ESci 116n

Differential Equations
Engr. Ben Daniel N. Gamutan
Learning Outcome

At the end of this lesson, the students must be able to:

❖ define differential equations

❖ define terminologies used in differential equations
❖ prove solutions of differential equations
❖ identify the importance of initial value problems in the
solution of differential equations
❖ evaluate the constants of a DE
❖ find the family of curves of a DE
Differential Equations

An equation containing the derivatives of one or more dependent

variables, with respect to one or more independent variables, is
said to be a differential equation (DE).

Differential Equation is any equations which contains

derivative, either ordinary differential equation or partial DE
Differential Equations

How to classify Differential Equation (DE)?

1. Type
2. Order and Degree
3. Linearity
Differential Equations

How to classify Differential Equation (DE)?

1. Type
Differential Equations
How to classify Differential Equation (DE)?
1. Type

If an equation contains only ordinary derivatives of one or more

dependent variables with respect to a single independent variable it
is said to be an ordinary differential equation (ODE).
Differential Equations
How to classify Differential Equation (DE)?
1. Type

If an equation involving partial derivatives of one or more

dependent variables of two or more independent variables is called
a partial differential equation (PDE).
Differential Equations
How to classify Differential Equation (DE)?
1. Type

Activity: Identify whether ODE or PDE.

Differential Equations

How to classify Differential Equation (DE)?

1. Type

2. Order and Degree

Differential Equations
How to classify Differential Equation (DE)?
2. Order and Degree

The order of a differential equation (either ODE or PDE) is the order

of the highest derivative in the equation.

Order must be free from square roots, and

not inside function of a transcendental
function but on an existing
derivative/differential
Differential Equations
How to classify Differential Equation (DE)?
2. Order and Degree

The degree of a differential equation (either ODE or PDE) is the

degree of the order of a DE
second order
first degree
Differential Equations
How to classify Differential Equation (DE)?
2. Order and Degree

Activity: Identify the type, order and degree of the DE.

Differential Equations

How to classify Differential Equation (DE)?

1. Type
2. Order and Degree

3. Linearity
Differential Equations
How to classify Differential Equation (DE)?
3. Linearity

An nth-order ordinary differential equation 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ , … , 𝑦 (𝑛) )= 0 is

said to be linear if F is linear in x, y, y’, . . . , y (n) . This means that
an nth-order ODE is linear when 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑦 ′ , … , 𝑦 (𝑛)) = 0 is

or

If g(x) = 0, then the DE is also homogeneous

 Differential Equations
How to classify Differential Equation (DE)?
3. Linearity
An nth order ODE is linear if we can write

1. The dependent variable y and all its derivative, y’ , y’’,.......y(n)

are of the first degree, that is, the power involving the each
term involving y is 1.
2. The coefficients, a0, a0 ……. an of y’ , y’’,.......y(n) depend at
most of the independent variable x
Differential Equations
How to classify Differential Equation (DE)?
3. Linearity

Activity: Identify the linearity and homogeneity of the DE.

Differential Equations

Types of Solutions
 Differential Equations

Types of Solutions
1. The General Solution (GS), which is the solution containing a
number if arbitrary constants equal to the order of the equation.
(at least one Arbitrary Constants)

2. The Particular Solution (PS), which is the solution obtained from

the general solution by assigning particular values to the arbitrary
constant/s
(w/o arbitrary Constants)
Differential Equations
Example
Differential Equations
Example
Differential Equations

Initial Value Problem

Differential Equations
Differential Equations
Example

1. y’ = 6x - 3 ; y(0) = 4
Differential Equations
Example

1. Find the solution IVP y’ = 6x - 3, such that y(0) = 4

Differential Equations

Elimination of Arbitrary
Constants
Differential Equations

There are several ways of arriving at a differential equation.

One way is by the method called the Elimination of Arbitrary
Constants. The means that, we start with the given function
and find the corresponding differential, thus, the function
serves as the solution for the differential equation.
Differential Equations

Eliminate the arbitrary constants

Differential Equations

Family of Curves
Differential Equations

Family of Curves are equations that includes arbitrary

constants. This equation are mostly standard equation of conic
section of line, Circle, Parabola, Ellipse and Hyperbola.
Differential Equations
Example

1. Find the differential equation of the family of circles having the center
on the y-axis.
Differential Equations
Example

2. Straight lines with slope and y-intercept equal.

Differential Equations
Example

3. Family of parabolas with vertex on the x axis and axis parallel to the
y-axis.
Differential Equations

End of Module 1
Thank you for listening