SE-MECH

Solid Modeling and Drafting-[202042]

R.K.NANWATKAR
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
NBNSSOE, Pune
 Sinhgad Technical Education Society’s

NBN Sinhgad School of Engineering, Pune-41

LAB Manual of

Solid Modeling and

Drafting

Subject I/C HOD

(Mech. Engg. Dept.) (Mech. Engg.Dept.)
 202042 - Solid Modeling and Drafting
Teaching Scheme Credits Examination Scheme
Theory: 03 Hr./Week 04 In-Semester: 30 Marks
Practical: 02 Hr./Week Theory : 03 End-Semester: 70 Marks
Practical : 01 Practical: 50 Marks
Prerequisite Courses
Systems in Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Graphics, Engineering Mathematics - I and II.
Course Objectives
1) To understand basic structure of CAD systems and their use to create geometric models of simple
engineering parts.
2) To introduce the curves and surfaces and their implement in geometric modeling
3) To apply basic concepts of 3D modeling, viewing and evaluate mass properties of components and
assemblies.
4) To apply geometrical transformations in CAD models.
5) To understand data exchange standards and translators for various applications.
6) To create engineering drawings, design documentation and use in manufacturing activities.
Course Outcomes
On completion of the course, learner will be able to
 CO1. UNDERSTAND basic concepts of CAD system, need and scope in Product Lifecycle
Management.
 CO2. UTILIZE knowledge of curves and surfacing features and methods to create complex solid
geometry.
 CO3. CONSTRUCT solid models, assemblies using various modeling techniques & PERFORM
mass property analysis, including creating and using a coordinate system.
 CO4. APPLY geometric transformations to simple 2D geometries.
 CO5. USE CAD model data for various CAD based engineering applications viz. production
drawings, 3D printing, FEA, CFD, MBD, CAE, CAM, etc.
 CO6. USE PMI & MBD approach for communication
Course Contents
Unit I Fundamentals of 3D Modeling [08 Hr.]
Introduction, Product Life Cycle, CAD tools in the design process of Product Cycle, Scope of CAD,
Software Modules - Operating System (OS) module, Geometric module, application module,
Programming module, communication module, Computer Aided Design - Features, requirements and
applications 3D Modeling approach - Primitive, Features and Sketching, Types of Geometric models -
2½ extrusions, axisymmetric, composite, 3D objects, difference between wireframe, surface & solid
modeling, Modeling strategies, Model viewing: VRML web-based viewing.
Unit II Curves & Surfaces [08 Hr.]
Curves: Methods of defining Point, Line and Circle, Curve representation - Cartesian and Parametric
space, Analytical and Synthetic curves, Parametric equation of line, circle, ellipse, Continuity (C0, C1 &
C2), Synthetic Curves - Hermit Cubic Spline, Bezier, B-Spline Curve, Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline
curves (NURBS) Surfaces: Surface representation, Types of Surfaces, Bezier, B-Spline, NURBS
Surface, Coons patch surface, Surface Modeling Reverse Engineering: Introduction, Point Cloud Data
(PCD), PCD file formats, Quality issues in PCD, Requirements for conversion of surface models into
solid models, Applications of PCD.
Unit III Solid Modeling [08 Hr.]
Introduction, Geometry and Topology, Solid entities, Solid representation, Fundamentals of Solid
modeling, Half spaces, Boundary representation (B-Rep), Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG), Sweep
representation, Analytical solid modeling, Parametric solid modeling, feature based modeling, etc.,
Euler Equation (Validity of 3D solids), Mass Property Calculations Introduction to Assembly Modeling,
Assemblies (Top-down and Bottom-up approach), Design for Manufacturing [DFM], Design for Easy
Assembly & Disassembly [DFA], Design for Safety
Unit IV Geometric Transformation [08 Hr.]
Introduction, Geometric Transformations, Translation, Scaling, Rotation, Reflection/Mirror, Shear,
Homogeneous Transformation, Inverse Transformation, Concatenated Transformation (limited to 2D
objects with maximum 3 points only), Coordinate systems - Model (MCS), Working (WCS), Screen
(SCS) coordinate system, Mapping of coordinate systems Projections of geometric models -
Orthographic and Perspective projections, Design and Engineering applications.
Unit V CAD Data Exchange [08 Hr.]
Introduction, CAD Kernels, CAD Data File, Data interoperability, CAD Data Conversions, challenges
in CAD data conversions/remedies, Direct Data Translators, Neutral 3D CAD file formats (DXF, IGES,
PDES, STEP, ACIS, Parasolid, STL, etc.), Data Quality Requirements of CAD file format for 3D
Printing (Additive Manufacturing), CAE, FEA, CFD, CAM (Subtractive Manufacturing), Multi-Body
Dynamics (Motion Simulations), Computer Aided Inspection (CAI), Computer Aided Technologies
(CAx), AR/VR applications, etc., Introduction to CAD Geometry Clean-up for different applications.
Unit VI CAD Customization & Automation [08 Hr.]
Introduction, Limitations of 2D drawings, Introduction to Product and Manufacturing Information
(PMI), Model Based Definitions (MBD), Applications of PMI & MBD CAD Customization:
Introduction, advantages and disadvantages, Applications of Customization Interfaces, Product
Customization Approaches - Part Modeling Customization, Assembly Modeling Customization,
Drawing sheets & PMI Customization, CAD Automation Introduction to Application Programming
Interface (API), Structures of APIs, Coding/Scripting for customization, Introduction to CAD API
Development, CAD Files & application handling.
Books & Other Resources
Text Books
1) Zeid, I and Sivasubramania, R., (2009), “CAD/CAM : Theory and Practice”, 2nd edition,
2) McGraw Hill Education, ISBN-13: 978-0070151345
3) Rao, P. N., (2017), “CAD/CAM: Principles and Applications”, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill
4) Education, ISBN-13: 978-0070681934
5) Chang, Kuang-Hua, (2015), "e-Design: Computer-Aided Engineering Design", Academic Press,
6) ISBN-13: 978-0123820389
Reference Books
1) Lee, Kunwoo, (1999), "Principles of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems", Pearson/Addison-Wesley,
ISBN-13: 978-0201380361
2) Bordegoni, Monica and Rizzi, Caterina, (2011), "Innovation in Product Design: From CAD to
Virtual Prototyping", Springer, ISBN-13: 978-1447161875
3) Vukašinovic, Nikola and Duhovnik, Jože, (2019), "Advanced CAD Modeling: Explicit,
Parametric, Free-Form CAD and Re-engineering", Springer, ISBN-13: 978-3030023980
4) Um, Dugan, (2018), "Solid Modeling and Applications: Rapid Prototyping, CAD and CAE
Theory", 2nd edition, Springer, ISBN-13: 978-3319745930
5) Rogers, D. and Adams, J. A., (2017), “Mathematical Elements for Computer Graphics”, 2 nd
edition, McGraw Hill Education, ISBN-13: 978-0070486775
6) Hearn, D. D. and Baker, M. P., (2013), "Computer Graphics with OpenGL", 4th edition, Pearson
Education India, ISBN-13: 978-9332518711.
7) Gokhale, N. S., Deshpande, S. S., Bedekar, S. V. and Thite, A. N., (2008), “Practical Finite
Element Analysis”, Finite to Infinite, Pune, India, ISBN-13: 978-8190619509.
8) Lee Ambrosius, (2015), “AutoCAD® Platform Customization: User Interface, AutoLISP®,
VBA, and Beyond”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., IN, ISBN-13: 978-11187989049. Bucalo, Joe and
9) Bucalo, Neil, (2007), “Customizing SolidWorks for Greater Productivity”, Sheet Metal Guy,
LLC, ISBN-13: 978-0979566608
10) Ziethen, Dieter R. (2012), “CATIA V5: Macro Programming with Visual Basic Script”,
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Carl Hanser Verlag München, ISBN-13: 978-0071800020, ISBN:
978-007180003-7
11) Programming Manuals of Softwares
Guidelines for Laboratory Conduction
The student shall complete the following activity as a Term Work Journal
Practical
The student shall complete the following Practical in laboratory using suitable CAD modeling software.
Learner will demonstrate skills to communicate drawings as per industry standards.
1) 2-D sketching with geometrical and dimensional constraints.
2) Solid & Surface modeling for simple mechanical components (Output file as Production drawing
and Model Based Definition (MBD),
a) Sheet-Metal b) Machining c) Fabrication
d) Casting e) Forgings f) Plastic Molding
3) Assembly modeling (Output file as Assembly drawing and detailing) of the parts modeled in
Practical assignment-2 using proper assembly constraint conditions and generation of exploded view
for assemblies like Couplings, Clutches, Gear Assemblies, Engine/Pump/Turbine Components,
Valves, Machine Tools, Automobile Components, Gear-Box, Pressure Vessels, etc.
4) Reverse Engineering of surface/solid modeling using Point Cloud Data.
5) Assembly Modeling by importing parts/components from free online resources like CAD and
Product development software websites, forums, blogs, etc.
6) Demonstration on CAD Customization (with introduction to programming languages, interfacing)
MODULE 1-SKETCHER:
Sketcher is the foundation for 3D modeling. In this course, learn how to create 2D profiles as well as
reference elements to support those profiles. You will also learn techniques to shorten the time you spend on
sketching. Gain an understanding of how to control your sketches with geometric and dimensional constraints and
you're ready to create sketch-based features! Master the modeling techniques developed by our experts to create
and edit designs and feature-based solids. Take command of your projects, moving step-by-step to complete a
solid model in class. Put some power behind your designs, using sketch-based features, dress-up features, and
reference features. Enhance the quality of your basic model designs making the most of feature operations.
Discover how to interrogate your model using various information and analysis tools. A sketch is a 2D profile that
is used to create 3D models. To begin creating 3D models one typically starts with a 2D sketch. Sketches are
created in the Sketcher Workbench using wireframe elements (i.e., lines, arcs, circles, etc). The sketch can be a
base profile of most of the part features. The 2D profile can be parameterized by constraints. The Sketcher is a 2D
dimension workspace: the elements created within the Sketcher are exclusively 2D WIREFRAME elements. Back
to the 3D space, the elements created in the Sketcher are seen as a single entity the SKETCH.
Setting before initialization of sketcher:
Many a times it happens user has specify all dimensional as well as geometrical constraints but still the
geometrical feature not showing the exact color of constraint. This is happening because of default setting of the
software. Therefore for correct working before initializing the sketcher workbench make following setting
according to the given path.
Tools Options Sketcher click all options other than grid.
Sketch Support
1. Sketch on Plane:
The sketch support MUST be PLANAR. One can create a Sketch either on a plane or on a planar face of an
existing geometry: Sketching on a Plane: viz. xy, yz , xz
1. Any plane can be the support of a Sketch
2. If needed, you can create planes dedicated to sketches
3. The Sketch Origin is the Plane Origin.
2. Sketch on Surface
1. Sketching on the Face of an Existing Feature
2. The face of the feature must be planar The Sketch is linked to the Feature on which it is created
Constraints
There are times when simple sketches are adequate for your design process, but you will often need to
work on more complex sketches requiring a rich set of geometrical or dimensional constraints. The sketcher
workbench provides constraint commands which will allow you to fully sketch your profiles.
Geometrical Constrains
A geometrical constraint is a relationship that forces a limitation between one or more geometric elements. For
example, a geometrical constraint might require that two lines be parallel. If you select three lines, or two lines
and a point, these elements will automatically result parallel to each others, as illustrated in the table further down.
You can set a constraint on one element or between two or more elements.
Number of constraints Corresponding geometrical constraints Corresponding dimensional constraints
One element Fixed, horizontal, vertical Length, Radius/Diameter, Semi major
axis, Semi minor axis
Two elements Coincidence, Concentricity, tangency, Distance, angle
Parallelism, Midpoint, Perpendicularity
Three element Symmetry, Equidistant point
Dimensional Constraints:
 What about Constraint Colors?
As soon as you detect a constraint problem, try to solve this problem. Otherwise, if you let the model be
overloaded with diagnostics, it will soon become very hard for you to find the origin for each of these diagnostics.
White: Under-Constrained Element
The geometry has been constrained: all the relevant dimensions are satisfied but there are still some degrees of
freedom remaining.
Brown: Element Not Changed
Some geometrical elements are over-defined or not-consistent. As a result, geometry that depend(s) on the
problematic area will not be recalculated.
Green: Fixed Element
The geometry has been fixed using the Constraint Definition dialog box or the contextual menu (right mouse
button).
Green: Iso-Constrained Element
All the relevant dimensions are satisfied. The geometry is fixed and cannot be moved from its geometrical
support.
Purple: Over-Constrained Element
The dimensioning scheme is over constrained: too many dimensions were applied to the geometry.
Red: Inconsistent Element
At least one dimension value needs to be changed. This is also the case when elements are under constrained and
the system proposes defaults that do not lead to a solution.
List of Toolbars in Sketcher Workbench:
Sr. No. Name of Toolbar Description
It is here note that, due to some limitations user can’t
directly shift into sketcher workbench; it has to select any
other workbench than sketcher. And after that selecting
sketcher symbol and required working plane one after
1. other user can shift into sketcher for 2 D Drawings.

This STANDERD toolbar is used in every module of the

software; this, includes options
1. NEW-for creating new geometry
2. OPEN- for open already saved geometry.
3. SAVE- for save the created geometry.
2. 4. QUICK PRINT- print the given geometry
5. CUT- to cut the required portion of geometry.
6. COPY- to copy the required portion of geometry
7. PASTE- to paste the geometry of above 2 steps
8. UNDO- to go back until required by the user.
9. REDO- to go ahead until required by the user.
 This VIEW toolbar is used for moving the geometrical
features as required by the user. It includes
1. FIT ALL IN used to bring the geometry at center,
2. PAN for coplanar moving of geometry either left or
right or inclined directions,
3. ROTATE for rotating the geometry in clockwise or
anticlockwise,
3. 4. ZOOM IN & ZOOM OUT use to enlarge or reduce the
screen geometry for proper visualization.
5. NORMAL VIEW for bring the geometry normal to
viewing direction.
6. VIEW for creating no of views of the object.
7. QUICK VIEW & VIEW MODE which will used in
3D modeling.
8. HIDE & SHOW as the name suggests used for hiding
and showing the geometry as per the requirement.
This PROFILE Toolbar is used for creation of
geometries, the various features includes,
1. PROFILE, used for zigzag, continuous, vertical,
horizontal, curvature path included in the geometry.
2. RECTANGAL is used for various modes of creation of
rectangles, keyways, & elongated holes.
3. CIRCLES, is used for various modes of creation of
circles and arcs.
4. 4. SPLINE is used for various modes of creation of
continuous, point following curves.
5. CONICS, it includes various modes of creation of
conic geometrical shapes, such as, ellipse, parabola,
hyperbola, and other conics.
6. LINE, for creating various methods defining straight or
inclined lines.
7. AXIS LINE, for creating axis lines required by the user.
8. POINT, for creating various modes defining point.

This CONSTRAINT toolbar is used for specifying the

geometrical as well as dimensional constraints on the
geometry, it includes,
1. DIALOGUE BOX for specifying geometrical
constraints, such as perpendicularity, parallelism etc.
2. CONSTRAINT for specifying dimensional values as
per the drawings.
5.
3. AUTO CONSTRAINT for automatic generation of
dimensional constraints as per the drawings.
4. ANIMATE CONSTRAINT to see the behavior due to
variation in particular dimensional value.
5. EDIT MULTICONSTRAINT to modify the entire
dimension specified on drawing at once.
 OPERATION toolbar is used for creating various features
such as 2D corner (filet), 2D chamfer, and various options
for trimming the geometry, different transformation
features (Mirror, Symmetry, Translation, Rotate, Scale,
Offset etc.), Projection of 3D elements on 2D planes.

6.

SKETCH TOOLS, for creating graphical view of the

screen view, includes, the commands GRID, SNAP TO
POINT, CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS,
GEOMETRICAL & DIMENSIONAL CONSTRAINTS
(which must be on for specifying the constraints.)
SKETCH TOOLS in case profile command with various
options to draw curves such as, tangent arc and three
point arcs.

SKETCH TOOLS in case of corner command showing

various ways of 2D corner fillet.
7.

SKETCH TOOLS in case of chamfer command showing

various ways of 2D chamfer.

SKETCH TOOLS in case of Trim command showing two

case of trimming the 2D geometry such as Trim all
elements and trim first element.

WORKBENCH, for shifting from 2D mode to 3D mode

of part drawing.
8.

GRAPHIC PROPERTIES, as the name suggest this

toolbar contains various modes of changing color of the
9. model, changing view ratio of the model, changes in
thickness and types of lines of the part geometry,
incorporating various mathematical symbols on the
drawing.
MODULE 2-Solid Modeling:
The geometry in solid modeling is fully described in 3-D space; objects can be viewed from any angle. Solid
modeling (or modeling) is a consistent set of principles for mathematical and computer modeling of three
dimensional solids. Solid modeling is distinguished from related areas of Geometric modeling and Computer
graphics by its emphasis on physical fidelity Together, the principles of geometric and solid modeling form the
foundation of Computer-aided design and in general support the creation, exchange, visualization, animation,
interrogation, and annotation of digital models of physical objects.
The use of solid modeling techniques allows for the automation of several difficult engineering calculations that
are carried out as a part of the design process. Simulation, planning, and verification of processes such as
machining and assembly were one of the main catalysts for the development of solid modeling. More recently, the
range of supported manufacturing applications has been greatly expanded to include sheet metal manufacturing,
injection molding, welding, pipe routing etc. Beyond traditional manufacturing, solid modeling techniques serve
as the foundation for rapid prototyping, digital data archival and reverse engineering by reconstructing solids from
sampled points on physical objects, mechanical analysis using finite elements, motion planning and NC path
verification, kinematic and dynamic analysis of mechanisms, and so on. A central problem in all these
applications is the ability to effectively represent and manipulate three dimensional geometry in a fashion that is
consistent with the physical behavior of real artifacts. Solid modeling research and development has effectively
addressed many of these issues, and continues to be a central focus of computer aided engineering.
Various toolbars in Part design:
Note: It is herby mentioned that, for Part Design initially users have to draw a constraint sketch with all
geometrical and dimensional parameters but that sketch must be Non-intersecting, closed i.e. there
should not be any open contours or intersection of more than one sketch.
Sr. Name of the Toolbar Description
No.
1 Initialization of the PART DESIGN module. With
initial constraint sketch as defined above.

2 SKETCH BASED FEATURES, it includes the

options of extrusion adding) and material removal
commands.
1. PAD, DRAFTED FILLED PAD, MULTIPAD,
POCKET, DRAFTED FILLETED POCKET,
MULTIPOCKET etc. for linear direction only
(either vertical, horizontal or inclined)
2. SHAFT, SLOT for axisymmetric cases.
3. HOLE with internal threading options.
4. RIB & SLOT for curvilinear as well as circular
geometry.
5. STIFFNER to create thick plate between two
faces.
6. MULTISESSION SOLIDS for geometries
 having difference regarding shape or size in bottom
and top face.
Note: this multisession solid modeling may include
linear, non linear, sections connecting with some
guides or spines etc. it can be say that this is the
strongest command of this software as whatever
possible with all above command is possible with
this single command but not vice versa.

3 BOOLEAN OPERATIONS, it includes various

options regarding SET theory such as ADD,
UNION, INTERSECTION etc. these commands are
normally used for Constructive solid geometries i.e.
modeling with inbuilt parts of the geometry such as
cube, pyramid, sphere, cylinder, trapezoid, etc.

4 PART LIBRARY, this includes commands for

updating the geometries and workbench features.
Most important command include here is
CATALOGUE BROWSER which can be used to
import already build standard mechanical part s
such as, Nut Bolts etc.
5 REFERENCE OR DATUM PLANES, POINTS
CURVES, it includes command to generate
wireframe geometry i.e. a skeleton model connected
with points and lines. Due to this application these
commands can be used to draw points and lines in
3D workbench.
The important command in this toolbar is
REFERENCE PLANES which can be used for
generating various types of planes as per the user
criteria or requirements, such as plane normal to
curve, offset plane, etc.
6 DRESS UP FEATURES this toolbar includes the
various commands for
1. 3D FILLET
2. 3D CHAMFER
3. DRAFT on any plane (to make it taper)
4. SHELL (to create hollow & uniform thick body
either closed or open)
5. THICKNESS to enlarge thickness of any side.
6. THREAD for external threading.
7. REMOVE FACES etc.

7 APPLY MATERIAL & MEASURE these both

toolbars are significantly used for mass properties
calculation such as, Mass, Weight, Volume and
various engineering properties.
8 SURFACE BASED FEATURES, this toolbars
includes the commands for putting uniform
thickness on the parts modeled in Surface modeling
mode and other commands for the same
applications.
7 KNOWLEDGE, this tool bar includes the various
commands for parametric modeling, such as,
FORMULA, COMMENT, ANALYSIS etc. also
this toolbar includes Design Table to create 3D
modeling which needs frequent modification. E.g.
automobile parts.

8 TRANSFROMATION FEATURES, It includes the

commands required for transforming the 3D object
from one location to another,
1. TRANSLATION to move object parallel with
initial object in same plane.
2. ROTATE to rotate the 3D object in clockwise or
anticlockwise directions.
3. SYMMETRY to show similar image about some
reference object or plane.
4. AXIS TO AXIS to move axis system.
5. MIRROR to show similar image about some
reference object or plane.
6. PATTERN to create no of same entities or
operations already done with following types,
a) Rectangular
b) Circular
c) User defined
7. SCALE to reduce or enlarge the shape of model.
9 ANNOTATIONS this toolbar is used to create
geometrical and dimensional tolerance symbols,
datum planes, text massage etc on the 3D part
model.

11 SKETCHER shifting back in sketcher workbench

form part design module or surface design module.
MODULE 3-Assembly modeling
Assembly modeling is a technology and methods used by computer-aided design and product
visualization computer software systems to handle multiple files that represent components within a product. The
components within an assembly are represented as solid or surface models. The designer generally has access to
models that others are working on concurrently. For example, several people may be designing one machine that
has many parts. New parts are added to an assembly model as they are created. Each designer has access to the
assembly model, while a work in progress, and while working in their own parts. The design evolution is visible
to everyone involved. The individual data files describing the 3D geometry of individual components are
assembled together through a number of sub-assembly levels to create an assembly describing the whole product.
All CAD and CPD systems support this form of bottom-up construction. Some systems, via associative copying
of geometry between components also allow top-down method of design. Components can be positioned within
the product assembly using absolute coordinate placement methods or by means of mating conditions. Mating
conditions are definitions of the relative position of components between each other; for example alignment of
axis of two holes or distance of two faces from one another. The final position of all components based on these
relationships is calculated using a geometry constraint engine built into the CAD or visualization package. The
importance of assembly modeling in achieving the full benefits of PLM has led to ongoing advances in this
technology. These include the use of lightweight data structures such as JT that allow visualization of and
interaction with large amounts of product data, direct interface to between Digital Mock ups and PDM systems
and active digital mock up technology that unites the ability to visualize the assembly mock up with the ability to
measure, analyze, simulate, design and redesign. In most Engineering Designs, the product of interest is a
comparison of parts, formed into an assembly. Assembly modeling is considered as an extension of Part
modeling. It raises two modeling issues that do not exist at the part modeling level: hierarchy and mating. These
two issues distinguish assembly modeling from part modeling. Individual parts and subassemblies must be
assembled in the right hierarchy (sequence), which is captured (stored) in an assembly tree for each assembly or
product. Mating conditions are used to determine the mating (spatial relationships and orientations) between the
assembly parts. An assembly is a collection of independent parts. The assembly model must include must include
the spatial positions and hierarchical relationships among the parts, and the assembly (attachment) relationships
(mating conditions) between parts. Fig shows how an assembly model can be created using CAD systems.
Following point must be consider to create an assembly,
 Identify the dependencies between the components of an assembly.
 Identify the dependencies between the features of each part.
 Analyze the order of assembling the parts.
Bottom up Assembly Approach:
There are three assembly approaches exists: bottom-up, top down, or a combination of both. In bottom up
approach we create the individual parts independently, insert them into an assembly, and use the mating
conditions to locate and orient them in the assembly as required by the assembly design. It is good for any size of
assembly, is ideal for large assemblies consisting of ten thousands of parts. It provides an effective tool and well
organized approach to managing the design of large assemblies. It allows a project leader to break up product
specifications, assign work teams, and enforce downstream designs at a high level.
In the bottom up approach parts are already been constructed, as in the case of off-the shelf parts. It also allows
the designers to focus on the individual parts. It also makes it easier and simpler to maintain the relationships and
regeneration behaviour of parts than in the top-down approach.
Top down Assembly Approach:
The top down assembly approach communicates design criteria to subsystem developers, including
suppliers. This allows distributed design teams to work concurrently within a common product framework. It also
allows detailed design to begin while the assembly layout is being finalized. The top down approach lends itself
well to the conceptual design phase. It captures the design intend of a product in the early design stages at a high
level of abstraction. The top down assembly approach begins with an assembly layout sketch (also known as
assembly sketch or skeleton model). The layout serves as the behind-the –scenes backbone of the assembly. The
layout defines the component in the context of an assembly. These components are empty as they do not have any
external references to actual parts and subassemblies files yet. The advantages include that if we change the layout
sketch, the assembly and its parts are automatically updated upon exiting the sketch. We make all the changes
quickly in one place, the assembly layout sketch.
Sr. No. Name of the Toolbar Description
PRODUCT STRUCTURE TOOLBAR includes various
commands for import of the already created model for
assembly. And modification of the existing components.

MOVE toolbar includes various commands for manipulation

and distribution of the already modeled components in all
directions for proper assembly and visualization.

CONSTRAINTS this toolbar includes various options for

creating geometrical and dimensional constraints in various
modeled component while assembly such as coincident,,
surface contact, offset, angle contact, fix, pattern etc.

ASSEMBLY FEATURES includes various transformation

feature commands which are used in assembly only. Some
feature includes commands like split, hole etc for further
modification in assembly.
MODULE 4-Production drawing (drafting)
Technical drawing, also known as drafting or draughting, is the act and discipline of composing
plans that visually communicate how something functions or has to be constructed. Drafting is the visual language
of industry and engineering. A drafter, draftsperson, or draughtsman is a person who makes a drawing (technical
or otherwise). A professional drafter who makes technical drawings is sometimes called a drafting technician.
People who communicate with technical drawings, (those who design and those who are trades people), may
use technical standards that define practical symbols, perspectives, units of measurement, notation systems, visual
styles, or layout conventions. These enable a drafter to communicate more concisely by using a commonly
understood convention. Together, such conventions constitute a visual language, and help to ensure that the
drawing is unambiguous and relatively easy to understand.
This need for unambiguous communication in the preparation of a functional document distinguishes technical
drawing from the expressive drawing of the visual arts. Artistic drawings are subjectively interpreted; their
meanings are multiply determined. Technical drawings are understood to have one intended meaning.
Guidelines for dimensioning:
1. While dimensioning there should not be any assumptions, those should be clearly understandable.
2. Repetitiveness of the dimensions should be avoided.
3. The dimensions should be given on the view that clearly indicates the feature.
4. For all the dimensions given on the drawing there should be the same unit thoroughly.
5. Functional dimension should be shown directly on the drawing.
6. Projection lines should be perpendicular to the feature being dimensioned.
7. Intersecting construction & projection lines should be extend slightly beyond their point of intersection.
8. Projection and dimension line should not cross each other.
9. The centerline can be used for dimensioning.
10. Avoid crossing of two dimension line.
11. A series of dimension should be arranged in a same line.
12. The longer dimensions should be placed outside the shorter ones.
13. The notes at the end leaders should always be horizontal for ease in reading.
14. Arrowhead terminations should be shown within the limits of the dimension line.
15. The values of the oblique dimension should be oriented on the central position of the dim. Line.
16. Arcs and spheres can be dimensioned by giving radius preceding letters R & SR respectively.
17. Circle should be specified by giving its diameter not the radius.
18. Cylinder’s circular dimensions should be specified by prefixing the symbol  .
Types of Arrangement of Dimensions:
1. Chain Dimensioning.
2. Parallel Dimensioning.
3. Running Dimensioning.
4. Coordinate Dimensioning.
5. Dimensioning by Levels.
Types of Geometrical Constraints:
1. Straightness - a condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a straight line.
2. Flatness - is the condition of a surface having all elements in one plane.
3. Angularity - a surface, axis, or center plane, which is at a specified angle from a datum Plane or axis.
4. Perpendicularity - a surface, axis, or line, which is 90 deg. From a datum plane or a datum axis.
5. Parallelism - A surface, line, or axis, which is equidistant at all, points from a datum plane or axis.
6. Concentricity - two or more features, in any combination, have a common axis.
7. Symmetry - a feature (or features) is symmetrically disposed about the center plane of a datum feature.
8. Position Tolerance - defines a zone within which the axis or center plane of a feature is permitted to vary
From true (theoretically exact) position.

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Setting required before starting with Drafting:

Toolbars required for drafting and documentation:

Sr. Required toolbar Specifications
no.
NEW DRAWING CREATION toolbar is used
for initialization of drafting workbench, it
includes the various commands for
incorporating the drawing sheet (either blank or
with different generated views) and specifying
the standard of drawing, its size and scale etc
parameters.

TEXT PROPERTIES, this toolbar is used for

modification in various text properties, change
in color of various features etc.
VIEWS, this toolbar include various options for
generating the different views as per user
requirement for visualization of the model.
PROJECTIONS for generating front, 3D,
unfolded, auxiliary & isometric views.
SECTIONS, for generating offset, aligned and
cut sections.
DETAILS for creating detail view profile.
CLIPPING for creating clipping view profile.
BREAK VIEW for creating broken and
breakout views.
WIZARD for creating view creating i.e.
combination of different view wizards.

DRAWING, this toolbar is used creating new

sheet either blank or with different views and
tables.

DRESS UP, this toolbar is used for various

dress-up features in drafting such as,
AXIS & THREADS for generating different
axis, threads for different circular C/S object
modeled during solid or assembly modeling.
AREA FILL for creating Hatching in particular
closed profile or section.
DIMENSIONING this toolbar includes various
commands for generating dimensions and
annotations on the working drawing, such as
distance between two entities, radius, diameter,
surface finish, comment, and different tolerance
symbols with specified values and datum.

ANNOTATIONS, this toolbar is used for

putting headers as a massage on a drawing,
ballooning for different drawings of assembly,
different welding and surface finish symbols,
and inserting the tables with different rows and
columns for generating bill of materials.

GENERATION, this toolbar is used for

automatic generating various dimensions on the
already modeled parts when imported in
drafting workbench.

VISUALISATION, this toolbar is used for

generating different views of the working
screen such graphical or plane. Different vies
with or without enclosed boundary.
Both these toolbars are used to change the
dimensional and numerical properties of the
drawings as similar to other drafting packages
like AUTOCAD.

UPDATE and CATLOGUE both these toolbars

are used for updating the drawing after every
modification and catalogue as a dictionary or
encyclopedia for the different geometries.
MODULE 5-Surface Modeling
A mathematical technique for representing solid-appearing objects. Surface modeling is a more complex method
for representing objects than wireframe modeling, but not as sophisticated as solid modeling. Surface modeling is
widely used in CAD (computer-aided design) for illustrations and architectural renderings. It is also used in 3D
animation for games and other presentations. Although surface and solid models appear the same on screen, they
are quite different. Surface models cannot be sliced open as can solid models. In addition, in surface modeling,
the object can be geometrically incorrect; whereas, in solid modeling, it must be correct.
 Plane surface: it requires three non-coincident points to define an infinite plane. The plane surface can be
used to generate cross sections by intersecting a solid with it.

 Ruled Surface: it is a linear surface. It interpolates linearly between two boundary curves that define the
surface (rails). This surface is ideal for representing surfaces that do not have any twists or links.

 Surface of revolution: it is an axisymmetric surface that can model axisymmetric objects. It is generated by
rotating a planer curve in space about the axis of symmetry a certain angle.
 Tabulated cylinder: it is a surface generated by translating a planer curve a certain distance along a specified
direction (axis of the cylinder or directrix). The plane of the curve is perpendicular to the directrix. It is used to
generate extruded surfaces that have identical cross sections.

 Bezier surface: it is a surface that approximates or interpolates given input data. It is a synthetic surface. It
extends the Bezier curve to Bezier surface. It permits twists, and kinks and allows only global control of the
surface.

 B-spline surface: it is surfaces that can approximates or interpolate the given input data. It a general surface
like a Bezier surface but with the advantages of permitting local control of the surface.
  Coons surface: a coons patch is used to create a surface using curves that form closed boundaries.

 Fillet surface: it is a B-spline surface that blends two surfaces together. The two originally surfaces may or
may not be trimmed.

 Offset surface: existing surface can be offset to create new ones identical in shape but with different
dimensions. It is useful surface to use to speed up surface creation.

Note:
1. It is herby mentioned that, for Surface Modeling (Wireframe and Surface design mode) initially users
have to draw a constraint sketch with all geometrical and dimensional parameters but as compared to
Part Design there are no limitations here for creation of 3D model of interesting and open profile, user
can create 3D models with either open or closed profile and either intersecting or non intersecting
profiles. I.e. it can be say that whatever possible in solid modeling can be archived in surface design but
vice versa.
2. Parts modeled in surface modeling mode are having uniform unknown (micro level) thickness which can
modified as per the customer requirement in part design module after completion of the model.
Sr.No. Name of the Toolbar Description
WIREFRAME, as the name suggests this toolbar includes
various two dimensional profile generating options while
working with three dimensional modeling.
1. POINTS
2. LINES
3. REFERENCE PLANES
4. PROJECTION & INTERSECTION to generate
projection / intersection of one model / geometry on other.
5. CIRCLE, it includes complete and corner circle.
6. SPLINE for generating splines and spring geometry.

SURFACES, this toolbar includes the commands for

extrusion of surface geometries, such as, EXTRUDE
(PAD), and REVOLVE, SPHERE & CYLINDER
(SHAFT), OFFSET, FILL (to enclose the wireframe
boundary with a surface), SWEEP (RIB), and
MULTISECTION ETC.

OPERATIONS, this toolbar includes various commands

for cut the surface model of any cross section (SPLIT &
INTERSECTION) and various other transformations
features such as symmetry, mirror, translation, scale,
affinity (non uniform scaling) etc.
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Module 1: Sketcher
Transformation Features:
Transformation is a graphical concept of software module used in CAD CAM that produce the
functionality and Interactivity of the system. Geometric transformations move points in space from one
location to another, or they change the description of a point from one coordinate system, such as a
WCS, to another system, such as MCS. In general it can be defined as the change done to the database
by performing certain mathematical operations on it, so as to produce the desired change in the image.
They are used for following purpose,
• In modeling to express locations of the objects related to others and to move them around in the
modeling space.
• They are used in viewing to generate different views of a model for visualization (in different
positions and directions) and drafting purposes.
• They are also used to create animated files of geometric models to study their motions (using
kinematic analysis). Transformation allows the user to uniformly change the entire picture.
• They are used to obtain different views such as orthographic, Isometric and perspective etc using
different transformation features viz. translation, rotation, scaling, reflection, mirror etc.
Formulation:
In geometrical transformations the simplest motion is the rigid
body motion in which the relative distances between modeling
points remain constant; that is the geometric model does not
deform during the motion. These transformations (translation,
rotation, scaling, reflection or combination of them) can be
applied directly to the parametric representations of models
including points, curves, surfaces and solids. Any point in
space having coordinates as ‘x’ and ‘y’ will be formulated as
P = [x y].
P  x y1 
And a line, L =  1    1
 P2   x 2 y 2 
Translation:
Translating the model means that all of its points move an
equal distance in a given direction. It can be specified by a
vector and a distance, or two points that denote the initial and
final positions of the model to be translated as shown in figure.
Every entity of a geometric model remains parallel to its initial
position. It is specified by the distances between the initial and
final points, whereas in terms of a vector it can be expressed
by some mathematical relations.
i.e. Translation matrix is, T = [tx ty]
1 1
Therefore, new position of above triangle will be, (ABC )   3 3  t x
'
 ty 
 4 1

Rotation:
Rotation enables users to view geometric models from
different angles and also helps with many geometric
operations such as creating circular pattern and
revolved features (array of objects). It requires an entity
(point, curve, or a solid) to rotate, a centre of rotation,
and axis of rotation. Rotating a curve is equivalent to
rotating its data and then reconstructing the curve using
the rotated data. Transformations such as translation,
scaling or reflection are commutative whereas rotation
has a unique property of it being non-commutative. Thus if two rotations are performed on the object
(about z-axis), the sequence of operation will alter the final orientation of the object. Counterclockwise
rotation is taken as positive and clockwise as negative.
From figure, P = [x y]
= [rcosφ rsinφ]
P’= [x’ y’]
= [rcos(θ+φ) rsin(θ+φ)]
= [r(cosθ.cosφ – sinθ.sinφ) r(sinθ.cosφ – cosθ.sinφ)]
= [(xcosθ – ysinθ) (xsinθ + ysinθ)]
 cosθ sinθ   cosθ sinθ 
 x y   P.R where R   
 sinθ cosθ  sinθ cosθ 
Scaling:

Scaling is used to change, increase or decrease, the size of an entity or a model, as shown in figure.
Point wise scaling can be performed if the matrix [T] is diagonal, that is P* = [S] P.
Where, [S] = i.e. x* = sxx; y* = syz; z* = zyz.
Sx, Sy, Sz of the scaling matrix [S] are the scaling factors in the X, Y, and Z direction, respectively.
Scaling factors are always positive (negative factors produce reflection). If the scaling factors are
smaller than 1, the geometric model or entity to which scaling is applied is compressed; if the factors
are greater than 1, the model is stretched. If the scale factors are equal, that is, Sx=Sy=Sz=S, the
model changes in size only and not in shape; this is the case of a uniform scaling. It uniformly
changes the tangent vectors of curve. Uniform scaling does not change the slope, or direction
cosines, at any point. Differential scaling occurs when Sx≠ Sy≠ Sz, i.e. different scaling factors are
applied in different directions. Differential scaling changes both the size and the shape of a
geometric model or a curve. It also changes the direction cosines at any point. It is seldom used in
practical application. Uniform scaling is available on CAD/CAM systems in the form of zoom
command. Scaling is useful if the user needs to magnify a dense graphics area on the screen in order
to visually identify the geometry in the area for picking and selection purposes.
Reflection:
Reflection (or mirror) transformation is useful in constructing similar models. e.g. if a model is
symmetric w.r.to a plane, then only half of its geometry is created, which can be copied by
reflection to generate the full model. A geometric entity can be reflected through a principle plane
(x=0, y=0, z=0 plane) is equivalent to negating the corresponding coordinate of each point on the
entity. Reflection through the x=0, y=0, or z=0 planes can be achieved by negating the x, y, or z
coordinates respectively. Reflection through an axis is equivalent to reflection through two principle
planes intersecting at the given axis. Similarly reflection through the X and Z axis require negating
the y, z, and, the x, y coordinates, respectively. Reflection through the origin is equivalent to
reflection through the three principle planes that intersect at the origin.
The reflection transformation can be expressed by, P* = [M]P.
Where [M] (Mirror matrix) is a diagonal matrix with elements of 1
For reflection through the x=0 plane, set m11=-1, and m22=m33=1. Similarly, setting
m11=m33=1and m22=1, or m11=m22=1 and m33=-1 produces reflection through the y=0 or z=0
plane, respectively.
Reflection through the axis X, requires m11=1 and m22=m33=-1, through the Y axis requires
m11=m33=-1 and m22=-1, and through the z axis m11=m22=m33=-1, produces reflection through
the origin. For later case P*= -P and, therefore, P’*=-P’. That is the magnitudes of tangent vectors
remain constant but their directions are reversed. In general during reflection the distance from any
point P to be reflected to the reflection mirror (plane, line or point) is equal that from the mirror the
image (reflected) point P*.
Homogeneous Representation:
The various rigid body transformations discussed so far represents translation, rotation, scaling and
mirroring and shear are in the form of matrix multiplication, but the translation takes the form of
vector addition. This makes it inconvenient to concatenate (combine) transformation involving
translation. It is desirable to express all geometric transformations in the form of matrix
multiplications only. Representing points by their homogeneous coordinates provides an effective
way to unify the description of geometric transformations as matrix multiplications. Using
homogeneous transformations geometric transformations are customarily embedded into graphic
hardware to speed their execution. They are also useful for obtaining perspective views of geometric
models, in projective geometry, mechanism analysis and design and Robotics for development and
formulation. They remove many anomalous situations encountered in Cartesian geometry, such as
representing points of infinity and non intersections of parallel lines and greatly simplify expressing
rational parametric curves and surfaces.
Any point P is expressed as P(x, y, 1) in Homogeneous coordinate system. The general
transformation matrix is also modified to a 3x3 matrix expressed as:
a b 0
c d 0

 e f 1

The other transformation matrix can be written as,

 1 0 0
a) Transformation (2D): x' y' 1 = x y 1  0 1 0 = x  tx y  ty 1 .
tx ty 1

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
(3D): x' y' z ' 1  x y z 1  = x  tx y  ty z  tz 1
0 0 1 0
 
tx ty tz 1

 cos  sin  0
b) Rotation: x' y' 1 = x y 1   sin  cos  0
 0 0 1

1 0 0 0
 0 cos x sin x 0
About ‘X’ axis: x' y' z ' 1  x y z 1 
 0  sin x cos x 0
 
tx ty tz 1
 cos y 0  sin y 0
 0 1 0 0
About ‘Y’ axis: x' y' z ' 1  x y z 1 
 sin y 0 cosy 0
 
 tx ty tz 1

 cos z sin z 0 0
  sin z cos z 0 0
About ‘Z’ axis: x' y' z ' 1  x y z 1 
 0 0 1 0
 
 tx ty tz 1

 Sx 0 0
c) Scaling (2D): x' y' 1 = x y 1  0 Sy 0
 0 0 1

 Sx 0 0 0
 0 Sy 0 0
(3D): x' y' z ' 1  x y z 1  
 0 0 Sz 0
 
 0 0 0 1
 a b 0
d) Reflection/Mirror (2D): x' y' 1 = x y 1  c d 0
 0 0 1

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
About XY plane: x' y' z ' 1  x y z 1 
0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 1

 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
About YZ plane: x' y' z ' 1  x y z 1 
0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0
0  1 0 0
About XZ plane: x' y' z ' 1  x y z 1 
0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 1
Note: An easy method to remember the reflection transformations would be first write a 4x4 unit matrix.
If the reflection is for XY plane, then, corresponding to Z, i.e. third column, third row, add a
negative sign to 1. Similarly, if the reflection is about YZ plane, then corresponding to X, i.e. first
column, first row, add a negative sign to 1. Similar logic can also be used for XZ plane.
Concatenated or Composite Transformations:
Concatenated Transformations is used to apply series of transformations in geometric modelling.
They are simply obtained by multiplying the [T] matrices of the corresponding individual
transformations. Because matrix multiplication may not be commutative in all cases, attention must
be paid to the order in which transformations are applied to a given geometric model. If we apply n
transformations to a point starting with transformation 1, with [T1], and ending with transformations
n, with [Tn], the concatenated transformations of the given by,
P* = [Tn][Tn-1].....[T2][T1]P.
Mapping of Geometric Models (Coordinate Transformations):
Mappings of geometric models are as useful in geometric modelling as transformations. While
transformations involve one point and one coordinate system, mapping involves one point and two
coordinate systems. Transforming the point’s results in moving it from one location to another
within the same coordinate system. Mapping the point changes its description from one coordinate
system to another, but it does not change its location in the modelling space. We use mapping
implicitly during CAD construction. Each time we define a sketch plane and sketch the profile of a
feature, we use mapping. We input coordinates relative to the coordinate system of the sketch plane,
while CAD software maps the input to the model MCS coordinates before storing it in the model
database. It also useful in assembly modelling. Mapping a geometric model, a collection of points,
from one coordinate system to another does not change its position and orientation with respect to
the origins of both systems. It only changes the description of such position and orientation. This is
equivalent to transforming one coordinate system to another. The mapping parameters describe the
relationship between the two systems and consists of the position of the origin and the orientation of
x*y*z* (another coordinate system) relative to the xyz (original coordinate system).
Three possible cases of mapping and develop their corresponding matrices.
1]. Translational Mapping:
When the axis of the two coordinate systems is parallel, the mapping is defined to be translational.
As shown in fig. The origins of the XYZ and X*Y*Z* systems are different but their orientations in
space are the same.
The point P described by the vectors P and P* in the XYZ and X*Y*Z* resp. The vector‘d’
describes the position of the origin of the former systems relative to the latter.
2]. Rotational Mapping:
Fig. Shows the rotational mapping between two coordinate systems. The two systems share the same
origin, and their orientations are different by the angle . Here it is assumed that the XY and X*Y*
planes are coincident. It is important to realize that the columns of a rotational matrix [R] can be
interpreted to describe the orientations of a given coordinate system in space.
3]. General Mapping:
As shown in fig the general mapping combines both translational and rotational mappings. The
origins and the orientations of the XYZ and X*Y*Z* systems are different. In this case, the general
mapping matrix [T] is given by,
 r11 r12 r13 xd 
r r22 r23 y d  [ R ] d 
[T] =  21 = .
 r31 r32 r33 z d   0 1 
 
0 0 0 1
Where [R] and d are the rotational and translational mappings parts of [T], respectively.
Inverse Transformations:
Inverse transformations and mappings are useful in both theoretical and practical aspects of
geometric modelling. Using inverse mappings, a CAD system enables users to display coordinates of
point relative to a given WCS. Transformation modifies each point of the entity i.e. original matrix
to inverse matrix and vice versa.
The inverse matrix of a homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix is,
a d 0  e d 0 
1
Inv b e 0   b
 a 0  .
ae  bd
 c f 1 bf  ce cd  af ae  bd 

Translation Rotation Scaling

 cos  sin  0 s x 0 0
1 0 0
  Inv   sin  cos  0 Inv  0 sy 0
Inv  0 1 0
 0 0 1  0 0 1
t x ty 1 

= =
=
 cos( ) sin(  ) 0 1 / s x 0 0
 1 0 0   sin(  ) cos( ) 0 .  0 1/ s
     y 0 .
 0 1 0 .  0 0 1  0 0 1
 t x  ty 1 


Projection of Geometric Models:

Projections are use to transform 3D models onto a 2D Projection plane, as viewing of 3D models is a
complex due to the Fact that display devices are only 2D. To obtain the projection of an entity the
projection rays (called projectors) are constructed by connecting the centre of Projection with each
point of the entity. The intersections of these projectors with the projection plane defined the
projected Points which are connected to produce the projected entity. There are two types of
projections based on the location of the center of projection relative to the projection plane. If the
Center is at a finite distance from the plane it results in perspective projection and all the projectors
meet at the center. On The other hand if the center is at infinite distance, all the projectors become
 parallel (meet at infinity) and result is Parallel projection geometry. The perspective projection
geometry does not preserve parallelism, that is, no two lines are parallel. Parallel projection is a part
of affine geometry, which is identical to Euclidean geometry. Similarly in perspective Projections
the size of an entity is inversely proportional to its distance from the center of projection. There are
two types of parallel projections based on the relation between the direction of projection and the
projection plane. If this direction is normal to the projection plane, orthographic projection and view
result and if the direction is not normal to the plane, oblique projection occurs. Again there are two
types of orthographic projections. The one that uses projection a plane which is perpendicular to the
principle axis of the MCS of the model that is the direction of projection coincides with one of these
axes. The other type of orthographic projections uses projections planes which are not normal to the
Principle axis and therefore show several faces of a model at once. This type is called axonometric
projections. These Projections preserves parallelism of lines but no angles thus measurement can be
made along each principle axis.
Axonometric projections are further divided into trimetric, diametric, and isometric projections.
Orthographic Projections:
An orthographic projection of a view is obtained by setting a zero the coordinate value that coincides
with the direction of projection.
Projection after the model rotation.
1 To obtain the front view, we set z = 0 for all key points of the 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
model,
[T] = 
Therefore Homogeneous Transformation matrix will be, 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 0 1

2 For the top view, the model is rotated 90 0 about the X axis 1 0 0 0
 1 1 0
followed by setting the ‘y’ coordinates of the resulting [T] = 0
0 0 0 0
points to zero. The ‘y’ coordinate is the one to set to zero  
0 0 0 1
because the Y axis of the MCS coincides with the
projection direction.
3 For the top view, the model is rotated 90 0 about the X axis 1 0 1 0
 0
followed by setting the ‘y’ coordinates of the resulting [T] = 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
points to zero. The ‘y’ coordinate is the one to set to zero  
0 0 0 1
because the Y axis of the MCS coincides with the
projection direction.
Isometric Projections:
To obtain an Isometric Projection or view, the model and its MCS are customarily rotated by an
angle  =  45 0 about the ‘y’ axis followed by a rotation  =  35.26 0 about the ‘x’ axis. In practice,
 the angle  is taken as  30 0 to enable the use of drafting (plastic) triangles in the manual
construction of isometric views. The values of these angles are based on the fact that the three axes
are foreshortened equally in the isometric view. The homogeneous Transformation matrix will be,
1 0 0 0  cos  0 sin  0  x
0 cos   sin  0  0 1 1 0  y
P T = [T x ][T y ]P =    
0 sin  cos  0   sin  0 cos  0 z
     
0 0 0 1  0 0 0 1 1 
Conclusion:
Sr. No. Parameters Analytical values Software values
1
2
3
4
5

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Practice:
1. The concatenated transformation of the graphics elements consists of following operations:
a) The translation through 4 & 2 units along X & Y direction respectively.
b) The change of scale by 2 units in X direction and 4 units in Y direction.
c) Rotation by 60 deg. In CCW about an axis passing through the point (4, 2).
Write the Homogeneous transformations matrices for the above operations and develop the
concatenated transformation matrix if the operations are done in the above sequence. What will be
the effect of above transformations on a circle having radius of 5 units with the centre originally
located at (0, 0). Divide the circle in eight equal parts. Sketch the original and circle after
transformations.
2. A rectangle is formed by four points ABCD having coordinates A (50, 50), B (100, 50), C (100, 80),
D (50, 80). Calculate the new vertices of rectangle if it is operated by following transformations,
a) Translation by 4 & 5 units along X & Y respectively.
b) Scaled by 0.5 and 0.6 units along X & Y.
c) Rotation by 600 CCW about Z axis.
d) Reflection about line joining the vertices A & C.
Note: Students can choose any one problem for submission and attach the printout of program and its
output.
Numerical result by software:
1. A triangle ABC with vertices A (0, 0), B (60, 30), C (0, 30) is to be scaled by a factor of 2 abut
point (60, 30). Determine:
a) The composite transformation matrix; and
b) The coordinates of the vertices for a scaled triangle.

2. A triangle ABC with vertices A (2, 4), B (4, 6), and C (2, 6) is to be reflected about the line x-
2y+4 = 0. Determine:
a) The composite transformation matrix; and
b) The coordinates of the vertices for a reflected triangle.
3. A rectangle ABCD having diagonal corner A(2,2) and C(10,8) is to be reflected about line y =
1.7321x-3,
Determine,
a. The concatenated transformation matrix.
b. The coordinate of the rectangle after transformation.

4. Consider a triangle ABC having coordinates A (5, 5) B (8, 5) and C (5, 10). Determine the new
vertex positions when the triangle is rotated by 60 0 CCW about vertex A then it is scaled by 2
units in X and 3 units in Y direction respectively after that it is mirrored about a line y = 2x+4.
5. The concatenated transformation of the graphics elements consists of following operations:
a. The translation through 4 & 2 units along X & Y direction respectively.
b. The change of scale by 2 units in X direction and 4 units in Y direction.
c. Rotation by 60 deg. In CCW about an axis passing through the point (4, 2).
Write the Homogeneous transformations matrices for the above operations and develop the
concatenated transformation matrix if the operations are done in the above sequence.
What will be the effect of above transformations on a circle having radius of 5 units with the
centre originally located at (0, 0). Divide the circle in eight equal parts. Sketch the original and
circle after transformations.
Module: 2 Part Design (Solid Modeling)
Module 3: Surfacing (Surface Modeling)

Exercise 1: Tennis Racket

Step 1: Sweep with elliptical profile of Step 2: Sweep with elliptical profile of Ø9 x
Ø10 x Ø20 and guide curve of Ø200 x Ø17.5 and guide curve as shown below.
300.
Step 3: Split between step 1 & 2 and Step 4: Multisession solids from following sketches on planes 175 apart.
symmetry of the same step.

Step 5: Extrusion of 125 with following Step 6: Fill the c/s of step 5 Step 7: Fill with intersecting c/s as shown
profile of ellipse Ø45 x Ø40. below.
Exercise 2: Water Jar
Module 4&5: Assembly & Drafting
Bench Vice Assembly
Butterfly Valve Assembly
Crosshead Assembly
Double Bearing Assembly
Fixture Assembly
Pulley Support Assembly
Shock Assembly
Wheel Support Assembly
Mass Property Calculation:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Sketch Part model

Material Properties Mass properties

Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Instructions for conducting Practical Exam of Solid Modeling and Drafting
Question Details Marks
No.
Q. 1 a) A simple 2D sketch involving all the constraints. 10
Marks will be given
as per the sketch
constraint within
dimensions given on
sketch. Avoid
assumptions in
drawing. (accept if
required in
consultation with
external)
Q. 1 b) A simple 3D model using surface modeling which should 10
involve minimum modeling commands like extrusion, revolve,
intersection, pocket etc.
Q. 2. A numerical on transformation feature should be given to 10 + 10 = 20
students to attempt it on practical sheet provided. Complexity 10 marks for
should not go beyond two transformations. Further the same analytical solution
answers should be matched with software solution using and 10 marks for
transformation feature commands available in software. software screenshot.
Q. 3. Student should make assembly of any product involving 30
minimum 5 and maximum 8 components. Repeat part with If student has done
same dimensions should be counted as one part. only part models
maximum 20 marks
should be given and
in case of complete
assembly with all
constraints allot full
marks.

Note:
1. Internal examiner should maintain all the work done by students in one folder with
screenshots, parts and assembly of the question paper.
2. Find the attach sample of the question paper.
 Sample Practical Question Paper
Q. 1 a) Draw the following sketch using suitable software sketcher workbench with all constraints. 10

Q. 1 b) Create a simple CAD model as per your convenience, using surface modeling to create a 10
helical spring of diameter 20mm, height 100mm, pitch 3mm, cross section 4mm and
thickness 1mm.
OR
Q. 2. Solve the following numerical and validate the same answers with software solution. 20
A triangle ABC with vertices A (2, 4), B (4, 6), and C (2, 6) is to be reflected about the line
x-2y+4 = 0. Determine:
e) The composite transformation matrix; and
f) The coordinates of the vertices for a reflected triangle.
Q. 3. Create CAD Models as per given drawing and make its assembly using any suitable 30
Software.