Advanced Mathematics

for Business and Technology

Prof. Vincent Ginis

vincent.ginis@vub.be
vincentginis.be
Higher order linear ODEs
1. Second order linear ODEs

homogeneous
equation

Examples:
1. Second order linear ODEs

Defining the operator L:

1. Second order linear ODEs

Revisiting a previous example:

1. Second order linear ODEs

Examples:
1. Second order linear ODEs
Reduction of order method

Introducing w’ = v reduces the equation to:

2. Constant coefficient second order linear ODEs

In general: Characteristic equation:

2. Constant coefficient second order linear ODEs

Example:
2. Constant coefficient second order linear ODEs
Complex numbers and Euler’s formula
2. Constant coefficient second order linear ODEs
Complex roots
2. Constant coefficient second order linear ODEs
Complex roots
3. Higher order linear ODEs

*One of the big mysteries of life: generally the world around us is “second order.”
3. Higher order linear ODEs
3. Higher order linear ODEs
4. Nonhomogeneous equations

The associated homogeneous equation:

Solution to the homogeneous equation:

Full solution is the complementary solution

+ any particular solution:
4. Nonhomogeneous equations
4. Nonhomogeneous equations
Undetermined coefficients

Add boundary conditions

here, not earlier!
4. Nonhomogeneous equations
Undetermined coefficients
4. Nonhomogeneous equations
Variation of parameters
4. Nonhomogeneous equations
Variation of parameters
4. Nonhomogeneous equations
Variation of parameters
 Advanced Mathematics
for Business and Technology

Prof. Vincent Ginis

vincent.ginis@vub.be
vincentginis.be