Chapter 2 - Evolution of Graphic Design

Chapter 2:
Evolution of
Graphic Design
A Visual
Communication
• Visual Communication
is a special blend of art
and language used to
deliver information to a
particular group of people.
Evolution of
Graphic Design
(Visual Communication)
Chapter 2 Evolution of Graphic Design
Pre-historic Art - 10,000 – 15,000 BC
The first known visual communication, with pictographs

and symbols in the Lascaux caves in southern France.
14000 B.C. – The Caves of Lascaux, Southwestern France.
Pre-historic Art - 3000 BC
Cuneiform, the earliest system of

actual writing, was used in a
number of languages between
the 34C. B.C.E. through the 1st
century C.E.
Its distinctive wedge form was the
result of pressing the blunt end of
a reed stylus into wet clay tablets.
The cuneiform characters evolved
from pictograms that had been
rotated onto their sides,
abstracted into symbols and
organized into horizontal rows.

The Egyptian writing system is fused with the art of
relief carving—the Greek translation of
hieroglyphics is "sacred carving." The system was
a mixture of both rebus and phonetic
characters—the first link to a future alphabetic
system.
Hieroglyphic images have the potential to be
used in three different ways:
1. As ideograms, to represent the things they
actually depict.
2. As determinatives to show that the signs
preceding are meant as phonograms and to
indicate the general idea of the word.
3. As phonograms to represent sounds that "spell
out" individual words.
The Blau Monument, the oldest artifact known to

combine words and pictures.
Early Graphic Design- 105 AD
Chinese government official Ts’ai Lun (50 AD – 121 AD) or

Cai Lun credited with inventing paper. He was a Chinese
inventor who is regarded as the first producer of paper.
 He used the inner bark of a mulberry tree and bamboo fibers,

mixed them with water and pounded them with a wooden tool.
 He then poured this mixture onto a flat piece of coarsely woven
cloth and let the water drain through, leaving only the fibers on
the cloth.
 Once dry, Ts'ai Lun discovered that he had created a quality
writing surface that was relatively easy to make and was
lightweight.
Early Graphic Design-

 The oldest surviving piece of
paper in the world is made of
hemp fibers, discovered in 1957 in
a tomb near Xian, China and
dates from between the years
140 and 87 BC.
 The oldest paper with writing on it,
also from China, is dated to 110
AD and contains about two-
dozen characters.
 Paper reached India in the
seventh century and West Asia in
the eighth. The Arabs sold paper
to Europeans until it was
manufactured in the West during
the twelfth century.
Pi Sheng or Bi Sheng invents movable type, allowing for

characters to be individually placed for printing.

His method was as follows:
• He took sticky clay and cut in it characters as
thin as the edge of a coin. Each character
formed, as it were, a single type.
• He baked them in the fire to make them
hard.
• He had previously prepared an iron plate and
he had covered his plate with a mixture of
pine resin, wax, and paper ashes.
• When he wished to print, he took an iron
frame and set it on the iron plate. In this he
placed the types, set close together.
• When the frame was full, the whole made
one solid block of type. He then placed it
near the fire to warm it.
• When the paste at the back was slightly
melted, he took a smooth board and pressed
it over the surface, so that the block of type
became as even as a whetstone.
Early Graphic Design- 1276
Printing arrives in Europe with a paper mill in Fabriano, Italy

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press with

replaceable or moveable wooden or metal letters in
1436 and completed in 1440.

 The bibles, printed in Latin, gained
fame as the first books ever printed in
Europe, and the first bibles printed in
history.
 Two-hundred copies were made,
each complete with beautiful
illustrations and vibrant colors.
 Part of Gutenberg’s genius was his
technique for creating blocks to
represent the calligraphy done in
hand-made volumes, so that the
richness of the original texts could be
preserved.
 Characters and illustrations were
later hand-illuminated. Today, only
22 of the original Gutenberg bibles
are known to be in existence.
Albrecht Pfister the first to add illustrations to a printed

book. The first European printers who use movable type
in Germany

Nine editions are generally ascribed to
him. All are believed to date to the 1460s,
and possibly all to the early 1460s. These
are (not in chronological order):
 Two editions of the popular religious
work Der Ackermann aus Bohmen in
German
 Two editions of Ulrich Boner's Der
Edelstein in German
 Two editions of a Biblia pauperum in
German a Biblia pauperum in Latin
 A History of Joseph, Daniel, Judith and
Esther in German
 An edition of the Belial of Jacobus de
Teramo in German
Nicolas Jenson, considered one of history’s greatest

typeface designers, sets new standard for Roman type
Claude Garamond, opens first type foundry, developing

and selling fonts to printers.
Samples and Works

First Caslon Old Style font developed by Wilson Caslon

Industrial Revolution begins, setting the stage for

advances in graphic design production
Author Aloys Sebefelder develops lithography

Lord Stanhope invents first printing press made of all cast

iron parts, requiring 1/10 the manual labor and doubling
the possible paper size.
First SANS-SERIF FONT makes a subtle entrance as one

line of a book by William Caslon IV
Arts and Crafts Movement - John Ruskin, William Morris,

Gustav Stickley.
Williams Morris, who became a highly influential

figure in design history, sets up art-decorating firm.
Development of halftone screen allows for first photo

printed with a full range of tones.
Art Nouveau movement begins and changes design,

making its way into all types of commercial design and
utilizing all types of arts.
Frank Lloyd Wright - 'The Art and Craft of the Machine';

basic principles of modern industrial design; future
designers create prototypes for machine production.
AEG (German General Electric).

This is the beginning of ―corporate image‖.
Dada Movement: George Grosz, Hannah Hoch, Kurt

Schwitters, Marx, Ernst, Marcel Duchamp, Andre Breton,
Hans Arp.
Dada was a cultural movement that

was concentrated on anti-war politics
which then made its way to the art
world through art theory, art
manifestoes, literature, poetry and
eventually graphic design and the
visual arts.
The movement, although Dadaists
would not have been happy calling it
a movement, originated in Switzerland
and spread across Europe and into the
United States, which was a safe haven
for many writers during World War I.
An anti-art movement, Dadaists

attempted to break away from the
styles of traditional art aesthetics as
well as rationality, of any kind. They
produced a great many publications
as a home for their writings and protest
materials which were handed out at
gatherings and protests. The visual
aesthetics associate with the
movement often include found
objects and materials combined
through collage.
The Art movement called De Stijl, Dutch for ʻThe Styleʼ

was on the rise.
Dutch for The Style, Die Stijl was

founded in 1917. The artists most
recognized with the movement were
the painters Theo van Doesburg, who
was also a writer and a critic, and Piet
Mondrian, along with the architect
Gerrit Reitveld. The movement
proposed ultimate simplicity and
abstraction through which they could
express a Utopian idea of harmony
and order.
The harmony and order was

established through a reduction of
elements to pure geometric forms and
primary colors. Die Stijl was also the
name of a publication discussing the
groups theories which was published
by van Doesburg. The publication Die
Stijl represents the most significant work
of graphic design from the movement,
but the ideas of reduction of form and
color are major influences on the
development of graphic design as
well.
The Bauhaus, a German school, is founded, eventually

providing the framework for modern design.
Founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar,

Germany in 1919, the school moved to
Dessau in 1924 and then was forced to
close its doors, under pressure from the
Nazi political party, in 1933. The school
favoured simplified forms, rationality,
functionality and the idea that mass
production could live in harmony with
the artistic spirit of individuality.
Along with Gropius, and many other

artists and teachers, both Laszlo
Moholy-Nagy and Herbert Bayer
made significant contributions to the
development of graphic design.
Among its many contributions to the
development of design, the Bauhaus
taught typography as part of its
curriculum and was instrumental in
the development of sans-serif
typography, which they favoured for
its simplified geometric forms and as
an alternative to the heavily ornate
German standard of blackletter
typography.
Constructivism movement originated in Russia. El

Lissitzky, Alexander Rodchenko, Vladimir Taltin, Naum
Gabo.
Constructivism was primarily an art

and architectural movement. It
rejected the idea of art for arts' sake
and the traditional bourgeois class of
society to which previous art had
been catered.
Instead it favored art as a practice
directed towards social change or
that would serve a social purpose.
Developing after World War I, the
movement sought to push people to
rebuild society in a Utopian model
rather than the one that had led to
the war.

The term construction art was first
coined by Kasmir Malevich in
reference to the work of Aleksander
Rodchenko.
Graphic Design in the constructivism
movement ranged from the
production of product packaging to
logos, posters, book covers and
advertisements. Rodchenko's graphic
design works became an inspiration
to many people in the western world
including Jan Tschichold and the
design motif of the constructivists is
still borrowed, and stolen, from in
much of graphic design today.
Stanley Morison oversees design of Times New Roman

font, commissioned by the Times of London.
Swiss design: Armin Hofmann, Emil Ruder.


Often referred to as the International
Typographic Style or the International
Style, the style of design that
originated in Switzerland in the 1940s
and 50s was the basis of much of the
development of graphic design
during the mid 20th century. Led by
designers Josef Müller-Brockmann at
the Zurich School of Arts and Krafts
and Armin Hofmann at the Basel
School of Design, the style favored
simplicity, legibility and objectivity.

Of the many contributions to develop
from the two schools were the use of,
sans-serif typography, grids and
asymmetrical layouts. Also stressed
was the combination of typography
and photography as a means of
visual communication. The primary
influential works were developed as
posters, which were seen to be the
most effective means of
communication.
Early Graphic Design- Armin Hofmann
By the age of 27 Armin

Hofmann had already
completed an apprenticeship
in lithography and had begun
teaching typography at the
Basel School of Design.
The style of design they
created had a goal of
communication above all else,
practiced new techniques of
photo-typesetting, photo-
montage and experimental
composition and heavily
favoured sans-serif typography.
Early Graphic Design- Armin Hofmann
The Swiss International Style,

and Hofmann, thought that
one of the most efficient forms
of communications was the
poster and Hofmann spent
much of his career designing
posters, in particularly for the
Basel Stadt Theater.
Just as Emil Ruder and Joseph
Müller-Brockmann did,
Hofmann wrote a book
outlining his philosophies and
practices. His Graphic Design
Manual was, and still is, a
reference book for all graphic
designers.
Early Graphic Design- Emil Ruder
Emil Ruder was a typographer

and graphic designer who,
born in Switzerland in 1914,
helped Armin Hofmann form
the Basel School of Design and
establish the style of design
known as Swiss Design. He
taught that, above all,
typography's purpose was to
communicate ideas through
writing. He placed a heavy
importance on sans-serif
typefaces and his work is both
clear and concise, especially
his typography.
The New York School: Paul Rand, Alexey Brodovich, Henry

Wolf, Herb Lubalin, George Lois.
Early Graphic Design- Paul Rand
He is an idealist and a realist,

using the language of the poet
and business man. He thinks in
terms of need and function. He
is able to analyze his problems
but his fantasy is boundless."
Paul Rand is one of the most
famous and recognized
American designers of the 20th
Century.
His ideas, philosophies and
approach continue to be a
large part of the fundamentals
of design taught in education
programs across the world.
Early Graphic Design- Paul Rand
His early career was spent

working for Apparel Arts and
Esquire magazines and then
joining the Weintraub agency.
His relentless passion for
corporate identity helped
shape the American business
landscape in the 1960s.
The height of corporate identity
design owed much to the
unwavering pursuit of Paul
Rand to make advertising more
than just billboards. He worked
in the field until the day that he
died, at the age of 82.
Early Graphic Design- Corporate ID

While corporate identity was
developed in the early 20th
century, it was during the 1960s
and 70s that it began to
become a necessity for all
corporations. The industrial
revolution made way for a new
generation of corporations
across the world and they
adopted varying approaches to
presenting their brand identities.
Not only were logos developed
but brand standards became a
part of the daily life of
employees and described,
down to the most minute detail,
and how the company was to
present itself to the public.
Early Graphic Design- Corporate ID
Brands were constantly

inventing and reinventing
their visual image to adapt
to a society that was
focused on new
technological innovations
and modern means of
communication, travel and
entertainment. Brand
identities can be done well,
or not, and the success of
the company often
depends on the
effectiveness of the visual
materials that represent it.
Max Miedinger designs Neue Haas Grotesk font, later

renamed Helvetica.
Pop art; Pentagram Design: Colin Forbes, Theo Crosby;

Scandinavian Designer: Alvar Aalto.
Italian Designer: Ettore Sottsass, Memphis group

Movement.
Early Graphic Design- 1980 Post Modernism
Post Modernism is often used as a broad term that

encompasses many movements and design aesthetics
of the late 20th century. The theories of postmodernism,
deconstruction and poststructuralism found their way
into graphic design during this time through the works of
a variety of designers.
Early Graphic Design- 1980 The Macintosh

The development of cost-
effective graphics driven
software has allowed anyone
with an interest in design to
start exploring its application.
Allowing for the development
of new fields of design, such
as interactive design, and
providing new ways of
distributing traditional design
mediums, such as advertising,
the personal computer has
provided a vast amount of
opportunities for modern
designers.
Early Graphic Design- 2000 - beyond

Established in 2002, Under Consideration
has created, maintained and
contributed to the success of 6 design
blogs. All of which have made
significant contributions to the growing
online community of design
professionals. The list includes Speak Up,
Word It, The Design Encyclopedia, For
Print Only, Brand New and Quipsologies.
Run by Bryony Gomez-Palacio and
Armin Vit, the sites have all had their
part in ushering in the digitization of
design information and have provided
many designers with an open forum for
discussion, education and a sense of
community.
Popular Printing Techniques
Engraving Wood Block

Thermography Movable Type
Silkscreen Printing Letterpress
Inkjet Phototypesetting
Digital Offset
Flexography
Popular Printing Techniques - Wood Block

A form of letterpress, Wood Block
printing is one of the oldest techniques
for printing and has a long history or
development in both Europe and Asia.
It is a relief process in which an image is
carved in reverse into a piece of wood,
inked up and paper is pressed down on
top of it to transfer the ink and image. It
is one of the rarest forms of printing in
use today, due primarily to time
consumption. However, there are many
sets of type still in existence that were
created from woodblocks and are
often used in letterpress poster printing.
Popular Printing Techniques - Movable Type

Invented in the 15th century, movable
type is the process of setting type by
hand for printing on a letterpress
machine.
The type can be made of either wood
or metal and letters were cut
individually by craftsmen called punch
cutters. This style of printing was the first
developed that could rapidly, a
relative term, produce multiple copies
of lengthy printed materials and books.
It remained the standard printing
technique until photo typesetting came
about in the 1950’s.
Popular Printing Techniques - Letterpress

Letterpress is still alive today, although it
exists on a much smaller scale and
usually only in specialty shops. The
process often now involves
photopolymer plates that can translate
a digital design into a raised plate for
use with vintage presses. It has seen a
revival of success in recent years in the
fine art, craft, and design worlds and is
often used to create wedding
invitations and posters. However, it
remains a very flexible and reliable
printing method that can be used for
almost anything.
Popular Printing Techniques - Letterpress

Letterpress is still alive today, although it
exists on a much smaller scale and
usually only in specialty shops.
The process often now involves
photopolymer plates that can translate
a digital design into a raised plate for
use with vintage presses. It has seen a
revival of success in recent years in the
fine art, craft, and design worlds and is
often used to create wedding
invitations and posters.
However, it remains a very flexible and
reliable printing method that can be
used for almost anything.
Popular Printing Techniques - Phototypesetting

Phototypesetting has all but been
rendered obsolete by the personal
computer and digital typesetting, but
for several decades it enjoyed a
success as the standard in typesetting
and printing.
It is a process in which the type is
generated on a photographic piece of
paper. The paper was processed and
ready for paste up, which is the process
of creating a layout. When a layout is
camera ready it was photographed to
create a negative that could be used
for offset printing.
Popular Printing Techniques - Offset

Offset printing is still the most commonly
used method of printing and is often
called offset lithography. Offset printing is
created using plates generated for each
color used in the printing process. Some
projects may call for 2 colors, some may
use a standard 4 color CMYK process and
others can require even more than that
with specialty spot colors, varnishes and a
variety of coatings also available.
There are two kinds of offset printing
called Sheetfed, in which individual sheets
are fed into the printer, and Web, which
prints from large rolls and can be used to
quickly produce very large quantities of
printed materials such as newspapers.
Popular Printing Techniques - Flexography
Typically operating with web presses,

flexography does not use the standard
plates of offset lithography.
Instead it uses rubber plates and water
based inks which dry quicker and allow
for faster production times. Faster drying
times also allow for more effective results
on materials like plastic which does not
absorb ink like paper does.
Popular Printing Techniques - Engraving
Engraving is perhaps the most expensive

of all printing techniques as it is also one
of the most time-consuming.
It is typically used for fancy gala
invitations or business cards of high-
ranking officials in large corporations. The
engraved image is first carved by hand or
machine onto a metal plate.
The engraved spaces are filled with ink
and the paper pressed on top of it. The
result is slightly raised, crisp images and
saturated colors that are nearly impossible
to reproduce with other techniques.
Popular Printing Techniques - Thermography
Thermography may look and feel a lot like

engraving when the final product is
produced, but the details that are present
in the engraving process fall short in
thermography. While the details may only
be noticed by designers, typographers
and people who pay close attention,
they are noticeable.
However, thermography is much more
cost effective. The process involves laying
down ink, adding thermography powder,
then using heat to raise the image slightly
off of the page.
Popular Printing Techniques – Thermography
Thermography printing was designed as a

less-expensive alternatives to the old-
fashion process of engraving.
1. Paper is printed with a slow-drying ink
then covered in an embossing powder
made with plastic resins. The powder
sticks to the wet ink. Paper is then
exposed to very high temperatures,
melting the plastic powder and
creating a raised surfaced where the
ink lies.
2. As paper cools, the melted powder
hardens and creates a tactile print.
Popular Printing Techniques – Silkscreen Printing

Silkscreen printing, or screen printing for
short offers a wide range of brightly
colored inks and is often used for printing
t-shirts, posters and other promotional
materials.
The process involves a design being laid
on top of a screen (originally made of silk
although a variety of materials are now
used) which is coated with photo
emulsion and exposed to light.
The emulsion that is exposed hardens and
the rest can be washed away leaving a
stencil of sorts that ink can be pulled
through using a squeegee.
Popular Printing Techniques – Inkjet
The common household printing solution,

inkjet is a feasible solution for small print
runs and is available to the general public
at an affordable cost.
The process involves a printer which
communicates digitally with a computer
of some sort and physically sprays the ink
onto the paper.
It normally is used with 4 to 8 inks in a
CMYK process and can produce richly
saturated colors on a variety of materials.
Popular Printing Techniques – Digital
Digital printing is a process that uses toner,

rather than ink, which sits on top of the
piece of paper instead of being
absorbed by it.
While the quality has increased
dramatically since its inception, it still can
not match the quality of offset
lithography, especially in small details,
typography and color-matching.
The fact that they do not require unique
plates means that they can create
individual designs that may have varying
details quickly and at a lower cost.
Discipline of Design
Advertising Packaging
Identity & Branding Posters
Illustration Environmental
Editorial Design Motion Graphics
Typography Interactive
Infographics Socially Responsible
Discipline of Design - ADVERTISING
-is a form of communication for

marketing and used to
encourage, persuade, or
manipulate an audience (viewers,
readers or listeners; sometimes a
specific group) to continue or take
some new action.
Discipline of Design - ADVERTISING
Many advertising agencies have in-house

design groups that are responsible for the
majority of graphic design that the agency
produces.
However, agencies are also quick to employ
the services of specialty design companies,
such as interactive design, motion graphics or
typography studios, to meet the needs of
specific projects.
Ad agency designers often have the
opportunity to work across a variety of media
including branding, identity, collateral,
environmental and interactive to distribute
the message of their clients.
Discipline of Design – IDENTITY & BRANDING
The process of identifying a product,

service, or organization.
While often written off simply as logo
design identity and branding work
extends much beyond the creation of a
company logo or trademark.
The identity of any particular
corporation or small business can
encompass a variety of materials
including business cards, marketing
materials, staff uniforms, advertisements,
television and radio commercials and
company stationary.
Discipline of Design – ILLUSTRATION

Before the popularity and feasibility of
photographic reproduction advertising
depended on illustration as the means of
producing visual images to compliment the
message of advertisements.
The invention and success of the computer
has not replaced traditional illustrators but
has given them a new set of tools to create
and develop varying visual styles of
illustration.
Advertising agencies often contract out to a
variety of freelance illustrators for their
project-specific needs as illustrators often
have a unique aesthetic that may or may
not lend itself to the message of the client.
Discipline of Design – EDITORIAL DESIGN
Shaping the layout and pacing of

magazines, newspapers, and books-items
bought, read, and collected by millions of
people-across dozens and hundreds of
pages in collaboration with editors, writers,
photographers, illustrators, and information
designers is the task of editorial designers.
As a profession, editorial design
encompasses one of the largest employers
of graphic designers. The amount of media
that is created between the fields of book
design, newspaper publication, magazine
design and their online counterparts
demands the attention of many different
designers with varied specialties.
Discipline of Design – TYPOGRAPHY
Typography is the art and technique of

arranging type in order to make language
visible.
As clients develop needs for specific styles
and families of type, typographers are
called upon to develop brand new,
implement existing or revive old typefaces.
Dedicated professionals who are constantly
curious about their medium, typographers
often create their own typefaces for
distribution among the design and
advertising professions as well.
Discipline of Design – INFOGRAPHICS
Information Design (infographics) visually

presents facts, figures, events, and data that
aid of design disciplines in the
understanding of any given topic.
The Internet has fostered a new breed of
information design that can parse both live
and static data from various sources and
present a dynamic view of how this data is
changing and evolving by the second. With
the added layer of user interactivity,
information design can now engage users in
ways few other disciplines can.
Discipline of Design – PACKAGING

Packaging is intimately tied with the general
consumer because it occupies almost every
moment of everyone's day.
The never-ending creation of new products
provides designers with the materials and
necessity to produce new and different
package designs that utilize a variety of
constantly evolving production techniques and
materials.
Products can be packaged in paper,
cardboard, plastic, rubber or even metal,
among other things. This requires not only a
variety of production process but also printing
techniques in order to create and apply the
aesthetics of the branding for the individual
product or line of products.
Discipline of Design – POSTERS
The poster's guises: a utilitarian device for

conveying information, a provocative voice for
calling to action, or a seductive lure for
selecting a specific product or service.
Included in permanent collections of museums,
shown in galleries, and organized in biennales
worldwide, posters are ambassadors for the
design profession, public beacons of the
creative and communicative potential this
profession offers.
Discipline of Design – ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
Environmental Design described as the

communication of identity and brands through
the design of way finding systems, interior and
exterior signage, architectural and identity
graphics and retail spaces.
It refers to the application of design to a
specific environment.
Whether in service of a museum, an airport, a
train or subway station, an amusement park, a
movie theatre, a shopping mall, or an entire
neighborhood, environmental design aids and
enriches the way in which the destination is
experienced, navigated, and understood.
Discipline of Design – MOTION DESIGN
The invention and success of motion pictures,

television, the internet and mobile devices has
created a digital medium for many forms of
advertisement and design.
The field of motion graphics encompasses film
titles, broadcast packages, music videos,
animation, television commercials, online video
and outdoor and indoor digital displays.
A relatively new medium for communication,
motion graphics utilizes the element of time to its
fullest potential in order to communicate its
message through visual and audio storytelling
through an ever-expanding variety of digital
publication outlets (in 2009 CBS and Pepsi
produced the first widely distributed in-magazine
video advertisement).
Discipline of Design – MOTION DESIGN

Discipline of Design – Motion Design

Discipline of Design – USER INTERACTION DESIGN
User interaction design has been practiced in a

variety of formats since before the development
of the internet, however, it has definitely enjoyed
a large increase of popularity alongside the world
wide web.
User-interaction design is not limited to websites, it
encompasses the design of many user interfaces
including interactive ticketing kiosks, electronic
equipment such as digital cameras, handheld
and mobile devices and varied computer
applications.
Interaction design also ranges to consumer
television through cable and satellite television
interfaces and interactive DVD and blu-ray
menus.
Discipline of Design – USER INTERACTION DESIGN
The field of interactive design is populated with

graphic designers, user-interaction designers, front
end programmers, back end programmers,
analysts, web developers and information
architects.
While some people traverse all of these fields,
interactive design is typically a collaborative effort
of multiple individuals or organizations. Interactive
designers place a focus on easily communicating
information through an intuitive interface while
being as unobtrusive as possible.
Discipline of Design – SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE DESIGN
After the success of the advertising profession in

the mid-20th century many designers have re-
evaluated their role within society. Becoming less
concerned with simply pushing the product of
large corporate clients and more concerned with
the environmental, ecological and social impact
of their profession a new generation of designers
has emerged in recent years.
Socially conscious design studios have started
working with organizations and non-profit
institutions (that often don't have the budget to
hire specialized design professionals) devoted to
public welfare, environmental conservation and
the arts, among other things, rather than
corporate, consumer product manufacturing
companies.
Discipline of Design – SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE DESIGN
Along with the increasing concern for what that

their design is promoting, many designers also
make an effort to use environmentally conscious
methods in the production of their design.
In an industry that is used to consuming large
amounts of material such as paper there are a
variety of options available to designers who are
concerned with sustainable production processes.
From recycled materials to carbon offsetting it is
becoming increasingly more feasible for designers
to offer their clients services and solutions that
leave little or no footprint of their environmental
impact.

Chapter 2 - Evolution of Graphic Design

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Chapter 2 - Evolution of Graphic Design

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Chapter 2:

Pre-historic Art - 10,000 – 15,000 BC

The first known visual communication, with pictographs

Pre-historic Art - 3000 BC

Cuneiform, the earliest system of

Pre-historic Art - 3000 BC

Pre-historic Art - 3600 BC

The Blau Monument, the oldest artifact known to

Early Graphic Design- 105 AD

Chinese government official Ts’ai Lun (50 AD – 121 AD) or

Early Graphic Design- 105 AD

 He used the inner bark of a mulberry tree and bamboo fibers,

Early Graphic Design-

Early Graphic Design- 1045 AD

Pi Sheng or Bi Sheng invents movable type, allowing for

Early Graphic Design- 1045 AD

Early Graphic Design- 1276

Printing arrives in Europe with a paper mill in Fabriano, Italy

Early Graphic Design- 1450

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press with

Early Graphic Design- 1450

Early Graphic Design- 1460

Albrecht Pfister the first to add illustrations to a printed

Early Graphic Design- 1460

Early Graphic Design- 1470

Nicolas Jenson, considered one of history’s greatest

Early Graphic Design- 1530

Claude Garamond, opens first type foundry, developing

Early Graphic Design- 1530

Samples and Works

Early Graphic Design- 1722

First Caslon Old Style font developed by Wilson Caslon

Early Graphic Design- 1760

Industrial Revolution begins, setting the stage for

Early Graphic Design- 1796

Author Aloys Sebefelder develops lithography

Early Graphic Design- 1800

Lord Stanhope invents first printing press made of all cast

Early Graphic Design- 1816

First SANS-SERIF FONT makes a subtle entrance as one

Early Graphic Design- 1860

Arts and Crafts Movement - John Ruskin, William Morris,

Early Graphic Design- 1861

Williams Morris, who became a highly influential

Early Graphic Design- 1880

Development of halftone screen allows for first photo

Early Graphic Design- 1890

Art Nouveau movement begins and changes design,

Early Graphic Design- 1901

Frank Lloyd Wright - 'The Art and Craft of the Machine';

Early Graphic Design- 1910

AEG (German General Electric).

Early Graphic Design- 1916

Dada Movement: George Grosz, Hannah Hoch, Kurt

Early Graphic Design- 1916

Dada was a cultural movement that

Early Graphic Design- 1916

An anti-art movement, Dadaists

Early Graphic Design- 1917

The Art movement called De Stijl, Dutch for ʻThe Styleʼ

Early Graphic Design- 1917

Dutch for The Style, Die Stijl was

Early Graphic Design- 1917

The harmony and order was