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CERTIFICATE

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THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT NIHAR M OF CLASS XII HAS
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED CHEMISTRY PROJECT ON THE
TOPIC "Extraction of Essential Oils Present in Aniseed(Saunf),
Carum(Ajwain) and Cardamom(illaichi)" AS PRESCRIBED BY Mrs ARTHI
Ma’am, DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019 AS PER THE THIS
IS TO CERTIFY THAT NIHAR M OF CLASS XII HAS SUCCESSFULLY
COMPLETED CHEMISTRY PROJECT ON THE TOPIC "Extraction of
Essential Oils Present in Aniseed(Saunf), Carum(Ajwain) and
Cardamom(illaichi)" AS PRESCRIBED BY Mrs ARTHI Ma’am, DURING
THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019 AS PER THE GUIDELINES ISSUES
BY CENTRAL BOARD OF EDUCATIONGUIDELINES ISSUES BY
CENTRAL BOARD OF EDUCATION.

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Acknowledgement
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to
the principal Ms Madhusmitha ma’am of Senior
Secondary School, Emerald International school for her
encouragement and for all the facilities that she provided
in this project work. I extent my hearty thanks to Mrs.
Arthi Abhirami ma’am , Chemistry teacher, who guided
me to the successful completion of this project . I take
this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude
for her invaluable guidance, attitude and immense
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all stage of
this project work
Submitted by
Nihar M
XII SCIENCE

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S.no contents Page.no
1 introduction
2 experiment
3 Theory
4 Procedure&
requirements
5 Observations
6 Conclusion
and
precautions
7 Bibliography

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INTRODUCTION
We are all familiar with the pleasant odours coming out from flowers, spices
and many trees. The essence or aromas of plants are due to volatile oils
present in them. These smelling volatile oils present in plants are called
essential oils. Cinnamon, clove, cumin, eucalyptus, garlic, jasmine,
peppermint, rose, sandalwood, spearmint, thyme, wintergreen are a few
familiar examples of valuable essential oils. The term “essential oils” literally
means “oils derived from the essence” of plants. Essential oils are mainly used
for their pleasant odours and flavors in perfumes and as flavoring agents in
foods. Some are used in medicines (e.g., camphor, wintergreen, eucalyptus)
others as insect repellants (e.g., citronella).

Chemically essential oils are composed of complex mixtures of ester, alcohols,

phenols, aldehydes, ketones and hydrocarbons. They are essentially non-polar
compounds and are thus soluble in non-polar solvents such as petroleum ether,
benzene etc. Essential oils may occur in all parts of the plant, but they are often
concentrated in the seeds or flowers. They are obtained from the plants by the
process of steam distillation and extraction. The technique of steam distillation
permits the separation of volatile componentsfrom non-volatile materials without
raising the temperature of the distillation above 100° C. Thus steam distillation
reduces the risk of decomposition of essential oils.

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EXPERIMENT
To extract essential oil present in :-

Saunf (aniseed)

Ajwain(carom)

Elaichi(cardamom)

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Aniseed Essential oil
Aniseed, on steam distillation, yields an essential oil, known as `Oil of
Aniseed`, which has now replaced the fruits for medicinal and flavoring
purposes. Aniseed oil is a colorless or pale-yellow liquid having the
characteristic odour and taste of the fruit. The yield of oil generally varies
from 1.9 to 3.1 per cent. Higher values up to 6 per cent have been reported
from Syrian aniseed. Crushing of fruits prior to distillation gives better yields
of oil. The material should be distilled soon after the crushing to prevent any
loss of oil due to evaporation.

Aniseed oil is a highly refractive liquid, which solidifies on cooling. The

congealing point depends much on the anethole content and is a valuable

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criterion for evaluating the oil. Exposure of the oil to air causes
polymerization, and some oxidation also takes place with the formation of
anisaldehyde and anisic acid. The chief constituent of aniseed oil is anethole,
which is present to the extent of 80 to 90 per cent and is mainly responsible
for the characteristic flavor of the oil. The oil also contains methyl chavicol , p-
methoxyphenyl acetone, and small amount of terpenes and sulfur containing
compounds of disagreeable odour.

USES OF ANISEED OIL:-

 In aromatherapy, aniseed essential oil is used to treat colds

and flu.

 Aniseed oil can be made into a liquid scent and is used for both
hunting and fishing. It is put on fishing lures to attract fish.

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  Anethole, the principal component of anise oil, is a precursor
that can eventually produce 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde which
is can be used in the clandestine synthesis of psychedelic drugs
such as 2C-B, 2C-I and DOB.

 Oil of aniseed is also reported to be used as an aromatic

carminative to relieve flatulence, and as an ingredient of cough
lozenges in combination with liquorice.

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Carom essential oil:
Carom seeds are also known as ajwain ,Thymol seeds, Onum , Ajma , Ajmodika
and bishops weed. They are the tiny, cute, delicate and oval shaped herbs with
a penetrating fragrance. Carom seed belongs to the family of cumin and
parsley. These seeds have been used since years as they consists number of
medical properties. Because of their strong aroma, carom seeds are highly
used for the Indian culinary.
Carom seeds are sharp and hot with the burning taste, that’s why few seeds
are enough to bring the flavor in any Indian recipe. Carom seeds can be whole
or powdered one. It is always advisable to buy whole carom seeds as they can
be easily turned into powder form just bygrinding them in a smooth powder.

USES OF CAROM SEEDS:-

These seeds are used for the tempering or tadka’s in the dishes.

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Ajwain has strong, dominant and distinctive taste and flavor, that’s why few
seeds are enough to bring exotic fragrance to the vegetarian and non-veg food.
Ajwain can be used for making pickles as well.
The aroma and unique taste of ajwain is used for making various types of
roti’s, parathas, thepla’s and so on.
They are specially used in different types of meat, snack recipes and dal
recipes to enhance the flavor.
Soups, stocks and stews can be flavored with few seeds of ajwain.
Ajwain are highly incorporated for making various salad dressings and Indian
bakery items.

Cardamom Essential oil:

Cardamom provides a warming and stimulating tonic .Cardamom is also an
excellent choice for the digestive system. I am sure I don’t have to tell you that

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Cardamom is greatly admired and extensively used as a culinary spice all over
the world. You can also try a gargle with Cardamon if you suffer with halitosis
(bad breath). Why not try 1 drop Cardamon and one drop of Peppermint in a
small amount of water as an effective way to freshen your breath! 14

USES FOR CARDAMOM :-

1 Smoothies
Add some cardamom to fruit smoothies to give them an extra edge. It
doesn’t matter what flavor the basic smoothie is – in fact, the more exotic
the better.
2 Fruit loaves
If you want to jazz up your banana bread or add a bit of life to your tired
fruit loaf recipe, then a touch of ground cardamom will make a world of
difference. Just add the spice when you are mixing in the rest of the dry
ingredients and you will get a lovely warm, rich flavor from the finished loaf.
3 Bread
As with fruit loaves, a sprinkling of cardamom will do wonders for your
bread rolls and loaves. Don’t worry about the cardamom turning savory
breads into sweet; the spice will just a hint of warmth to the flavor and you
can add as little or as much as you like, depending on taste.
4 Puddings
Many desserts benefit from the addition of cardamom – rice pudding works
especially well, but you could also try adding a little ground cardamom to ice
cream, set custards, yogurt, and baked fruit.
5 Casseroles
A few pods added to a casserole dish will give a lamb, chicken or vegetable
casserole an extra zing and makes a great entertaining or moving house
meal.

REQUIREMENTS:-
Steam generator (Copper Vessel), round bottom flask (500 ml), conical flask,
condenser, glass tubes, iron stand, sand bath, separatory funnel, tripod stands,
burners, Ajwain(Carum), Petroleum ether(60-80°C),Saunf(Aniseed) .

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PROCEDURE:-
Set the apparatus as shown in the picture of Experimental Setup. The
apparatus consists of a steam generator connected to the round bottom flask
through a glass inlet tube. The flask is connected to a water condenser
through a glass outlet tube. Condenser is further attached to a receiver

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through an adaptor. Take about 750 ml of water in the steam generator and
start heating to produce steam. In the round bottom flask take about 75 gm of
crushed saunf. A vigorous current of steam from steam generator is passed
through the round bottom flask. A part of the steam condenses in the round
bottom flask. As more and more steam is passed, the steam volatile
components of saunf pass through the condenser along with steam. These
contents on condensation are collected in the receiver. The contents in the
round bottom flask may be heated by a bunsen burner to prevent excessive
condensation of steam.

The process of steam distillation is continued for about half an hour. Transfer the
distillate to a separating funnel and extract with 20 ml portions of petroleum ether 3
times. Combine the petroleum ether extracts in a 250 ml conical flask and dry it
with the help of anhydrous sodium sulphate. Remove the solvent from the dried
filtrate by careful distillation in a water bath. The essential oil is left behind in the
distillation flask. Find the weight of the extracted essential oil. Note the colour,
odour and weight of the essential oil

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Name of Item Weight of Initial Weight of Weight of Percentage Colour Odour
Item taken Weight bottle + essential of essential of the of the
(x) essential oil oil oil oil
oil extracted (y/100)*100
(y) (y-x)

colour Saunf
1. SAUNF
(ANISEED):-
100g 10g 11- 1.25 1.25 less like
smell

m m 25g gm %
m
2. AJWAIN
75g 10 11g 1gm 1.33 colo Ajwa
(CAROM):- in
urle
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m gm m % [Type text]
ss
like
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smell
Conclusion
“HENCE WE HAVE EXTRACTED ESSENTIAL OILS FROM 75 GM OF SOUNF(ANISEED), AJWAIN(CAROM)
AND ELAICHI(CARDAMOM)”

Precautions
 If
you accidentally spill essential oils – Clean any spillage with an absorbent material
such as kitchen roll.

 Ifyou accidentally get essential oils in your eye – Flush with copious amounts of MILK
for at least 15 minutes and seek medical advice if symptoms persist.

If you accidentally swallow essential oils – Rinse mouth with MILK and seek medical
attention.

 Handling – Do not eat, drink or smoke when handling. Respect good personal
hygiene.

Always mix with carrier oil before applying to the skin. Never apply to inflamed or
broken skin.

 Do not use neat on skin.

 Do not take internally. If pregnant seek medical advice before using.

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Storage – Store in a cool, dry place away from heat and direct sunlight. Always use
original containers. Avoid contact with polished surfaces and plastic.

 Keep essential oils away from children and pets

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