Yr CHAPTER-=S °F Simese MACHINE | Ea | Dingle Machines A simple machine Wis dedined as a device which enables us to do some usetul work at some point ov, overcome Some resistance, when an ebort or Force. is applied to HL, ok some other convenient poind: 2) Gonpound, Machine It is dedined as a device , consisting & number of simple machines ,cohich enables us + do sone? wsidel work at o cee with a. much less etord «as conpared a simple machine. ES. Likting Machine Tt is a device which enables us GH a heavy load iy by apple pplying a cosa smaller eHort (PD. ey 3 Scanned with CamScannerFEM) Mechanical Advantage (Ha) “ Wis he reho of weight uted Cw) to the tert plied (2) and is inl ope in wre number. i P he, MA= WwW i Pr [S53 Toput Pa Machine, Te is Ho csorkdone om the machine, > a litting machine, it is measured by vodied of eHort and the ditancely) ed which ct has moved de, In = PR yw Obra fa Machine It is the actual coorkdon e by the machine. In a littin oma hire, it is measured by the product of Ge weight lifted and tHe distencelx rough which it has ben btted, ae, Day, Wx [5.7 i EAicien€ y fa Machine Tt is Ho ratio of 0 ovclput: to te ingot of a machine. 0 He, 7= ip 106 Scanned with CamScannerFdeat Machine ole bis 4 He ehicieney of a machine is s007, , ag, ouepect = onput.. fe) Velocity Ratio CV, B) : This he ratio of distance. moved by the Hor ty +o the distance moved by the load Cx) and ir enphesed in pure namber, fe VR =e Retin bet” 9 MA ard VR at 0 G#ting mo machine aN, we have b And "” let, “We lead Ufted by the machine P= EArt required 1 ltt the loud v= distance. moved 7] the ettort, in shitting the load x= distance moved Ay the load ee know, inpud- of a machine = Wad PX a “te vow ” = Rep Ww xr “oe Ge = WxXzx w Ea ry ~ PY Scanned with CamScannerEE) Reversibibly of 0 Mathine Sometimes, a machine 1s abso capable of doing some work in the reversed direction, ie the etert is removed, Such & machine Is called co reversible machine and its action is Known as reversibility of tHe machine, + Condition for the Reversibilidy of Machine . ‘ letls consider a reversible eee Chere, W= lead btted by He machine P= tort requived t 64 load Y= diclance moved by be eHort X= distance moved by te load oe we Knoo, input = PXYy- oatpuk =WXL Friction of the machine = Lape — Outped- = (Pxy) — (wx) For reversible, odd by Friction of He kind ig hwad > (Px) ~ Cwra) = 2 (wx y (Pxy) =>>_wxe iL a PRY 7 Zz Scanned with CamScannerEe ” pt HA © | a VR 7 => 12a =O5 =S0K Hence He condition Sr a machine to be reversible , ids etticien cy should be onove than SOY. ‘ Sometimes also called non-reversible, “4 par ; eHicienay should rot grenter than: SOY Sometimes, a machine “is rot capable of deing any work in the reversed direction, atley the eHort is removed. Such a machine ts cabled a mnon-rveversiblé or, ey machine . [S#4] Law of a Machin Pt is dedined (relationship B bet” Ad (?) cop ted and Is ee the load(i) Ltted. p wee o wl? Scanned with CamScannerMathematically , law of a Utling machine i 4 4 here, P= Exfort agplied to ttt the lead i ™= A constant ( called cocbicient A , Friction) wt which IF epual b slope of bine A® = load litded~° .. C= Another consdank ¥ vapresed vache | Hict on Ge OA) | [SSE Meat Abonge of « tttng Mechne we knocd, MA = W_ P Sov mooi oP, ne volue FEST) now Mk Rips “ = Bowie) - _.\_ 4) ling comma “il! = @ (saz) 4 tn beth 7 aumevatoy ard dono mer atpv and n tin e * elec VS Scanned with CamScanner@ | Fs Yesimuny eMtcioney of 0. littag Machine, oe ee Wp _ iw VR VIR PXVR, So 7 sak? Ma 4 Cia Oiiue ~ (4S xR = i (nalectng &) [E37] Simple wheel % pole LZ \ W f kere, (singh wheel & Axle) Here wheel ‘A’ anh anle "Bare wamunted fo He same shaft. A string is wound round whe axe BY which carries the load 2 be lit ted . A second string is wound around He wheel ‘k" in the opposite direction on B, Scanned with CamScanner(Dx damolr of eblrt wheel 15 dz vv the toad oxle 2 we bad l4ed P= Etbrd cgplied b Ute the lead . Since two sbrings are coound in opposite idivechons, & dawnesard eobon of the ebort) will raise the load Om Acheel and ale are keyed fo the sane shatt , 50 they have same evolution . 2 displace merch ot te Hort in one revolution of efert wheel “AL =*D and disp lacemert of He load in ove revolution =n, : ; “Vee distance moved Ly the Hort distance moved by tHe load = xD LD ~ d ate Mas oP = MA [vr Scanned with CamScannerWorm and Werm Wheel ‘ : O eee yuare threaded screws Ss Ww S Sworm aud toothed. wheel is cuorm wheel be , D= diameter of te efeort cwoheo! v= radius of tHe toad drum W= load litded P= Ebbrd apptied tb lt the load T= 20. A teeth on the worm wheel we knew, distance moved by te thre in one revolution of the wheel = KD =2er Jt worm is single threaded ,then distance , i . = 2K Hhrough which the load will nove = + .VRa Pe _ _ DT axr ~ 2r Tw and MA= P Dye HAL 17K Scanned with CamScannerHole] : 4) TH He corm is double threaded, then , VR = Dales =< DT 2X2r 4r 2) if the worm ‘yn! threaded, then vRea= Jt Soe nx 2r -2nV Scanned with CamScanner11.10. DOUBLE PURCHASE CRAB WINCH ‘A double purchase crab winch is an improved form of a single purchase erab winch, in which the velocity ratio is intensified with the help of one mare spur wheel and a pinion. In a double purchase crab winch, there are two spur wheels of teeth T, and T, and 7, 38 well as two pinions of teeth 7, and T, Fig. 1.8, Double purchass crab winch, ‘The arrangement of spur wheels and pinions are such that the spur wheel with 7, gears witht he pinion of teeth 7;. Similarly. the spur wheel with teeth T, gears with the pinion of the teeth T,. The effort is apptied io ahandte as shown in Fig. 18 Let T, and T, = No.of teeth of spur wheels, T, and T,, = No. of teeth of the pinions 1 = Length of the handle, r= Radius of the sad drum, W = Loadlified. and P= Effon applied to lift the load, at the end of the handle ‘We know that distance maved by the effort in one revolution of the handle, =id 7. No. of revolutions made by the pinion 4 =I and no. of revolutions made by the wheel 3 * “T, =. No. of revolutions made by the pinion 2 Scanned with CamScanner210 @ A Textbook of Engineering Mechanics Fig. 11.14. Simple screw jack. Fig, 11.14. shows a simple screw jack, which is rotated by the application of an effort at the end of the lever, for lifting the load. Now consider a single threaded simple screw jack. Let 1s Length of the effort arm, Pitch of the screw, = Load lifted. and fort applied to lift the load at the end of tch lever. We know that distance moved by the effort in ane revolution of screw, = in and distance moved hy the load =p ” Velocity ratio = ol tii) Naw MA, “> --asusual and efficeine: or Ss usual efficeincy, VR, ssa Us Note: The value of # de. the effort applied may also found out by the relation ; “P= Wran(a +9) where We Load lifted 2 at He ng —_ tan A= = Coefficient of friction — Scanned with CamScanner11.9. SINGLE PURCHASE CRAB WINCH Fig. 11.7. Singla purchase erab winch, sle purchase crab winch, a rope is fixed to the drum and is wound a few turns round it, The free end of the rope carries the load W. A toothed wheel A is rigidly mounted on the load drum. Another toothed whee! B. called pinion, is geared with the toothed wheel A as shown in Fig. 11.7. ‘The effort is applic at the end of the handle to rotate it. Let T, = No. of teeth on the main gear (or spur wheel) A, T, = No.of teeth on the pinion B, 1 = Length of the handle, rR of the load drum. W = Load lifted, and P = Effort applied to lift the load. ‘We know that distance moved by the effart in ane revolution of the handle, = nt wi) <. No.of revolutions made by the pinion # =! and no, of revolutions made by the wheel A °F Scanned with CamScanner