Potential of Citronella, Frankincense, and Lavender Oils as an Aroma Therapeutical

Candle and Mosquito Repellent (Culex pipiens)

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements in Inquiries, Investigation & Immersion

Sayson, Christopher James D.

Orendain, Precious Marie S.

Echano, Gwen Carmela F.

Rosales, John Howard M.

Abriol, Adrian Paul L.

Gangan, Jan Mari B.

Asis, Rosemarie A.

March 2022

SARAH KIMBERLY F. LAMADRID, LPT.

Research Adviser
I. Introduction

1.1 Citronella

Citronella is an essential oil sourced from various species of Cymbopogon that is

extensively used in aromatherapy and is considered to be one of the effective natural insect

repellents. This essential oil contains aromatic active compounds such as citronellol, geraniol,

citronellal, and linalool. These compounds are commonly incorporated in the production of

candles, perfumes, sprays, soaps, and lotions (Wong, 2020).

According to Sharma et al., (2018) in the study entitled, “Therapeutic Potential of

Citronella Oil: A Review”, essential oils were considered as an alternative for synthetic repellent

since it receives several reports on adverse effects such as skin irritation and toxic

encephalopathy. The said study focuses mainly on citronella oil, from the extraction of

Cymbopogon nardus which was recently explored as an alternative natural insect repellent that

includes citronellal, citronellol, geraniol as the major constituent that contributes to the activity

of the essential oil. It also contains components that constitute citronella as antioxidant,

antimicrobial, anticonvulsant antitrypanosomal, anthelmintic, and heal a wound, besides

mosquito repellent activity.

In the study of Sajo et al., (2015) “Applicability of citronella oil (Cymbopogon

winteratus) for the prevention of mosquito-borne diseases in the rural area of Tikapur, far-

western Nepal”, one of the common natural insect repellents is citronella oil which is also

used as a local fragrance. The researchers of this study used a randomized controlled pilot trial

to confirm the effectiveness and applicability of the locally produced citronella oil. Repellency

was tested with 100% citronella oil with two trials such as indoor exposure and outdoor
exposure to test the repellency effect against mosquitoes. Every trial there is an experimental

citronella oil applied group and the non-applied group that will measure the protective effect

against mosquitoes. This study concluded that citronella oil can be an effective alternative

mosquito repellent that is easily available and affordable.

Based on the study of Asadollahi et al., (2019), essential oils are put into trials to meet the

inclusion criteria based and to test their percentage repellency and protection time. Citronella

was identified to have a high repellency effect with a complete protection time ranging from 9.1

h to 11.5 h. It is reported that citronella has active compounds for repelling mosquitoes such as

eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, citral, and citronellal. However, citronella has a shorter protection

time than N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), but it can provide sufficient protection time

against mosquitoes, naturally.

As stated by Baker (2018) in a study entitled “Citronella & Citronella Oil Profile”,

citronella oil is also used as an active ingredient in candles or coils and when burned, it produces

smoke that can kill mosquitoes. This oil has been found effective only when the air is moving in

a minimal condition.

In line with this, based on the study of Pollard (2020), since 1948, citronella oil has been

licensed as a plant-based insect repellent in the United States and unlike other oil, citronella

functions by masking other scents that attract bugs, making it impossible for them to locate their

targets. On the other hand, an article by Yasin (2019) stated that citronella is a famous ingredient

for most mosquito repellents available. The article also mentioned citronella giving up to 50

percent of extra protection when it is used outside.

 Furthermore, according to the study conducted by Hamzah et al. (2014) entitled

“Comparison of citronella oil extraction methods from Cymbopogon nardus grass by ohmic-

heated hydro-distillation, hydro-distillation, and steam distillation”, the most common or

traditional methods for extracting oil from citronella are hydro-distillation and steam distillation.

Despite its simplicity, the process can cause thermal degradation, hydrolysis, and water solubility

in some fragrance constituents. In addition, citronella essential oil can also be extracted using

supercritical fluid extraction (Silva et al., 2011). Nevertheless, there are disadvantages to this

method, including high investment costs and a new and unfamiliar method of operation.

Furthermore, due to their low polarity, polar analytes are difficult to extract.

1.2 Frankincense

Frankincense, also called the “king of essential oils”, for having a wide variety of benefits

and uses ad mentioned in an article on the benefits of frankincense (“Frankincense Oil Uses and

Benefits”, 2020). Moreover, according to Bain (2020), frankincense is produced from the dried

sap of a tree that can be found in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, this tree is known as the

Boswellia tree, the olibanum or frankincense is extracted by incisions made in the trunk of the

tree and letting its sap flow out. This frankincense essential oil has its chemical constituents

namely Limonene, Pinene, Borneol, Farnesol, Phellandrene, Myrcene, and many more.

Based on the study conducted by Pavela et al., (2020), entitled “Insecticidal activity of

two essential oils used in perfumery (Ylang-Ylang and Frankincense)”, the scientific study

validates the efficacy of the use of ylang-ylang and frankincense oil when combined as a

significant insecticidal potential against C.quinquefasciatus larvae and M.domestica adults,

respectively. As reported, the performance of Ylang-ylang and Frankincense was assessed and

compared to the commercial pyrethrum extract in preventing mosquito bites from the three

identified insects, Culexquinquefasciatus, Musca domestica, and Spodopteralittoralis. Whereas it

is further stated in the study that the two essential oils tested using GCMS were mainly

composed of α-thujene (73.8%), benzyl salicylate (24.4%), and linalool (21.9%), which are the

components used as a fixative, natural fragrance, anti-inflammatory, and cleaning agents of such

products.

Furthermore, based on the study of Bhambare (2020) entitled “Frankincense Essential

Oil Extraction Using Steam Distillation, Hydro Distillation and Solvent Extraction Methods: A

Comparison”; when compared to steam distillation and hydro distillation, the solvent extraction

method was shown to be ineffective for the extraction of Frankincense oil. The study concluded

that hydro distillation was most similar to pure Frankincense oil with more constituents' oil than

the other two methods.

1.3 Lavender

Lavender is widely grown around the world because of its economic and ornamental

value, as well as its widespread use in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries

(Khorasaninejad et al., 2021). There have been numerous studies that have used lavender oils in

the medical field due to their therapeutic use, which can be achieved through inhalation or oral

administration. According to Gotter (2018), lavender oil came from the lavender plant. This oil

can be orally taken, put on the skin, and used in aromatherapy. Lavender oil has been known as

the most famous and resourceful oil nowadays. It was discovered to have a variety of functional
properties, including antimicrobial, insecticidal, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase inhibitory

properties (Alexe et al., 2020)

Lavender essential oil is used as an insect repellent because the lavender plant contains a

mosquito repellent property. Furthermore, this essential oil as well as the plant from which it was

derived, contains a compound known as “linalool”. In this regard, lavender isn't just good for

promoting sleep; it's also good for warding off the season's pesky mosquitoes, and it can be

combined with other homemade bug repellents for a wonderful result mentioned by Pollard

(2020).

Out of all the mosquito-repelling oils derived from blooming plants, lavender is one of

the most popular because of its attractive appearance. The primary components of lavender are

methyl ursolate (30.50 percent) and methyl oleanolate (7.27 percent), whereas linalyl

anthranilate (>31 percent) and linalyl acetate (>17 percent) prevailed that is obtained using

Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) performed by Striincová et al (2019).

According to another article by Smetan et al., (2018), the major compounds in lavender

essential oil are linalool (21.28%) and linalyl acetate (18.84%). As such, lavenders are great and

make a good addition to a person’s flower garden. In addition, according to Schwartz (2020),

lavender oil scent is solid, charismatic, and intensely botanical, and its floral sweetness is

intensified by green and spicy notes, which are combined to enhance a very woody, herbal

quality.

Moreover, in the study of Setyaningsih, D., Roselly, F., & Muna, N. (2020), essential oils

are substances that give a lot of benefits, one of which is being an insect repellent. Thus, some

essential oils such as lavender oil, citronella oil, lemongrass oil, and cajeput oil were tested to see
which of these oils work together the best to formulate a mosquito repellent. Combining these

oils produce a total of 7 formulas, namely A1-A5, B1-B5, C1-C5, D1-D5, E1-E5, F1F5, and G1-

G5.

A further organoleptic test was performed on these essential oil formulas which gave a

result showing that formula E3, G3, and F3 were the most preferred. These preferred formulas

undergo another repellent test to figure out the effectiveness of the oil mixture while having

Virgin Coconut Oil as its carrier. After a series of tests and experimenting, formula E3,

consisting of a mixture of lavender, citronella, and lemongrass oils, was said to gain the highest

hedonic score in comparison with the other two formulas. Moreover, this formula also has the

highest potency of being a mosquito repellent given its protective power of more than 90% for 4

hours.

In the study, “Ohmic Accelerated Steam Distillation of Essential Oil from Lavender in

Comparison with Conventional Steam Distillation” by Gavahian & Chu (2018) it was analyzed

that Ohmic Accelerated Steam Distillation (OASD) is a better extraction process than steam

distillation since it did not affect the important constituents of lavender essential oil and it

outperformed steam distillation in terms of speed (total extraction time) and energy consumption.

1.4 Mosquito Repellent

An article by Mosquito Squad (2021), talks about essential oils to be used as a repellent

for mosquitoes. It was said that even long before, these plants and plant derivatives were also

used by humans in treating such insect bites. It has also been said that natural scents of these
essential oils which are pleasing to humans tend to repel insects. These scents are lavender,

peppermint, basil, and eucalyptus. It also mentioned how people may consider DIY essential

mosquito repellent using such oils as lavender, citronella, and more. This is great for consumers

as it may modify their preference.

Moreover, according to BeMoxē (2020), certain essential oils can be seen as a natural

remedy to those harsh chemicals found in commercial bug sprays to repel insects. The article

also mentioned having no adverse effects upon the usage of these various essential oils with

proper dilution, as well as it gives immediate relaxation, therefore, these essential oils are found

to be safe for us, humans, and effective in repelling insects.

Furthermore, as reviewed by Pathak, MD (2020) the purpose of mosquito repellents is

not for killing mosquitoes, but to lessen the attraction between them and people, to prevent

mosquito bites. The active ingredients commonly found in a lot of mosquito repellents are

picaridin or chemical DEET, and it was stated by the Environmental Protection Agency that the

usage of such ingredients is not harmful to adults and children over the age of 2 months, but

when it is used in a wrong way, uncertainties can happen. Some of the best natural mosquitoes

are OLE or oil of lemon eucalyptus, geraniol which is a component of the citronella, catnip oil,

cinnamon oil, Merck 3535 or IR3535 a component that can be found in insect repellents,

nootkatone, and 2-undecanoate. In addition, fennel, thyme, clove oil, celery extract, and neem

oil, were being examined, investigated, and studied to determine if they are suitable as an

ingredient in repelling mosquitoes.

 In view of this, there is an absolute dynamic and growing emergence of the production

and use of home fragrances and scented candles in a global community. As stated in the report

by Mordor Intelligence (2020), the demand for scented candles is increasing rapidly and the

growth can be attributed to factors, such as increasing demand for aromatherapy, and rising use

of candles as home decor products.

Granted that almost all possible changes and development have been done before, there is

still a gap that needs to be answered, even in the smallest aspect of it. Thereupon, this study was

proposed to conceive a state-of-the-art product that would introduce a new look and purpose for

the typical scented candle, considering the fact that there are already existing aroma candles. The

aroma therapeutical candle would include 3 essential oils: citronella, lavender, and frankincense,

which altogether harmonize with each other to not only give off certain benefits.

Considering the above-mentioned circumstances, the researchers of the study at hand

came up with the idea of conducting a study entitled “Potential of Citronella, Frankincense, and

Lavender Oils as an Aroma Therapeutical Candle as Mosquito Repellent”. It is along with the

light that the present study was advanced with the intent to determine the characteristics of

citronella, frankincense, and lavender oils that made the product effective for repelling

mosquitoes.

Statement of the Problem

The main objective of this study is to assess and evaluate the potential use of Citronella,

Frankincense, and Lavender oils as the main ingredients for aroma therapeutical candles and

mosquito repellent.
 Anchored on the objectives of the study, this specifically sought to answer the following

research questions:

1. Is there a significant difference between the proposed Aroma Therapeutical Candle and

the commercial scented candle in terms of:

a. Repellency

b. Reliability

2. How do the different concentration levels of each essential oil, as indicated in the

following experimental set-up, affect the potential of the candle as an aromatherapeutic

and insect repellent?

a. Experimental Set-up #1: (181 g soy wax): 9.1 mL Citronella, 3.05 mL

Frankincense; 3.05 mL Lavender

b. Experimental Set-up #2: (181 g soy wax): 9.1 mL Frankincense; 3.05 mL

Citronella; 3.05 mL Lavender

c. Experimental Set-up #3: (181 g soy wax): 9.1 mL Lavender; 3.05 mL

Frankincense; 3.05 mL Citronella

d. Experimental Set-up #4: (181 g soy wax): 6.1 mL Citronella, 6.1 mL

Frankincense, 6.1 mL Lavender

e. Experimental Set-up #5: Commercial Scented Candle

3. As perceived by the Grade 12 STEM students of Vinzons Pilot High School, how

effective is the Aroma Therapeutical candle made from Citronella, Frankincense, and

Lavender oils as a mosquito repellent in terms of:

a. Odor
Null Hypothesis

There is no significant difference between the proposed aromatherapeutic candle and the

commercial scented candle in terms of repellency and reliability.

Alternative Hypothesis

There is a significant difference between the proposed aromatherapeutic candle and the

commercial scented candle in terms of repellency and reliability.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study mainly focuses on the potential use and the process of creating the Aroma

Therapeutical candle as mosquito repellent using Citronella, Frankincense, and Lavender Oils.

It covers the characteristics of each essential oil that made the product feasible and

suitable as the main ingredient and component of the candle that may have significant impacts on

a daily basis. In addition to this, the researchers limited this study to yellow fever mosquitoes

(Aedes aegypti). Thus, this study will not be generalized to all types and lower classifications of

mosquito as the term itself covers a large group and scope, making the study too complex to

focus on

Furthermore, the research will be conducted for the School Year 2021-2022 and is

confined exclusively to the potential of Citronella, Frankincense, and Lavender oils for Aroma

Therapeutical candles as insect repellent.

 Moreover, this study is delimited to fragrance oils, ingredients, and other essential oils

together with their potential in improving health conditions.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study entitled “Potential of Citronella, Frankincense, and Lavender

Essential Oils as an Aroma Therapeutical Candles and Insect Repellent” may be notable and will

redound to the following:

Scented Candle Users. This study will be beneficial among users considering the

comfort and convenience it may bring to them. They will be the ones experiencing the effects of

essential oil such as relief from stress, relaxation, and mood upliftment.

Society. This study will also benefit society since the Aroma Therapeutical Candle also

has the potential for repelling insects that may alleviate the long-standing problem concerning

the spread of several diseases.

Entrepreneurs. The study will be profitable to the entrepreneurs in having the

opportunity to start the business and market the product to the target consumers.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as a material and basis for further studies that

tackle the potential of essential oil in the future. They may help them continue to conduct a more

profound study in other aspects concerning the potential and effectiveness of essential oils as the

main component and ingredient of an aromatherapeutic candle and insect repellent.

Definition of Terms

Aromatherapy – Refers to a holistic healing treatment that uses natural plant extracts to

promote health and well-being (Healthline, 2019). In this study, the candles are mainly

composed with essential oils that have therapeutic agents which are said to be highly

concentrated substances extracted from flowers, leaves, stalks, fruits, and roots, as well as

distilled from resins.

Aroma candle – It refers to candles that are made with essential oils and have aromatherapeutic

properties (ArtNaturals, 2017). In this study, it is the product to be made that would include

different essential oils which would whereas the smoke emitted by the candle will repel the

mosquito.

Citronella oil – Defined as one of the more effective natural insect repellents (VeryWellHealth,

2020). In this study, it is one of the essential oils to be used in the aroma candle which has the

main purpose of being a mosquito repellent.

Essential oil – Often refers to the most commonly used in the practice of aromatherapy, in which

they are inhaled through various methods (Healthline, 2019). In this study, it is the independent

variable and also it is the main component to be put in the product.

Frankincense oil – It is said to help relieve stress and promote relaxation (The Good Trade,

2020). In this study, it is one of the essential oils to be used in the aroma candle as a mosquito

repellent.
Lavender – This herb is also commonly used for medicinal and therapeutic benefits

(EverydayHealth, 2019). In this study, it is one of the essential oils to be used in the aroma

candle for repelling mosquitoes.

II. Methodology

2.1 Experimental Design

The researchers will utilize the experimental research design of quantitative research to

test the potential of Citronella, Lavender, and Frankincense as an Aroma Therapeutical Candle

and Mosquito Repellent. According to Mitchel (2015), an experimental research approach is

deeply concerned with constructing research with high causal validity that covers the accuracy of

the statements regarding the cause-and-effect relationship. Moreover, non-probability sampling

will also be used to select respondents to assess the aromatherapeutic candle.

In this study, the variables that will be observed and manipulated by the researchers are

the use of essential oils for aromatherapy candle making. Moreover, researchers characterized

this study as an experimental research design because this study aims to determine the potential

of 3 essential oils together in doing its purpose.

A. Experimental Set-up

There will be five (5) experimental set-ups to be conducted along with the different levels

of essential oil concentration per set-up. Each set-up will be replicated five (4) times and will

then be observed for 7 consecutive days.

· Experimental Set-up #1: (181 g soy wax): 9.1 mL Citronella, 3.05 mL Frankincense; 3.05

mL Lavender
 Experimental Set-up #2: (181 g soy wax): 9.1 mL Frankincense; 3.05 mL Citronella; 3.05

mL Lavender

· Experimental Set-up #3: (181 g soy wax): 9.1 mL Lavender; 3.05 mL Frankincense; 3.05

mL Citronella

Experimental Set-up #4: (181 g soy wax): 6.1 mL Citronella, 6.1 mL Frankincense, 6.1

mL Lavender

Experimental Set-up #5: Commercial Scented Candle

B. Trials Per Set-up

This particular table will be used in every experimental set-up that will be conducted for

this research study, which will be observed for seven (7) days.

Repellency per zone

Time Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4

(Not Effective) (Not so Effective) (Effective) (Very Effective)

15 minutes

25 minutes

35 minutes

45 minutes
 Figure 1. Research Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Characteristics of the Preparation of materials Assessment of the Aroma

Citronella, Lavender, and Therapeutical Candle as
Frankincense oils Mixing of Essential Oils
mosquito repellent
Efficacy, odor, and cost Candle-Making
acceptability of the Aroma Data Analysis and
Therapeutical candle to the interpretation
users
The benefits of using the
Aroma Therapeutical Candle
in repelling mosquitoes

The figure above presents the research paradigm utilized by the researchers through the

Input, Process, and Output (IPO) model. The input includes the characteristics of the three oils

and their efficacy when combined, and the benefit they will give. It also comprises the efficacy,

odor, and cost acceptability of the product to the users. Then, the input attained will undergo the

processes of mixing of the oils, candle-making, and data analysis and interpretation. Lastly, the

processes in the study, supported by the inputs, shall produce the output that indicates the

expected outcomes and results.

2.2 Materials and Methods

2.2.1 Collection of Materials

The materials required for the completion of this study will be purchased and collected

from an online store as the researchers will procure the appropriate quantity of each product to

ensure that everything is utilized in the execution of the procedure. While this gathering of
materials is taking place, rest assured that the researchers will take precautions since the

materials will be delivered directly to their homes. Once the materials arrive, the researchers will

inspect them to see if they are in good condition. Then, everything will be cleaned and sanitized

in preparation for the procedure that will take place.

2.2.2 Mosquito Breeding Process

A partially closed pail of aged water will be left outdoors overnight for mosquitoes to lay

their eggs. Then the mosquito egg rafts will be transferred to smaller containers with 2 to 3

mosquito egg rafts per container to prevent overcrowding the larvae and will be fed occasionally

with crushed fish food to prevent the larvae from dying. Once the larvae reach the pupa stage,

they will be transferred into the chamber for observation.

2.3.3 Candle-Making Process

In order to come up with the expected product, the following procedures should be

followed:

STEP 1: Fill the tin container with water of your desired wax level as the basis on how

much soy wax will be needed for candle making. Normally, there should have a 2-3 cm gap at

the lid to prevent wax spill.

STEP 2: Weigh the soy wax placed in a melting bowl by using the digital scale and make

sure that the scale is at zero by pressing the “Tare” or zero buttons.

STEP 3: Fill the saucepan with about half-full water and bring to simmer using the

electric stove.
 STEP 4: When the water reaches its boiling point, carefully place the melting bowl into

the saucepan, following the double boiler method, and allow the soy wax to melt for about 10 to

15 minutes, stirring frequently. Then, use the food thermometer to monitor the temperature not

exceeding 185°F. And adjust the heat of the stove to medium-low heat until the wax is

completely melted.

STEP 5: Stir again the melted soy wax for a few seconds and simply pour the

frankincense, lavender, and citronella essential oils into the soy wax with the desired amount

before the wax cools slightly. It is important to take note to not over-stir the wax for it may result

in the production of air bubbles.

STEP 6: While the wax is cooling, start preparing the container and the wooden wick by

gently pulling the edges of the clip apart and inserting the wooden wick into the sustainer until

the entire bottom edge of the wick is securely fastened. To adhere the bottom of the clip and

wick, use a wick sticker to attach and assemble it to the bottom of the glass container.

STEP 7: Let again the wax sit for five minutes to harden while monitoring its

temperature. When it reaches 140°C, for the first layer, carefully pour the soy wax mixture into

the container while holding the wooden wick in place to prevent it from swaying in the wax.

STEP 8: Add some dried flowers and lavender buds as a decoration. Let the wax harden

overnight to solidify the first layer.

STEP 9: Once the first layer of wax is already solid, proceed to the melting of another set

of soy wax following the same procedures used in the latter. The same process must be applied

in terms of weighing, melting, monitoring, and cooling the soy wax in another set of melting
bowls. Let the wax rest for a minute and gently pour the fragrance oils into the mixture. Sit the

wax for a couple of minutes until it cools down.

STEP 10: After the wax is slightly cooled, carefully pour it into the same container to the

top of the first layer of the soy wax, not over-filling to the 2-3 cm gap at the lid.

STEP 11: For the final touches, add again some dried flowers to the 2nd layer of wax and

trim the wooden wick at your desired length.

STEP 12: Lastly, allow the second layer to harden overnight up until 2 days’ maximum

before using.

Table 2

Materials in developing the product

Name Unit Quantity

Soy Wax Flakes 1 kg 2 packs

Lavender Essential Oil 100 ml 1 bottle

Frankincense Essential Oil 100 ml 1 bottle

Citronella Essential Oil 100 ml 1 bottle

Wooden Wick 5 packs 50 pcs

Wick Sustainer 5 packs 50 pcs

Candle Tin Container 200 ml 50 pcs

Melting Bowl 1 pc 1 pc

Food Thermometer 1 pc 1 pc

Digital Scale 1 pc 1 pc

Saucepan 1 pc 1 pc

Spatula 1 pc 1 pc
 Electric Stove 1 pc 1 pc

Preserved Dried Flowers 1 pc 1 pc

2.2.4 Diagram of Candle Testing System

This testing method consists of an enclosed candle chamber connected by a screened wall

to a 40-inch tunnel (12-inch wide, 20-inch high: covered with acrylic glass) through which the

candle 'smoke' can travel. Mosquitoes will be placed and fed crushed fish food through the

funnel into the chamber at the late pupae stage, in which they will mature into adult mosquitoes.

During the trial, the test door will be opened, allowing the mosquitos to freely travel throughout

the chamber. Inside the chamber, there will be four black cloths hung at 8-inch intervals for the

mosquitos to perch on.

Table 2

Materials for the candle testing system

Product Name Product Description

Acrylic Glass

Aluminum Angle
 Aluminum Screen (?)

Black Cloths

Hinges

Rivets

Sea-Land

2.4 Data Gathering

2.4.1 Four Point Likert Scale

The data-gathering technique that will be used by the researchers to collect data in order

to assess the efficacy of aromatherapeutic candles as insect repellent is the 4-Point Likert Scale.

This technique is the quickest and easiest way to collect data because it can be easily quantified

and is also a simple method, therefore, the researchers will be able to draw more accurate

conclusions about their study. In addition, in the testing environment, the researchers will use a

Likert Scale to measure values. There will be four black cloths inside the testing chamber that

will act as mosquito barriers to test the effectiveness and range of the aromatherapeutic candle.

Each black cloth represents one of the Likert Scale's scales.

In the 4-Point Likert Scale, the first black cloth represents the first and lowest scale (i.e.,

Not effective). If mosquitoes linger near the first black cloth, it indicates that the

aromatherapeutic candle did not fulfill its purpose of acting as an insect repellent. It had no effect

on mosquitoes. Moving on, the second black cloth represents the second scale in the 4-Point

Likert Scale (i.e., Not so effective). If mosquitoes congregate near the second black cloth, it

suggests that the aromatherapeutic candle is only marginally effective as an insect repellent.
 Next, the third black cloth represents the third scale in the 4-Point Likert Scale (i.e.,

Effective). If mosquitoes congregate near the third black cloth, it indicates that the

aromatherapeutic candle is effective as an insect repellent. Finally, the fourth and highest scale

(i.e., Very effective) in the 4-Point Likert Scale is represented by the fourth black cloth. If

mosquitoes congregate near the fourth black cloth, it indicates that the aromatherapeutic candle

performed better than expected as an insect repellent. Mosquitoes are effectively repelled by the

aromatherapeutic candle.

2.4.2 Testing of the Aroma Therapeutic Candle (?)

Using questionnaires tas i-aanalyze statistically gamit ranking & weighted mean?

2.5 Statistical Treatment of Data

2.5.1 Ranking

In this study, it will be used to figure out the ranking of the acceptability and benefits of

the aroma therapeutical candle.

2.5.2 Weighted Mean

In this study, it will be used to quantify the overall assessment and responses of the

respondents on the general acceptability of the proposed candle in terms of odor using the

questionnaires distributed by the researchers.

 2.5.3 ANOVA

In this study, it will be used to calculate the significant difference between the aroma

therapeutical candle and commercial candle in terms of their effectiveness and reliability.