Núcleo Música Nueva de Montevideo, founded in
1966, stand out.

Literature
Mario Benedetti (1920-2009), Uruguayan writer Uruguayan literature
was born in the first decade of the NINETEENTH century with
Bartolomé Hidalgo, author of famous cielitos and creator of a
lyrical modality called "Gaucho Poetry". This trend was later
cultivated by urban and enlightened authors who used the
"gaucho language" for their compositions, collecting in their
works, scenes and idiosyncrasies of the rural environment.
Romildo Risso, "El Viejo Pancho", Serafín J. García, Elías Regules,
Antonio Lussich, Javier de Viana were great continuators of this
tendency, some of whom were grouped in the group formed
around the publication "El Fogón" founded by Orosmán
Moratorio and Alcides de María.

Another of the fathers of national literature, but already of

neoclassical tendency, was Francisco Acuña de Figueroa.

The Romantics are represented in the work of Adolfo Berro and Juan Zorrilla de San Martín. Three French
poets were born in Uruguay: the Comte de Lautréamont, Jules Laforgue, and Jules Supervielle.
Gastronomy
Barbecue.

The gastronomy of Uruguay is characterized by certain parallels

with the gastronomy of Argentina and Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil),
thus differentiating itself from much of Latin American cuisine.
This factor is largely due to the contribution made to the country
by the early arrival of immigrants of Spanish and Italian origin.
The production of beef and the extensive exploitation of the
dairy sector make Uruguayan gastronomy a meat monopoly,
with a predominance of foods derived from livestock, among
which are rump meat, roast, ribs, achuras, chinchulines, udder, tongue and gizzard. Also noteworthy are
the feeds from pigs and sheep, as well as those obtained from other parts of the cow (see black pudding).
In this line, chorizos, sausages and different varieties of ham (cooked, raw or smoked), shoulder, loin,
bacon and bacon stand out.

Also representative is the production of the

dairy industry, from which many of the most
basic ingredients of the national cuisine are
obtained: lard (or butter), double cream,
whipped cream (whipped cream in Spain), dulce
de leche, different types of cheese – cologne,
semi-hard, lean, mozzarella, sandwich,
Roquefort, ricotta, spread, etc.—yogurt,
pasteurized whole or skimmed milk, and powdered milk.

Gaucho Party
The Fiesta gaucha is one of the most traditional
celebrations in Uruguay.
This is a recent tradition that has become more deeply rooted in Uruguayan
folklore. In 1986 its celebration was made official, which takes place in the
city of Tacuarembó, located in the north center of Uruguay and capital of the
department that bears its name.

This festival, also called "Patria gaucha", revolves around the gaucho and his
customs, his way of dressing, his food, his music, his work team and, in
general, his life.

In the celebration, this culture is recreated and representations of historical

events that are part of the tradition and custom of Uruguay are made.
EL MATE

Cultivation of yerba mate

In Uruguay, mate or yerba mate is the most consumed beverage in the
country, and this country is the largest consumer in the world.

For Uruguayans, it is a custom that is considered a national identity. It is

very common to see people in the subway or on the street with a termos
flask where they carry the water to prepare the mate, accompanied by the
canita or bombilla from which they take the drink.

Yerba mate is an infusion that is prepared with yerba, a word that comes
from the Guarani ethnic group and means jungle or plant. It is extracted
from a tree with dull green leaves that can reach five meters in height.
Heritage Weekend

The Heritage Weekend takes place in October and during those 2 days all
museums, government buildings, and public and private institutions that
have historical content and outstanding architecture, open their doors to
the public free of charge for visits.

It is a street party that has been held since 1995, there is a festive
atmosphere, there are parades, events in squares, tours and music. The
goal is for people to develop a sense of belonging to their country and thus
preserve, care for and make the nation's cultural heritage their own.
Torta frita:

Fried cakes are the favorite accompaniment to mate by Uruguayans. They

are a dough made with wheat flour, salt, and water that is then fried in
boiling oil. They are usually eaten year-round, especially on rainy days.

Many say they are not originally from Uruguay, others say their history
dates back to the times when peasants camped after herding cattle and
carried flour and salt in their bags; To these ingredients they added
rainwater and made the dough.

Fried sponge cake is a circular dough that has a hole made in the center.
There are those who sprinkle sugar on it or accompany it with sausages,
and they can be savory or sweet, it all depends on the taste of the diner.
Of course, they are always accompanied by mate.
References

1. ↑ Jump to:a b "Our Indigenous Past". El País. June 11, 2012.

2. ↑ "Prehistoric find with international repercussions". El País. February 21, 2011.
Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
3. ↑ Prehistoric Uruguay
4. " The Hypothesis That Could Change the Scientific History of the Continent." The
Observer. February 3, 2020.
5. ↑ "Indigenous Voices Incorporated into the Speech of Uruguayans". Retrieved
February 20, 2014.
6. Díaz de Guerra, María A. (1998). "History of Maldonado. Volume I" (Maldonado
Municipal Administration Edition). Archived from the original on 13 November 2009.
7. ↑ Historical Sketch of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay Author: Francisco A. Berra
8. ↑ tyhtourism
9. ↑ 1813: Instructions to the Eastern Deputies
10. ↑ SCHEINA, Robert The Wars of Latin America: The Era of the Caudillo, 1791-1899,
Brassey's, 2003.
11. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Uruguay Narancio, Edmundo M. Uruguay's
independence. Mapfre.1992
12. ↑ Source: United Kingdom, Statistical Summary of Major and Other Foreign
Countries (1907-1918).
13. ↑ Source: United Kingdom, Statistical Summary of Principal and other foreign
countries.
14. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Uruguay Lessa, Alfonso (1996). State of war:
from the gestation of the 1973 coup d'état to the fall of Bordaberry . Editorial Fin de
Siglo.
15. ↑ These claims are questioned in the journalistic investigation reported in Víctor L.
Bacchetta's book, The Assassination of Arbelio Ramírez - The Republic adrift.
Montevideo: Doble Clic, 2010. 247 pages. ISBN 978-9974-670-67-9
16. Carlos Osorio, ed. (June 20, 2002). "Nixon: "Brazil Helped Rig Uruguayan Elections"
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