Advanced Mathematics

for Business and Technology

Prof. Vincent Ginis

vincent.ginis@vub.be
vincentginis.be
First order (differential) equations
Differential equations
Types?

Ordinary (ODE) vs partial diff.

Equations (PDE):
Function of 1 variable vs several variables

Order (first order, second order…):

Highest order derivative in the equation

Linear vs non linear:

All terms linear in the dependent variable or
not?

Homogeneous vs heterogeneous:
With or without the zero-order term?
Differential equations
Types?

Order? Linear? Homogeneous?

A. First order, Linear, Homogeneous

B. Second order, Linear, Homogeneous
C. First order, Non Linear, Homogeneous
D. Second order, Non Linear, Homogeneous
E. First order, Linear, Heterogeneous
F. Second order, Linear, Heterogeneous
G. First order, Non Linear, Heterogenous
H. Second order, Non Linear, Heterogenous
1. Integrals as solutions

Simplifying
cases:

Example:
1. Integrals as solutions

Example:
1. Integrals as solutions
2. Slope fields

We know the slope of our curves

for each point in the (x,y)-plane.
2. Slope fields

We know the slope of our curves

for each point in the (x,y)-plane.
2. Slope fields
Existence and uniqueness
2. Slope fields
Existence and uniqueness
3. Separable equations
4. Linear equations and the integrating factor
4. Linear equations and the integrating factor
Example
5. Substitution
5. Substitution
Bernouilli equations

This differential equation can be transformed

into a linear differential equation
under the following subsitution:

This is a linear differential equation in z(x).

5. Substitution
Bernouilli equations
5. Substitution
Bernouilli equations
5. Substitution
Bernouilli equations
5. Substitution
Bernouilli equations
 First-order differential equations:
Differential equation with homogeneous functions

with P(x,y) and Q(x,y) homogeneous functions of the same degree.

This differential equation can be solved by introducing the new
variable u:

We can rewrite P(x,y) and Q(x,y) as:

 First-order differential equations:
Differential equation with homogeneous functions

Doing so, we can rewrite this into a separable equation in x and u.

First-order differential equations:
Differential equation with homogeneous functions (example)
 Advanced Mathematics
for Business and Technology

Prof. Vincent Ginis

vincent.ginis@vub.be
vincentginis.be