SECTION 6 (SI): STEEL STRUCTURES.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.1 SCOPE,
62. DEFINITIONS.
63 NOTATION.
64 MATERIALS.
6A.1 Structural Stels
6.4.2 Pins, Rollers, and Rockers.
643 Bolts, Nus, and Washers
643.1 Bolts.
643.2 Nuts
6433 Washers
6.4.34 Alternative Fasteners
6.4.3.5 Load Indicator Devices.
644 Stud Shear Connectors.
645 Weld Metal
64.6 Cast Metal
64.6.1 Cast Stoel and Ductile Iron
64.6.2 Malleable Castings
64.6.3 Cast Iron
6A. Stainless Stoel
648 Cables
64.8.1 Bright Wire
64.8.2 Galvanized Wire
64.83 Epoxy-Coated Wire
6.4.8.4 Bridge Strand
65 LIMIT STATES.
65.1 General
654 Strength Limit State
05.4.1 General
65.4.2 Resistance Factors
6.5.5 Extreme Event Limit State
6.6 FATIGUE AND FRACTURE CONSIDERATIONS.
6.6.1 Fatigue.
66.1.1 General
66.1.2 Load-Induced Fatigue
66.121 Application
6.6.1.2.2 Design Criteria,
66.123 Detail Categories
66.1.2 Restricted Use Details
6.6.1.2.5 Fatigue Resistance
66.13 Distortion-Induced Fatigue
6.6.13.1 Transverse Connection Plates.
66.1.3. Lateral Connestion Plates
66.1.3.3 Onthotropie Decks,
6.62 Fracture
6.7 GENERAL DIMENSION AND DETAIL REQUIREMENTS
6.7.1 Effective Length of Span
6.7.2 Dead Load Camber
6.73 Minimum Thickness of Steel
6.74 Diaphragms and Cross-Frames.
674.1 General
6.7.4.2 ISection Member
6.7.43 Box Section Members.
6.74.4 Trusses and Arches sii AASHTO LRFD Bunce Desicy Sercinicat10%s (51)
6.75 Lateral Brecing..
67.5.1 General.
67.62 Resistance...
6762.1 Combined Flexure and Sher.
6.7.62.2 Bearing,
67.63. Minimum Size
6.7644 Pins and Pin NU sn
6.777 Heat-Curved Rolled Beams snd Welded Plate Giders
6.17.1 Scope...
62.7.2 Minimum Radius of Curvature.
6.7.3 Camber.
68 TENSION MEMBERS
68.1 Genet al enone
68.2 Tensile Resistance,
682.1 General...
682.2 Reduction Factor, U
68.23 Combined Tension and Flexure
683 Net Are oo
684 Limiting Siendemess Ratio
68.5 Builtup Members,
685.1 General.
68.5.2 Perforated Plats
68.6 Byebars.
6.8.6.1 Fectored Resistance...
6.8.6.2 Proportions..
68.6.3 Packing...
6.8.7 Pin Connected Platac
68.7.1 General.
6872 Pin Plates.
6873 Proportions.
68.74 Packing..
69 COMPRESSION MEMBERS,
69.1 General.
6.9.2 Compressive Resistance
69.2.1 Axial Compression.
6922 Combined Asal Compresion and Flext
6.9.3 Limiting Slendetness Ratio
69.4 Noncomposite Members
694.1 Nominel Compressive Resistance.
6.9.4.2 Plate Buckling Coefficients and
6.9.4.3 Built-up Members.
6943.1 General
69.432 Perforated Plates
6.9.5 Composite Members.
69.5.1 Nominal Compressive Re
69.5.2 Limitations
6952.1 General
6.9.5.22 Conerete-Filled Tubes.
6.9.5.23 Conerete-Encased Shapes
6.10 SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS
6.10.1. General
6.10.1.1 Composite Sections
G.ADLLE Stresses... ‘TaRu oF Contents (SD, eat
6.10.1.1.12 Sequence of Loading ..
6.10.1.1.1b Strosses for Sections in Positive Flexure
6.10.1.1.1e Stresses for Sections in Negative Flexure.
6.101.1.1d Concrete Deck Sts...
6.10.1.1.1e Effective Width of Concrete Deck...
6.10.1.2 Noncomposite Sections.
16.10.1.3 Hybrid Sections.
6.10.1.4 Variable Web Depth Members
6.10.15 Stiffness.
6.10.16 Flange Siresses and Member Bending Moments
6.10.1.7 Minimum Negative Flexure Concrete Deck Reinforcement.
6.10.1.8 Net Section Fracture
6.10:1.9 Web Bend-Buckling Resistance
6.10.1.9.1. Webs without Longitudinal Sifencrs.
6.10.1.9.2 Webs with Longitudinal Stiffeners.
6.10.1.10 Flango-Strength Reduction Factors.
6.10.1.10.1 Hybrid Factor, Ry.
6.10.1.10.2. Web Load-Shedding Factor, Ro
6.10.2 Cross-Section Proportion Limits
{6.10.2.1 Web Proportions.
6.10.2.1.1 Webs without Longitudinal Stifieners
102.12 Web wth Longin Sees
6.10.2.2 Flange Proportions
6.10.3 Constructbilty
6.103.1 General
6.10:3.2 Flexure
6.103.2.1 Discretely Braced Flanges in Compression.
610.322 Diseretely Braced Flanges in Tension
TT
6.103.2.4 Concrete Deck.
6.1033 Shear.
G13 Dov Plasmon’
{6.10.4.2 Permanent Deformations.
6.104.2.1 General...
6104.22 Flexu
6.105 Fatigue and Fracture Limit State.
6.10.5.1 Fatigue .
6.10:5.2 Fracture. :
6.10.5.3 Special Fatigue Reqieent fos Webs.
6.10.6 Strength Limit State i
6.10.6.1 Gencral..
6.10.62 Flexure
6.10.62.1 General
6.10.6.22 Composite Sections in Positive Flexure.
610623 Composite Seatons in Negative Flenue ‘and Noncomposite
6.10.63 Shear
6.10.64 Shear Connectors.
6.10.7 Flexural Resistanco—Composite Sections in Positive Floxure..
6.10.7.1 Compact Sections :
6.107.111 General .
6.10.7.1.2 Nominal Flexural Resistance.
6.10.12. Noncompact Sections
6.10.7.21 Generel
6.10.72.2 Nominal Flexural Resistance. ew
6.10.73 Ductlity Requirement...
6.10.8. Flexural Resistance—Compesite Sections in Negative Flextre and Noncompeste Sections 6-124
6.10.8.1 General
6.10.8.1.1 Diseretely raced Flanges in Compression.
6.10.8.1.2 Discretely Braced Flanges in Tension.
6.10.8.1.3 Continuously Braced Flanges in Tension or Gomresin
6.10.8.2 Compression-Flange Flexural Resistance:
6.10,8.2.1 General
6108.22 Local Buckling Resistance
6.10823 Lateral Torsional Buckling Resistance.
6.10.8.3 Tension-Flange Flexural Resistance.
6.10.9 Shear Resistance
6.10.9.1 General
{6.10.92 Nominal Resistance of Unstiffened Webs..
46.10.9.3 Nominal Resistance of Stiffened Webs.
6.10.93.1 General,
6.10.93. Interior Panels
610.933 End Panels.
6.10.10 Shear Connectors
6.10.10.1 General
6.10.10.1.1 Types.
6.10.10.1.2 Piteh..
6110.10.13 Transverse Spacing
6.10.10.1.4 Cover and Penetation.
6.10.10.2 Fatigue Resistance
610.103 Special Requirements for Points of Permanent Loed Contaftexure
6.10.104 Strength Limit Stato
6.10.10.4.2. Nominal Shesr Force
6.10.10.43 Nominal Shear Resistance.
610.11 Stffeners
6.10.11.1 Transverse Stiffeners,
6.1011.1.1 General
6.10.11.12 Projecting Widi
6.10.11.13 Moment of Inertia
6.10.11.2 Bearing Stifteners
6.10.11.2.1 General.
6.10.11.2.2 Projecting Width
610.1123 Bearing Resistance
6103124 Axil Reine of Bering Sines
6.10.11.2.48 General
6.10.11.2.4 Effective Section,
610.113 Longitudinal Stiffeness
6A0.113.1 General
6.10.11.3.2 Projecting Width... :
6.10.1133 Moment Ofte and Rais of yin
6.10.12 Cover Plates
610.12.1 General
6.10.12.2 End Requirements.
610.1221 General.
610.1222 Welded Ends
6.10:12.2.3 Bolted Enés.....
6.11 BOX-SECTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS .
6.11.1 Genera...
6.11.1 Stress Determinations,
6.1.1.2 Bearings ‘TaBLe oF Contents (SD. bx
6.11.2.1. Web Proportions
GALLI. General
6.12.12 Webs without Longitudinal Stiffener..
6.11.2.13 Webs with Longitudinal Stiffenes..
6.11.2.2 Flange Proportions.
6.1123 Special Restrictions on Use of Live Load Distribution Factor fertile Box Sections... 6-163
6.11.3 Constructbility 2
6.13.1 General.
6.13.2 Flexure.
6.1133 Shear
6.114 Service Limit State
GALS Fatigue and Fracture Limit Sate.
6.11.6 Strength Limit State
6.11.61 General.
6.11.62 Flexure
611623 Sexton in Negative Flee
61163 Shear
6.11.64 Shoat Connector
6.11.7 Flexural Resistanco—Sections in Positive Plexure.
6.11.71 Compact Sections
GILT Gener
6:11.7.12 Nominal Flexural Resistance.
6.11.72 Noneompact Setions nnn
6:11.72.1 Genera
6:11.72.2 Nominal Flexural Resistance
6.11.8 Flexural Resistenoe—Sections in Negative Fexure
6118.1 Genera.
6211814 Box Flanges in Compression.
6.118.1.2 Continuously Braced Flanges in Teasion
6.1,82 ‘Flexural Resstance of Box Flanges in Compress
611821 Genel -
6:11.82.2 Unstiffened Flanges.
611.823 Longitudinaly-Stffoned Flange.
6.41.83 Tension-Flange Flexural Resistance
6.11.9 Shear Resistance
6.11.10 Shear Connectors
GALL Stiffners,
GALALL Web Stitfenes.
6.11112 Longitadine! Compression Fange Stoners
6.12 MISCELLANEOUS #LEXURAL MEMBERS
6.121 General
612.11 Seope
612.12 Suengtb Limit Stas
612.1.2.1 Flex
612.122 Combined Flexure end Axil Load.
612123 Shear
6.122. Nominal Flexural Resistance
612.21 General
6.12.22 Noneomposite Members.
612.22.1 Land H-Shaped Members
612.222 Box-Shaped Members
612223 Circular Tubes...
6.22.24 Channels, Angles, Tees, and Bars
6.12.23 Composite Members.
612.23.1 Concrete-Encased Shapes. Gok AASHTO LRED Buipce Desicy Sraciricarioxs (SI)
6.12232 Concrete-Filled Tubes,
6.12.3 Nominal Shear Resistance of Composite Members
6.12.3.1 Concrete-Encased Shapes
6123.2 Conerete-Filled Tubes.
6.123.2.1 Rectangular Tubes «
612.322 Circular Tubes.
6.13 CONNECTIONS AND SPLICES.
6.13.1 General
6.13.2 Bolted Connections.
6132.1. General no
6.132.1.1 Slip-Critical Connections
6.13.2.1.2 Bearing-Type Connections
6.413.2.2 Factored Resistanc
6.13.23 Bolts, Nuts, and Washers
6.13.23.1 Bolts and Nuts.
6132.32 Washers...
6.13.24 Holes
613241 Type
613.24.18 General
6.13.24.1b Oversize Holes
6.13.24.le Short-Slotted Holes
613.2.4.1d Long-Slotted Holes
613.242 Size
6.1325 Size of Bolts
6.13.26 Spacing of Bolts
6.13.2.6.1 Minimum Spacing snd Clear Distance.
6.13.2.62 Maximum Spacing for Sealing Bolts.
6.13.2.63 Maximum Pitch for Stitch Bolts.
6132.64 Maximum Pitch for Stitch Botts at the Ead of Compression Members
6.13265 End Distance:
6.13.2.66 Page Distances.
6413.2.) Shear Kesistance
6.1328 Slip Resistance
6.132.9 Bearing Resistance at Bol Holes.
6132.10 Tensile Resistance.
6.13.2.10.1 General
6.13.2.10.2 Nominal Tensite Resistance.
6.13.2.103 Fatigue Resistance
6.132.104 Prying Action
6132.11 Combined Tension and Skea.
6.13.3 Welded Connections
6133.1 General
6.13.3.2 Factored Resistance,
6.13.32.1 General oronen
6133.22 Complete Penetration Groove- Welded Connections
6.13.3.22a Tension and Compression,
613.3226 Shear.
6.133.2.3 Pantal Penstration Groove. Welded Connections.
6.133.238 Tension or Compression
613.3230 Shear. .
6.13324 Fillet-Welded Connections
6.13.3.24a Tension and Compression.
6.13.32.4b Shear.
6133.3 Effective Ate8 nu
6133.4 Size of Fillet Welds,
6.13.35 Minimam Effective Length of Fillet Welds...
6.1336 Fillet Weld End Returns,
6,133.7 Seal Welds
6-191
6-192
6-192
6-192
6-192
6192
6-192
6-193
6-194
6-194 TanLe oF ConrENtS (SD) 6-xit
6.134 Block Shear Rupture Resistance
6.13.5 Connection Elements
6.13.1 General
6.13.52 Tension
6.13.53 Shear
6.13.6 Splices.
6.13.6.1 Bolted Splices
6.13.6.1.1 General
6.13.6.12 Tension Members
6.13.6.13 Compression Members
6.13.6.1-4 Flexural Members.
6.13.6.1.4a General
6.13.6.1.40 Web Splices
6.13.6.1.4e Flange Splies...
6.13.6.15 Fillers.
6.13.62 Welded Splices
6.13.7 Rigid Frame Connections.
6.13.71 General
6.13.7.2 Webs. ue 2
6.14 PROVISIONS FOR STRUCTURE TYPES.
6.14.1 Through-Girder Spans...
6142 T8808 nn
6142.1 General,
6.14.22 ‘Truss Members
6.14.23 Secondary Stresses.
6.14.24 Diaphragms
6.14.25 Camber. 2
6.14.2.6 Working Lines and Gravity Axes
6142.7 Portal and Sway Bracing.
6.142.7.1 General
6142.72 Through-Truss Spans.
018.2,/3 Deck Iruss Spans
6142.8 Gusset Plates. .
6.14.29 Half Through Trusses,
6.14.2.10 Factored Resistance
6.14.3 Orthotropie Deck Superstnictures.
6143.1 General
6143.2 Bifective Width of Deck.
6.14.33 Superposition of Global and Local Effects
641433.) General
6143.32 Decks in Global Tension
6143.33 Decks in Global Compression
6.1434 Transverse Flexur.
6143.5 Diaphragms.
6.144 Solid Web Arches So
6.144.] Moment Amplification for Deflection
6.14.42 Web Slendemess. 7
6.14.43 Flange Stability.
6.15 PILES,
6.15.1 General.
6.15.2 Structural Resistance...
6.15.3 Compressive Resistance
6153.1 Axial Compression
6.15.3.2 Combined Axial Compression and Flexure.
6153.3 Buckling
6.154. Maxinum Permissible Drivi
REFERENCES
Stesses 6 AASHTO LRED Bunce Desicy SreciicaTIONs (ST)
APPENDIX AG FLEXURAL RESISTANCE OF STRAIGHT COMPOSITE I-SECTIONS IN
NEGATIVE FLEXURE AND STRAIGHT NONCOMPOSITE I-SECTIONS. WITH COMPACT OR
NONCOMPACT WEB:
‘6.1 GENERAL.
‘A6.1.1 Sections with Discretely Braced Compression Flanges.
6.1.2 Sections with Discretely Braced Tension Flanges.
‘AG.1.3 Sections with Continuously Braced Compression Flanges,
6.1.4 Siiont with Coninauly Bred Tension Flange.
A6.2. WEB PLASTIPICATION FACTORS
‘AG2.1 Compact Web Sections.
62.2 Noncompact Web Sections.
A63 FLEXURAL RESISTANCE BASED ON THE COMPRESSION FLANGE,
‘A63.1 General
463.2 Local Buckling Resistance
‘46.33 Lateral Torsional Buekling Resistance
G4 FLEXURAL RESISTANCE BASED ON TENSION FLANGE YIELDING.
‘APPENDIX BS MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION FROM INTERIOR-PIER I-SECTIONS IN STRAIGHT
CONTINUOUS-SPAN BRIDGES...
B61 GENERAL.
B6.2 SCOPE.
B6.2.1 Web Proportions
362.2 Compression Flange Proportions.
'B6.2.3 Section Transitions
36.24 Lateral Bracing.
B62.5 Shear.
6.2.6 Bearing Stifeners.
B63 SERVICE LIMIT STATE
B63.1 General
B63.2 Flexure...
63.2.1 Adjacent to Interior Pier Sections.
B5.3.2.2 AtAll Other Locations,
56.3.3. Redisitibution Muster
1B6.3.3.1 At Interior-Pier Sections
63.32 AtAll Other Locations.
B64 STRENGTH LIMIT STATE.
B6.4.1 Flexural Resistance,
'B6.41.1 Adjacent to Interiot Pier Sections
B6.4.1.2 AtAll Other Locations
B6.4,2 Redistribution Moments
B64.2.1 At Interior-Pier Sections...
64.2.2 At All Other Sections,
6.5 EFFECTIVE PLASTIC MOMENT.
'B6.5.t Interior-Pier Sections with Enhanced Moment-Rotetion Characteristics,
6.5.2 All Other Interior Pier Sections
B6.6 REFINED METHOD
B6.6.1 General
B6.6.2. Nominal Moment-Rotation Curves. .
APPENDIX C5. BASIC STEPS FOR STEEL BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES,
(06.1 GENERAL
€6.2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
C63 SUPERSTRUCTURE DESIGN... :
064 FLOWCHARTS FOR FLEXURAL DESIGN OF -SECTIONS...
(C641 Flowchart for LRFD Article 6.10.3, :
€6.4,2 Flowchart for LRED Article 6.10.4,
(C643 Flowchart for LRFD Article 6.10.5
€6.4.4 Flowchart for LRFD Article 6.10.6.
C6.4.5 Flowchart for LRFD Article 6.10.7
C6.4.6 Flowchact for LRFD Article 6.10.8, "TABLE OF CONTENTS (SI) ox
C64.7 Flowchart for Appendix AG
C648 Flowchart for Article D6.4.1
€6.4.9 Flowohaet for Article D6.4.2
APPENDIX D6 FUNDAMENTAL CALCULATIONS FOR FLEXURAL MEMBERS,
6.1 PLASTIC MOMENT.
D62_YIELD MOMENT...
162.1 Noncomposite Sections
D622 Composite Section in Positive Flexure
16.2.3 Composite Sections in Negative Floxure
16.2.4 Sections with Cover Plats...
6.3 DEPTH OF THE WEB IN COMPRESSION .
63.1 In the Elastic Range (Dan
63.2 At Plastic Moment De)
D64 LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING EQUATIONS FOR Cy > 1.0, WITH EMPHASISON
UNBRACED LENGTH REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAXIMUM FLEXURAL,
RESISTANCE.
D641. By the Provisions of Aricle 610.823.
6.4.2 By the Provisions of Article AS3.3.
16.5 CONCENTRATED LOADS APPLIED TO WEBS WITHOUT BEARING STIFFENERS,
65.1 General...
D652 Web Local Yielding.
D653 Web Crippling... SECTION 6 (SD)
STEEL STRUCTURES
6.4 SCOPE
This Section covers the design of steel components,
splices and connections for straight or horizontally curved
beam and girder structures, frames, trusses and arches,
cable-stayed and suspension systems, and metal deck
systems, as applicable,
‘When applied to curved steel girders, these provisions
shall be taken to epply to the design and construction of
highway superstructures with horizontally curved steel
[shaped or single-cell box-shaped longitudinal girders
with radi greatr than 30 500 mm. Exceptions to tis limit
shall be based on a thorough evaluation ofthe application
of the bridge under consideration consistent with basi
structural fundamentals,
A brief outline for the design of steel girder brides is
presented in Appendix C,
6.22 DEFINITIONS
Abutment —An end support for bridge superstricture
C64
The LRED provisions have no span lait. There has
‘been @ history of construction problems associated with
ceurved bridges with spans greater than about 105 000 mm
Large girder self-weight may cause critical stresses and
deflections during erection when the stool work is
Incomplete. Large lateral deflections and girder rotations
associated with longer spans tend to make it dificult to fit
up cross-frames. Large curved steel bridges have been
built successfully; however, these bridges deserve special
‘considerations such as the possible need for more than one
temporary support in large spans.
Most of the provisions for proportioning. main
‘elements are grouped by structural ation
Tension and combined tension and flexure
(Ante 6.8)
* Compression and combined compression and
fexure (Article 6.9)
‘© Flexure and flecural shear:
© sections (Anticle 6.10)
© Box sections (Article 6.11)
© Miscellaneous sections (Article 6.12)
Provisions for connections and splices are contained
in Anicle 6.13,
Article 6,14 contains provisions specific to particular
assemblages or structural ypes, eg, drough-ginderspans,
ceases orthotopic deck systems, and arches.
Aspect Ratio—in any rectangular configuration, the ratio ofthe lengths of the sides.
Beam—A structural member whose primary function isto transmit loads tothe support primarily through flexure and shear.
Generally, this torm is used when the component is made of rolled shapes.
Beam-Column—A structural member whose primary function is o resist both axial loads and bending moments.
Bend. Buckling Resistance—The maximum load thet canbe carried by a web plate without experiencing theoretical elastic
local buckling due to bending.
Biaxial Bending Simultaneous bending of a member or component about two perpendicular axes,
Bifiercation—The phenomenon whereby an ideally straight or flat member or component under compression may either
assume a deflected position or may remain undefleoted, or an ideally straight member under flexure may either deflect and
‘twist out-of-plane or remain in its in-plane deflected position.
ot 62 AASHTO LRED Buuvce.Desix SevciricavioNs (SD)
Bifurcation Analysis—An analysis used to determine the buckling or bifurcation load.
Block Shear RuptureFeilure ofa bolted web connection of coped beams or any tension connection by the tearing outof'a
portion of a plate along the perimeter ofthe connecting bolts
Bolt Assembly—The bolt, nus), and washer(s),
Box Flange—A flange that is connected to two webs. The flange may be a flat unstiffened plate, a stiffened plate or a fat
plate with reinforced concrete attached tothe plate with shear connector.
Bracing Member—A member intended to brace a main member or pat thereof against lateral movement
Buckling Load—The load at which an ideally straight member or component under compression assumes a deflected
position
Built-Up Member—A. member made of structural steol elements that are welded, bolted or riveted together.
Charpy V-Notch Impact Requirement —The minimum energy required tobe absorbed in a Charpy V-notch test conducted at
a specified temperature
Charpy ¥-Notch Test—An impact test complying with AASHTO T 243M (ASTM A 673M).
(Clear Distance of Bolts The distance betwoen edges of adjacent bok holes.
Clear End Distance of Bolts —The distance between the edge ofa bolt hole and the end of a member.
Closed Bax Section—A flexural member having a cross-section composed of two Vertical or inclined webs which has at
least one completely enclosed cell. A closed-section member is effective in resisting applied torsion by developing shear
flow in the webs and flanges.
Coltapse Load-That load that can be bome by a structural member or structure just before failure becomes apparent.
‘Compact Flange—For a composite section in negative flexure ot a noncomposite section, a discretely braced compression
flange with a slendemess at or below which the flange can sustain sufficient strains such that the maximum potential
flexural resistance is achieved prior to lange local buckling having a statistically significant influence on the response,
provided that sufficient lateral bracing requirements are satisfied to develop the maximum potential flexural resistance.
Compact Section—A composite section in positive flexure satisfying specific steel grade, web slenderness and ductility
requirements tat is capable of developing 2 nominal resistance exceeding the moment at frst yield, but not to exceed
the plastic moment
Compact Unbraced Length For a composite section in negative flexure or anoncomposite section, the limiting unbraced
length of a diseretely braced compression flange at or below which the maximum potential flexural resistance can be
achieved prior t9 Isteral torsional buckling having « statistical significant influence on the response, provided that
sufficient flange slendemess requirements are satisfied to develop the maximum potential flexural resistance,
Compact Web-For 2 composite section in negative flexure or a noncomposite section, a web witha slendemness ator below
which the section can achiove @ maximum flexural resistance equal to the plastic moment prior to web bend-buckling
having. statistically significant influence on the response, provided that sufficient steel grade, ductility, lange siendemess
andlor lateral bracing requirements are satisfied.
Component—A constituent part ofa structure.
Composite Beam—A steel beam connected to a deck so that they respond to force effects as a unit.
Composite Column-—A structural compression member consisting of either structural shapes embedded in concrete, or a
steel tube filled with concrete designed to respond to force effects as @ unit. 63
Composite Girder—A steel flexural member connected to a concrete slab so that the stcel element and the concrete
slab, or the longitudinal reinforcement within the slab, respond to force effects as unit
Connection—A weld or arrangement of bolts that transfers nonmal and/or shear siesses fiom one element to another.
Constant Amplitude Fatigue Threshold—The nominal stress range below which a particular detail can withstand an infinite
number of repetitions without fatigue failure.
Continuowsly Braced Flange—A flange encased in concrete or anchored by shear connectors for which flange lateral
bending effects need not be considered. A continuously braced flange in compression is also assumed not tobe subject to
Tocal of lateral torsional buckling,
Controlling Flange—Top or bottom flange forthe smaller section at a point of splice, whichever flange as the mximusn
ratio ofthe elastic flexural stress at its midthickness due tothe factored loads to its factored flexural resistance
Cracked Section ~A composite section in which the concrete is assumed to carry no tensile stress
Critical Load—The load at which bifurcation occurs as determined by a theoretical stability analysis
(Cross-Frame—A transverse truss framework connecting adjacent longitudinal flexural components or inside a tub section
or closed box used to transfer and distribute vertical and lateral loads and to provide stability to the compression flanges.
Sometimes synonymous with the term diaphragm.
(Cross-Section Distortion Distortion of te cross-section ofa closed:-box or tub section due to torsional loading.
Curved Girder—An I, closed-bos, or tub girder tat is curved ina horizontal plane.
Deck—A component, with or without wearing surface, that supports wheel loads directly and is supported by other
components.
Deck System —A superstructure, in which the deck is integral with its supporting componeats, or in which the effects of
ofaemation af supporting eampanents on the hehavior af the deck i signffonnt
Deck Truss—A truss system in which the roadway is at or above the level of the top chord ofthe truss.
Detail Category—A grouping of components and details having essentially the same fatigue resistance.
Digphragm—A vertically oriented solid transverse member connecting adjacent longitudinal flexural components le
a closed-box or ub section to aster and dsibute vertical an lateral loads an to prove ably to the compression
anges
Diseretely Braced Flange—A flange supported at discrete intervals by bracing sufficient to restrain lteral deflection ofthe
‘lange and twisting of the entire cross-section atthe brace points.
Distortion-Induced Fatigue—Fatigue effects due to secondary stresses not nommally quantified inthe typical analysis and.
design ofa bridge.
Edge Distance of Bolts—The distance perpendicular to the Tine of force between the conter ofa hole and the edge ofthe
‘component,
Effective Length—Te equivalent length KL used in compression formulas and determined by a bifurcation analysis
Effective Length Factor—The ratio between the effective length and the unbraced length ofthe member measured between
the centers of gravity ofthe bracing members
Effective Wideh—The reduced width of a plate or concrete slab which, with an assumed uniform stress distribution,
produces the same effect on the behavior of a structural member as the actual plate width with its nonuniform stress
distribution. oa AASHTO LRED Bripce Destin SrEcincaTioNs (SD,
Elastio—A structural response in which stress is diretly proportional to strain and no deformation remains upon removal of
loading.
Elastic Analysis—Determinstion of load effects on members and connections based on the assumption thatthe material
stress-strain response is linear end the material deformation disappears on removal ofthe fore that produced it
Blasie-Perfecly Plastic (Elastic-Plastic)—An idealized material stress-strain curve that varies linearly from the point of
zaro strain and zero stress upto the yield point of the material, and thea inereases in strain atthe value ofthe yield stress
without any further increases in stress.
End Distance of Bolts The distance along the line of force between the center of a hole and the end of the component,
End Pane!—The end section ofa truss or girder
Engineer—A licensed structural engineer responsible for the design ofthe bridge or review of the bridge construction,
Byebar—A tension member with 2 rectangular section and enlarged ends for a pin connection.
Factored L.oad—The product of the nominal toad and a load factor.
Fastener—Generic term for welds, bots, rivets, or other connecting device.
Fatigue —The initiation andlor propagation of cracks due toa repeated variation of normal stress witha tensile component.
Fatigue Design Life—The number of years that a derail is expected to resist the assumed traffic loads without fatigue
cracking. In the development of these Specification it has been taken as 75 years.
Farigue Life—Tae number of repeated stress cycles that results in fatigue failure ofa detail
Frigue Resistance—The maximum siress range that can be sustained without failure ofthe detail fora specified number of
cycles.
Finite Fatigue Life—The number of eycles to failure of @ detail when the maximum probable stress range exceeds the
constant amplivude fatigue threshold,
First-Order Analysis —Analysis in which equilibrium conditions are formulated on the undeformed structure; thet i, the
cffect of deflections is not considered in writing equations of equilibrium.
Flange Lateral Bending—Bending of a ‘lange about an axis perpendicular othe flange plate due to lateral loads applied to
‘the flange and/or nonuniform torsion inthe member.
Force—Resultant of distribution of stress over a prescribed area. Generic term signifying axial loads, bending moment,
torques, and shears
Praciure-Critical Member (FCM)—Componeat in tension whose failure i expected to result in the collapse ofthe bridge or
the inability ofthe bridge to perform its function,
Fracture Toughness—A measure ofthe ability ofa structural material or element to absorb energy without facture. [tis
‘generally determined by the Charpy V-notch test,
Gage of Bolts —The distance between adjacent lines of bolts; the distance from the back of an angle or other shape to the
first line of bots.
Glrder—A stewctural component whose primary function is to resist loads in flexure and shear. Generally this term is used
for fabricated sections.
Grip Distance berween the nut and the bolt head, ‘SucT10N 6 (SI): Som StmUCTURES 6s
Gusset Plate—Plate material used to interconnect vertical, diagonal, and horizontal truss members ata panel point,
Half Through-Truss Spans—A truss system with the roadway located somewhere between the top and bottom chords. It
precludes the use ofa top lateral system,
Hybrid Girder—A fabricated stel girder with a web that has a specified minimum yield strength lower than one or both
flanges.
Inelastic Action —A condition in which deformation is not fully recovered upon removal of the load that produced it
Inelastic Redistribution —The redistribution of internal force effects in a component or structure caused by inelastic
deformations at one or more sections,
Instability—A condition reached in the loading of a component or structure in which continued deformation results in a
decrease of load-resisting capacity.
Interior Panel—The interior section of a truss or girder component,
Joint —Area where two or more ends, surfaces, or edges are attached, Cetegorized by type of fastener used and method of
force wanster
Lacing —Pletes or bars to connect components of a member.
Lateral Bending Stress—The normal stress caused by flange lateral bending,
Lateral Bracing—A truss placed in a horizontal plane between two I-girders or two flanges of a tub girder to maintain
‘ross-sectional geometry, and provide additional stiffness and stability tothe bridge system.
Lateral Bracing Component—A component utilized individually or as part ofa lateral bracing system to prevent buclding of
components andor to resist lateral loads,
Loon) Torsional Rurbling —Rockling ofa component iqvolwing lateral daflnetion and twist
Level —Uhat portion ofa rigid frame that includes one horizontal member and all columns between that member and the
‘ase of the frame or the next lower horizontal member.
Limit State—A condition in which a component or structure becomes unfit for service and i judged either to beno longer
useful for its intended function orto bo unsafe. Limits of structural usofulness include bree fracture, plastic collapse,
excessive deformation, durability, fatigue, instability, and secviceability.
Load Efject—Moment, shea, axial force or torque induced in a member by loads applied to the structure.
Load Path—A succession of components and joints through which a load is transmitted from its origin to its destination
Load-induced Fatigue—Fatigue effects due to the in-plane stresses for which components and details are explicitly
designed.
Local Buckting—The buckling of a plate element in compression,
Longitudinally Loaded Weld —Weld with applied stress parallel wo the longitudinal axis ofthe weld
‘Major Axis—The centroidal axis about which the moment of inertia isa maximum; also referred to as the major principal
axis,
Net Tensile Sress—The algebraic sum of two or more stresses in which the total is tension 66 AASHTO LRFD Bunce Dssicn SrectricaTIONS (SN,
Noncompact Flange—For a composite section in negative flexure or a noncomposite section, = discretely braced
‘compression flange with a slendemess at or below the limit st which localized yielding within the member cross-section
associated witha hybrid web, residua] stresses and/or cross-section monosymmetry has a statistically significant effect on
the nominal flexural resistance,
Noncompact Seetion—A composite section in positive flexure for which the nominal resistance is not permitted to exceed,
the moment at frst yield
Noncompact Unbraced Length--For a composite section in negative flexure or a noncomposite section, the limiting
unbraced length of a dseretely braced compression flange at oz below the limit at which the onset of yielding in either
flange of the cross-section with consideration of compression-flange residual stress effects has a statistically significant
effect on the nominal flexural resistance.
Noncompact Web—For a composite section in negative flexure or a noncomposite section, a web satisfying steel grade
requirements and with a slendemess at or below the limit at which theoretial elastic web bend-buckling doesnot oceur for
elastic stess values, computed according to bear theory, smaller than the limit of the nominal flexural resistance.
Noncomposite Section—A steel beam where the deck is not connected tothe steel section by shear connectors.
Nonconurolling Flange—The flange at a point of splice opposite the controlling flange.
Nonuniform Torsion As: internal resisting torsion in thin-walled sections also known as warping torsion, producing shear
stress and normal stresses, and under which cross-sections do not remain plane. Members developing nonuniform torsion
resist the externally applied torsion by warping torsion and St. Venant torsion. Each of these components of intemal
‘esisting torsion varies along the member length, although the extemally applied concentrated torsion may be uniform along
the member between two adjacent points of torsional restraint. Warping torsion is dominant aver St. Venant torsion in
‘members having open cross-sections, whereas St. Venant torsion is dominant aver warping torsion in members having
closed cross-sections.
Open Section—A flexural member having a cross-section which has no enclosed cell. An open-section member resists
torsion primarily by nonuniform torsion, which causes normal stresses atthe flange tips.
Orthotropic Deck—A deck made ofa steel plate stiffened with open or closed steel ribs welded tothe underside ofa steel
plate.
Permanent Defletion—A type of inelastic action in which a deflection remains in a component or system after the loads
removed,
Pier—A column or connected group of columns or other configuration designed ta be an interior support for abridge
‘superstructure,
Piich—The distance between the centers of adjacent bolt holes or shear connectors along the line of foree.
Plastic Anatysis Determination of load effects on members and connections based on the assumption of rigid-plastic
‘behavior; that equilibrium is satisfied throughout the structure and yield is not exceeded anywhere. Second-onéer effects
‘may need to be considered.
Plastic Hinge—A yielded zone which forms in a structural member when the plastic moment is attained, The beam is
assumed to rotate as if hinged, except that the plastic moment capacity is maintained within the hinge.
Plastic Moment—The resisting moment of a fully-yielded cross-section,
Plastic Strain —The difference between toal stn and elastic strain,
Plastification—The process of successive yielding of fibers in the cross-section of a member as bending moment is
increased. ‘SucHion 6 (SI) Sreue STRUCTURES “7
Plate—A flat rolled product whose thickness exceeds 6.0 mm.
Portal Frames—End transverse truss bracing or Vierendee! bracing to provide for stability and to resist wind or seismic
Toads,
Post- Buckling Resistance—The load that can be catried by a member or component after buckling,
Primary Member—A member designed to cary the intetnal forces determined from an analysis.
Prying Action—Lever action that exists in connections in which the line of application ofthe applied load iseccentrioto the
axis ofthe bol, causing deformation of the fitting and an amplification ofthe axial fore inthe bolt.
Redistribution Moment—An internal moment caused by yielding in a continuous span bending component and held in
equilibrium by extemal rections
Redisribution of Moments —A process that results from formation of inelastic deformations in continuous structures.
Redistribution Sress—The bending sess resulting from the redistribution moment
Recovdancy-—The quality of abridge thal enables ito perform its design function ina damaged state
Redundant Meniber—A meres whose failure does aot cause failure ofthe bridge.
Required Fatigue Life—A product ofthe single-lane average daily rack traffic, the number of eyeles per ruck passage, and
the design life in days.
Residual Stress—Tho stresses that remain in an ynloaded member or component aftr it has been formed into a finished
‘product by cold bending, and/or cooling after rolling or welding.
‘Reverse Curvature Bending—A bending condition in which end moments on a member eause the member fo assume an $
shape.
Rigid Frame—A structure in which connections maintain the angular relationship between beam and column members
under load,
‘St Yenant Torsion —That portion ofthe internal resisting torsion in a member producing only pure shear stresses om a cross-
section, also referred to as pure torsion or uniform torsion,
‘Second-Order Analysis Analysis in which equilibrium conditions are formulated on the deformed structue; that is, in
Which the defected position of the structure is used in writing the equations of equilibrium.
Secondary Memiber-—A member in which stress is not normally evaluated inthe analysis,
Service Loads—Loads expected to be supported by the structure under normal usage.
‘Shape Factor—The ratio ofthe plastic moment to the yield moment, or the ratio ofthe plastic section modulus tothe clastic
section modulus.
‘Shear-Buckling Resistance—The roeximum load that can be supported by a web plate without experiencing theoretical
buckling due to shear.
‘Shear Connector A mechanical device that prevents relative movernents both normal and parallel to aa interface.
‘Shear Fiow—Shear force per unit width acting parallel to the edge of a plate element.
‘Shear Lag—Nonlinear distribution of normal sess across a component due to shear distortions os AASHTO LRFD Brupex Dsiey Sprcwicarions (SD)
‘Sheet—A fat rolled product whose thickness is between 0.15 and 6.0 mm,
Single Curvature Bending—A deformed shape of « member in which the center of curvature ison the same side ofthe
member throughout the unbraced length.
‘Skew Angle —The angle between the axis of support relative toa line normal tothe longitudinal axis ofthe bridge, ie. 40"
skew denotes a rectangular bridge.
‘Slab—~A. deck composed of co
ete
1 reinforcement,
Slender Flange—For a composite section in negative flexure or a noncomposite section, a discretely braced compression
‘ange witha slendemess at or above which the nominal flexural resistance is govemed by elastic flange local buckling,
‘provided that sufficint lateral bracing requirements are satistie.
Slender Unbraced Length—For a composite section in negative flexure or a noncomposite sectioa, the limiting unbraced
length ofa discretely braced compression flange at or above which the nominal flexural resistence is governed by elastic
lateral torsional buckling.
Slencier Web—For a composite section in negative flexure ar a noncompasite section, a web witha slendemess at or above
‘hich the theoretical elastic bend-buckling stress in flexure i reached inthe web prior to reaching the yield strength ofthe
compression flange.
Slenderness Ratio—The ratio ofthe effective length of a member tothe radius of gyration of the member cross-section, both
respect to the same axis of bending, or the full or partial width or depth of a component divided by its thickness.
Splice—A group of bolted connections, or a welded connection, sufficient to transfer the moment, shear, axial force, or
torque between two structural elements joined at their ends to form a single, longer element,
‘Stey-in-Place Formwork~Permanent metal or precast concrete forms that remain in place ater construction is finished.
‘Stifener—A member, usually an angle or plate, attached tea plate or web ofa beam or girder to distribute Load, to transfer
sheer, ort prevent buckling of dhe mmanbet te whit iis attached,
Siiffess—The resistance to deformation of u member or structure measured by the ratio of the applied force to the
corresponding displacement.
Strain Hardening—Phenomenon wherein ductile steel, after undergoing considerable deformation ator just above the yield
point, exhibits the capacity to resist substantially higher loading than that which caused initial yielding
Strain-Hardening Strain—For structural sels that havea flat or nearly Mat plastic egion in the stress-strain relationship,
the value ofthe strain atthe onset of strain hardening.
Siress Ramge—The algebraic difference brween extreme stresses reaulting from the passage of Toad
Strong-Atis—The centoidal axis about which the moment of inertia is a maximum.
Subpanel—A stiffened web panel divided by one or more longitudinal tienes.
Sway Bracing—Transverse veical bracing between truss members
Tensile Sirength—The maximums tensile stress theta material i capable of sustaining
Tension. Field Action The behavior ofa girder pane! under shear in which diagonal tensile stresses develop inthe web and
compressive forces develop in the transverse stiffeners in a manner analogous to a Pratt truss.
Through-Girder Spans—A girder system where the roadway is below the top flange. Secrion 6 (SU): Stex SrmucTuRes 9
Through-Thickness Stress—Bending stress in a web or box flange induced by distortion ofthe cross-section.
Throwgh-Truss Spans—A truss system where the roadway is located near the bottom chord and where atop chord lateral
system is provided.
Te Plates—Plates used to connect components of a member.
Tied Arch—Aa arc in which the horizontal trust ofthe arch i is resisted by a horizontal ie
Toe ofthe Fille Termination point of filet weld o rolled section fl.
Torsional Shear Stress—Sheat stress induced by St. Venant torsion
Transversely Loaded Weld—Weld with applied stress perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the weld
Trough-Type Box Section—A U-shaped section without a common top flange.
‘True Arch—An arch in which the horizontal component of the force in the arch ib is resisted by an extemal force supplied
by its foundation.
Tub Section—An open-iopped steel girder which is composed of a bottom flange plate, two inclined ar vertical web plates,
and an independent top lange attached to the top of each web. The top flanges are connected with ateral bracing members.
Unbraced Length—Distunce between brace points resisting the mode of buckling or distortion under consideration;
generally, the distance besween panel points or brace locations.
Von Mises Yield Criterion—A theory which states that the inelastic wotion at a point under a combination of stresses begins
‘when the strain energy of distortion per unit volume is equal tothe strain energy of distortion per unit volume in a simple
tensile bar stressed to tho laste limit under state of uniaxial stress. Ths theory is also called the maximum sin-onergy-
‘of-distortion theory. Accordingly, shear yield occurs at 0.58 times the yield strength
‘Warping Stress-Normal stress induced in the eross section by warping torsion andor by distortion ofthe cross-section,
Warping Torsion —That portion of the total resistance to torsion in a member producing shear and normal stresses tha is
provided by resistance to outofeplane warping ofthe cross-section,
Web Crippling The local failure of wb plate in the immediate vicinity of a concentrated load or bearing reaction ducto
the transverse compression introduced by ths loa.
Web Slenderriees Ratio—The depth of a web between flanges divided by the web thickness.
Yield Moment—In a member subjected to flexure, the moment at which an outer fiber first attains the yield stress.
Yield Strengih—The stress at which a material exhibits specified limiting deviation from the proportionsity of sress to
stain,
Yield-Stress Level The stress deterenined in a tension test when the strain reaches 0,005 mam per mi.
63 NOTATION
A= detail category constant; area enclosed within cestertines of plates of box members (tz) (6.6.1.2.5)
(612222)
Ay = projected Bearing area on pin plate (ran); exoss-sectionel are ofa bolt (mm?) (68:72) (6.13.2.7)
Aug > axea ofthe bottom flange (eam) (6.10.10.1.2)
AL area of concrete (mm’) rea ofthe concrete deck (mm (6.95.1) (063.2) :
Az = minimum required cross-sectional area ofa diagonal member of top lateral bracing for tub sections (mt?)
(€675.3)
Aug ® effective cosssection area of an onhotopie dec, ncadng the login ribs (nin?) (6.14.332) &
a
AASHTO LRED Bi
reactions (SD,
average daily ruck traffic over the design life (6.6.1 2.5)
single-lane ADT (6.1.2.5)
effective flange area (mm*) (6.13.6.1.4c)
tea ofthe inclined bottom flange (mn); area of box flange including longitudinal flange stiffeners (mm?);
sum ofthe area of ills on the top and bottom ofa connecting plate (mar); area of ange wansniting a
‘concentrated load (mum*) (C6.10.1,4) (C6.11.11.2} (6.13.6.1.5) (6.13.7.2)
sum ofthe flange area and the area of any cover plates onthe side of the neutral axis corresponding to D, ina
hybrid section (mm? (6.10.1.10.1)
‘gT08s cross-section area of a compression member (mm); gross area of a flange (mmi’) (6.8.2.1) (6.10.1.8)
net cross-section ares of @ tension member (mm’); net area of a flange (mm*) (6.8.2.1) (6.10.1.8)
enclosed area within a box section (mum?) (C6.7.4.3)
smaller of either the connected plate ateaor the sum ofthe splice plete area oa the top and bottom ofthe
connected plate (rat) (6.13.6.1.5)
area ofthe projecting elements ofa stiffener ouside of the we-to-fange welds but not beyond the edge ofthe
flange (mm*) (6.10.11.2.3)
ares ofthe longitudinal reinforcement (ram’) (6.95.1)
area of thebotiom layer of longitudinal reinforcement within the effective concrete deck width (mm) (D6.1)
total area of the longitudinal reinforcement within the effective concrete deck width (mm) (D6.3.2)
area ofthe top layer of longitainal reinforcement within te effective concrete deck widih ra?) (6.1)
area of a structural steel shape (mm?); total area of longitudinal reinforcement over the interior support within
the effective concrete deck width (en?) goss area ofa splice plate (nit area ofthe concrete deck aun?)
(6.9.4.1) (6.10.10.3) (6.13.6.1.4c) (D6,3.2)
cross-sectional area ofa stud shear connector (mms) (6.10.104,3)
anea of the tension Nunge (mm) (D6.3.2)
‘gross area along the cut carrying tension stress in block shear (mm?) (6.13.4)
‘et area along the cut carrying tension stress in block shear (mm’) (6.13.4)
cross-sectional area of bansverse reinforcement that intercepts a diagonal shear crackin aconcrete-encased
Shape (ann?) (6.12.1)
‘gross arca along the cut carrying shear stress in block shear (mm) (6.13.4)
net area along the eu carrying shear stress in block shear (mim) (6.13.4)
area of the web of a steel section (mm) (6.12.2.3.1)
distance beeen connectors (mm); eater fo-centr distance betwen flanges of ljecent bons ine lip
tox section (nm); longitudinal spacing of transverse lange sifeners (mum); distance fom the center ofabolt
to the edge of a plate subject to a tensile force duc to prying action (mm) (6.9.4.3.1) (6.1.2.3) (C6.11.11.2)
(6.13.2.10.4)
ratio of two times the web area in compression to the area of the compression flange (6.10.1.10.2)
‘width of a rectangular plate clement (mm); width of the body of an eyebar (mm); widest flange width (mm);
distance fom the edge of & plate or the edge of perforation to the point of supporto distance between
support (num); clear distance between plates (mm); the smaller ofd, ad D (mm); width of rectangular tube
(com overall thickness of the composite cross-section of a conctete-encased steel shape inthe plane of
‘buckling (mm) distance from the centor ofa bolt to the tae ofthe filet oF connected pare) (C6743)
(6.163) (6.7.72) (694.2) (6.10.11.13) 6.12.2.2.2) (6.12.23.1) 6.132.104) (6.1442)
{ull width ofthe compression flange (ram) (D6.1)
fall width ofthe Mange (nu); for I-setins, fll width ofthe widest ange within the field section wader
consideration; fr tub sections fll width ofthe widest op flange within the field section under consideration;
for closed box sections, the limit of 84 does aot apply (eam) (C6.7.4.2)(6.10.11-1.2)
full wid of the compression lange (mim); width ofa box flange in compression between webs (mn)
(6.10.1.10.2) (6.11.8.2.2)
full width of the tension flange (mm); width of « box flange in tension between webs (mm) (C6.10.9.1)
119)
Projecting width ofa fongitudinal stiffener (mm) (6.10.1.1.3)
effective width of the conerete deck (mm) (6.10.1.10.2)
projecting width ofa transverse or bearing fener (om); fll width ofthe tension flange (mun) (6.10.1.1.2)
(06.1)
ratio of the shear-bucklng resistance tothe shear specified minimum yield strength (6.10.92)
‘moment gradien modifier (6.10.1.6)
‘composite column constants specified in Table 695.1-1 (69.5.1) Section 6(S0): Srues Sravcrunes oa
distance ftom the center ofthe longitudinal reinforcement to the nearest face of a concrete-encased shape in
the plane of bending (wm) (6.12.23.1)
distance from the tp ofthe concrete deck tothe centerline ofthe bottom layer of longitudinal concrete deck
reinforcement (mm) (D6.1)
sistance from tho top of the concrete deck tothe centerline of the top layer of longitudinal concrete deck.
reinforcement (mm) (D6.1)
siameter of a pin (mm); clear distance between flanges (mm) outside diameter ofa circular steel tube (mum);
‘web depth (ram); depth of the web plate measured slong, the slope (mm) (6.7.6.2.1) (6.7.72) (69:42)
(6.10.19.1) 6.119)
depth at which a composite section reaches is theoretical plastic moment capacity when the maximum stain
inthe conerete deck is tits theoretical crushing strain (mm) (C6.10.73)
‘depth of the web in compression in the elastic range (mm) (6.10.1.9.1)
‘permanent load acting on the noncomposite section (C6.10.11.3.1)
‘permanent load acting on the long-term composite section (C6.10.L1.3.1)
‘depth of the web in compression at the plastic moment (mum) (610.62.2)
larger ofthe distances from te elastic neutral ans ofthe cross ection tothe inside face of either ange ios
hybrid section, othe distance from the neutral xis to the inside face ofthe lange onthe sie ofthe neutral
_xis where yielding occurs first when the neutral axis sat the mid-depth of the Web (mm) (6.10.1.10.1)
distance fom the tp ofthe concrete deck to the neutal axis of the composite section athe plastic moment
(0am) (610.7.1.2)
total depth of the composite section (mma) (610.7.1.2)
wearing surface loed (C6.10.113.1)
tofal depth ofthe steel section (mm); diameter of a stud shear connector (mum); depth ofthe member in the
plane of flexure (mm); depth of the member inthe plane of shear (ram); nominal diameter ofa bolt (t=)
(C6.1082.3) (6.10.12) (6.12.2.3.1) (6.12.31) (6132.42)
depth of « beam in a rigid frame (mm) (6.13.72)
‘depth ofa column in a rigid frame (mm); distance from the plastic neutral exis to the midthickness of the
compression lange used to compute the plastic moment (mm) (6.13.72) (D6.1)
‘ransvorso stiffener spacing (mm); the smaller of the adjacont web panel widths (mm) (6.10.93.2)
(6.10.11.13)
distance from the plastic neutral axis tothe centerline of the bottom layer of longitudinal conerete deck:
reinforcement uted to compe the plastic moment (nm) (D1)
distance from the plastic neuteal axis to the centerline of the top layer of longitudinal concrete deck
‘reinforcement used to compute the plastic moment (mim) (D6.1)
distance from the centerline ofthe closest plate longitudinal stiffener or from the gage line ofthe closest angle
longitudinal stiffener tothe inner surface of leg ofthe compression-ange element (ram); distance from the
plastic neural axis to the midthickness of the concrete deck used to compute the plastic moment (mm)
(6.10.12) (06.1)
distance from the plastic neutral axis tothe mithiclmess of the tension flange used to compute the plastic
‘moment (nm) (04.1)
distance ftom the plstic neural axis tothe middepth ofthe web used to compute the peste moment (mm)
6.1)
‘modulus of elasticity of steel (MPa) (6.7.73)
‘modulus of elasticity of concrete (MPa) (6.10.1.1.15)
modified modulus of elasticity of steel for 8 composite column (MPs) (6.9.5.1)
classification number for weld metal (613.321)
design stress forthe controlling lange at a point of splice (MPa) (C6.13.6.1.4b)
fracture-ritcal member (6.62)
critical buckling stress for plates (MPa); elastic lateral torsional buckling stress (MPa) (C6 9.4.2) (6.10.16)
local buckling stress forthe stiffener (MPa) (6.10.11.1.3)
nominal web bend-buckling resistance (MPa) (6.10.1.9.1)
nominal compressive resistance of composite members (MP2) (6.9.5.1)
classification strength of weld metal (MPa) (6.13.3 2.2)
radial fatigue shear range per unit length, taken asthe larger of cither Fy oF Fan (Nites) (6.10.10.1.2)
radial fatigue shear range per unit length due tothe effect of any curvature between brace points (N/mm)
(6:10.10.1.2)
radial fatigue shear range per unit length due to torsion caused by effects other than curvature, such as skew
(mm) (6.10,10.12) te
h
AASHTO LRFD Brnce Drsion SeeciricaTions (51)
statically equivalent uniformly distributed lateral force dus to the factored loads from concrete deck overhang
brackeis (Nimm) (C6.10.3.4)
flange local buckling
‘maximum potential compression-flange flexural resistance (MPa) (C6.10.82.1)
nominal flexural resistance ofa flange (MPa) (C6.10.8.2.1)
nominal flexural resistance of a compression flange (MPa) (C5.82.3)
nominal compression-flange local buckling flexural resistance (MPa) (CD6 4.1)
nominal flexural resistance ofa tension flange (MPa) (C5.8.2.3)
total radial shea force inthe coneete deck at he point of maximum positive lve load plus impact moment
for the design ofthe shear connectors atthe strength limit state, taken equal to zero for stright spans or
segments (N) (6.10.10.4.2)
net range of crossframe force at the top flange (N) (6.10.10.1.2)
vertical fore on the connection between 2 longitudinal and a transverse flange stiffener (N); Service I design
stress forthe flange under consideration ata point of splice (MPa) (Cé.11.11.2) (6.13.6.1.4e)
total radial shear force in the conerote deck betweon the point of maximum postive live load plus impact
‘moment end the centertne of an adjacent interior support forthe design of shear connectors a the strength
limit state, taken equal to zero for straight spans or segments (N)(6.10.10.4.2)
specified minimum tensile strength of steel (MPa); specified minimum tensile strength of « stud shear
connector (MPa); specified minimum tensile strength of a connected part (MPa) (6.4.1) (6.10.10.4.3)
(61329)
specified minimum tensile strength of bolt (MP2) (6.13.27)
factored torsionel shear resistance of box flange (MPa) (6.11.11)
vertical foree on the connection between a transverse flange stiffener and a box section web (MPa)
(C6.11.11.2)
specified minimum yield strength of steel (MPa); specified minimum yield strength ofa pin (MPa); specified
‘ninizaur yield strengtt ofa pin pia (M2); specified minimum yield strength ofa connected part (MPa):
specified minimum yield strength ofa splice plate (MP2) (6.4.1) (6.7.62.1) (68.7.2) (6.134) (6.13.6.1:4e)
specified minimum yield strength of a compression flange (MPa) (C6.8.2.3)
specified minimum yield strength ofa flange (MPa) (6.7.7.3)
compression-flange stress at the onset of nominal yielding within the cross-section, including residual stress
effets but not including compression-flange lateral bending, taken asthe smaller of O.7F,- and Fn, But not
Toss thon 0.57 e (MPs) (610.822)
specified minimum yield strength ofthe bottom layer of longitudinal concrete deck reinforcement (MPa)
(06)
specified minimum yield strength ofthe longitudinal concrete deck reinforcement (MPs) (D63.2)
specified minimum yield strength ofthe top layer of longitudinal conercte deck reinforcement (MPa) (D6.1)
specified minirmum yield strength ofa stiffener (MPa); specified minimum yield strength of the stiffener
(MPa) (6.10.11.1.2) 6.10.11.1.3)
specified minimum yield strength ofa tension flange (MPa) (C6.8.2.3)
specified minimom yield strength of a web (MPa) (6.77.2)
axial or interaction stress range in various components of an orthotropic deck (MPa); shear flow in @ box
section (Nim) (6.6.1.2.3)(C6.11.1.1)
siress du tothe factored loads without consideration of flange lateral bending at a brace point opposite tothe
‘one conesponding to calculated from the moment envelope Value that produces the largest compression at
‘his point, or the smallest tension ifthis point is never in compression; positive for compression and negative
for tension (MPa) (6.10:82.3)
axial stress range in various components of an orthotropic deck (MPa) stress et the opposite end of an
unbraced length from fs representing the intercept of the most critical assumed linear stress distribution
through either f and fay or through fs andj, taken as Yas fi > h (MP2) (C6.6.1.23) (6.10.8.2.3)
local bending stress range in various components of an orthotropi deck caused by rib-loorbesm interaction
{MDPa); largest compressive stess du fo the factored loads without consideration of lateral bending a either
end ofan ubraced length calculated from the critical moment envelope value; always taken 2 postive unless
stress is zero or tensile at both ends ofthe unbraced length in which case is taken as zero (MPa) (C6.6.12.3)
(6.1082.3)
axial stress due tothe factored loads in a solid web arch (MPa) (6.144.2)
‘maximum stress due to factored loadings, including moment amplification, in a solid web arch (MPa)
(6144.2) SECTION 6 (SI) Sree StaucruRES o3
Su
fa
Seon
Sout
Sos
Sow
b
h
te
f
largest value ofthe compressive stress throughout the unbraced length inthe flange under consideration,
calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending (MPa) (6101.6)
stress ina box flange at an interior pier due tothe factored loads caused by major-axis bending ofthe internal
iaphragm over the bearing sole plate (MPa) (C6.11.8.1.1)
compression-flange stress due to the Service I loads calculated without consideration of flange lateral
bending (MPe); sum of the various compression-lange flexural stresses caused by the different loads, ie,
DCI, DC2, DW and LLM, ecting on their respective sections (MPa) (6.10.4.2.2) (063.1)
minimum specified 28-day compressive strength of concrete (MPa) (65.1)
‘maximum flexural stress due tothe factored loads at the midthickness of the controlling lange ata point of
splice (MPa) (6.136.140)
shear sess in a box flange at an interior pier caused by the internal diaphragm vertical shear due to the
factored loads (MPa) (C6.11.8.1.1)
compression-flange stress caused by the factored permanent load applied before the concrete deck has
hhardened ot is made composite, calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending (MPa) (610.1.10.2)
ccompression-flange stress caused by the factored permanent load acting on the long-icm composite section,
calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending (MPa) (C6.10.113.1)
flange stess due to the Service TI Toads calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending (MPa)
(6.10422)
‘axial global stress in an orthotropic deck (MPa) (6.14.3.3.2)
‘lange lateral bending stess (MPa); second-order compression-flange lateral bending stress (MPa); flange
lateral bending stress due to the Service II loads (MPa); lateral bending stress in the Mange under
consideration at an interir-pir section (MPa) (6.10.1.6) (6.10.4.2.2) (B6.4.2.1)
first-order compression-flang Iter bending stress at a section or the maximum first-order lateral bending
stress inthe compression flange throughout the unbraceé length, as applicable (MPa) (6.10.16)
compression-flange stress caused by the factored vehicular live load plus impact acting on the short-term
composite section, celeulated without consideration of flange Interal bending (MP2) (C6.10.11.3.1)
stress due to the factored loads without consideration of flange lateral bending atthe mide ofthe unbraced
Jength ofthe flange under consideration, calculated from the moment envelope vale that produces th largest
compression at this point, or the smallest tension if this point is never in compression; positive for
compression and negative for tension (MPa) (6.10.8.23)
‘normal stress inthe inclined bottom lange ofa variable web depth member (MPa); largest ofthe specified
minimum vield streneths of each component incinded in the calculation of 4g. fora hybrid section when
yielding occurs first in one ofthe components, oF the largest ofthe clastic stresses in each component on the
Bide of the neutral axis corresponding to D, at first yield on the opposite side of the neutral axis (MPa)
(€6.10.1.4)(6.10.1.10.1)
‘lexural stress due tothe factored loads atthe midthickness of the noneontroling flange at «point of splice
‘concurrent with f (MPa) (6.13.6. 1.45)
‘lexual sess dc tothe Service I loads atthe midthickness of the other flange at point of spice concurrent
with fin the flange under consideration (MPa) (C6.13.6.1.45)
modulus of rupture of concrete (MPa) (6.10.1.7)
flexural stress due to the factored loads i a longitudinal web stiffener (MPa); largest of the longitudinal
stresses due tothe factored loads inthe pancls ofa box flange on ether side ofa transverse flange stiffener
(Pe); maximom lexural stress duc to the Service If loads at the midthickness of the flange under
‘consideration ata point of splice (MPe) (6.10.11.3.1) (C6.11.11.2) (C6.13.6.1.4)
bending stress range inthe longitudinal reinforcement over en interior pier (MPa) (6.10.10.3)
stress du tothe factored loads onthe gross ares of tension flange calculated without consideration of flange
lateral bending (MPa); sum of the various tension-flange flexural stresses caused by the different loads, ie,
DCI, DC2, DW and LL+IM, ating on their respective sections (MPa) (6.10.1.8) (163.1)
St. Venant torsional shea siress in abox Hange de to the faetored loads (MPa) (6.11.3.2)
slobal shear stress in an orthotropic deck (MPa) (6.1433.2)
‘various compression-enge flexural stresses caused by the different factored loads, i., DCI, DC2, DW and
LLL-+TM, acting on thei respective sections (MPa) (C6.10.11.3.1)
shear mosilus of steel (MPa) (C6.12.2.22)
distance between lines of bots (mam); horizontal pitch of bolts in a web splice (mm) (6.8.3) (C6.13.6.1.48)
effective throat ofa fillet weld (mm) (6.6.1.2.8)
design horizontal force resultant at che middepth ofthe web at point of splice (N) (C6.13.6.1.45)
distance between centroids of individual component shapes perpendicular to the member axis of buckling
(cum); depth between the centerine ofthe flanges (mm) (6.9-43.1) (C6.108.2.3) oa
AASHTO LRED Brubos Drsicy SrecrricaTi0xs ($1)
L
L
L
LRED
LTB
‘moment of neta ofthe short-term composite soction, or optoneliy in regions of negative flexure of straight
girders only, the moment of inertia ofthe ste! section plus the longitudinal reinforcement ifthe concrete is
not considered to be effective in tension in computing the range of longitudinal stress (rm); moment of
inertia ofthe effective intemal interior-pier diaphragm within abox section (ram')(6,10.10.1.2) (C6,1.8.1.1)
‘moment of neti ofa longitudinal web stiffener including an effective width of web taken about the neutral
axis ofthe combined section (mm); required moment of inertia ofa longitudinal flange stiffener taken about
‘an axis parallel to a box flange and taken at the base of the stiffener (ram*) (6.10.11.1.3) 6.11.11.2)
poler moment of inertia of a web-splice bol group (mm*) (C6.13.6.1.40)
actual moment of inertia ofa longitudinal flange stiffener ken about an axis parallel toa box flange and
‘akon at tho base of the stiffener (mmm); moment of inertia of an arch sib stiffener (ram) (6.11.8.23)
1442)
moment of inertia ofthe transverse stiffener taken about the edge in contact with the web for single stiffeners
{and sbout the mid-tickness ofthe web for stiffener pers (mm); moment of inert ofa transverse lange
stiffer taken about an axis through is centroid and parallel to its bottom eige (mm) (6.10.11.13)
(C6.11.112)
‘moment of inertia of s box-shaped member about an axis perpendicular to the axis of bending (mm*)
(6.12222)
‘moment of inertia ofthe compression flange ofa steel section about te vertical axis inthe plane ofthe web
(cams (6.10.2.2)
‘moment of inertia ofthe tension lange ofa see! section about the vertical axis in the plane ofthe web (mun)
(6.1022)
dynamic load allowance from Anicle 3.6.2
St. Venant torsional constant (rn; stiffener bending rigidity parameter (C6743) (6.10.11-13)
effective length factor (69.3)
hale size facor for bolted connections (6.13.28)
surface condition facto fr bolted connections (6.13.28)
slenderess ratio (69.3)
plate buckling coeticient specifica in Table 6 9.4.2-1; elastic web bend-buckling coetficiont; shear-buckling
Coefficient for webs; plate-buckling coefficient for uniform normal stress in box flanges; distance from the
‘outer face of the flange tothe te ofa web filet of ig frame member to be siffened (mm); plate stability
factor for an arch rib specified in Table 6.14.4.2-1; distance fom the outer face of a flange resisting @
conceninated load or« bearing rection tothe we toe ofthe Silt (rm) (69.4.2) (610:1.9:1) (610:9.3.2)
(6.11.8.22) 6.13.7.2) (6144.2) (D652)
Aange local buckling coefficient (6.9.42)
plate-buckling coeicient for shear sires in a box flange (6.11.8.2.2)
clastic web bend-buckling coefficient for fully esrained longitudinal edge conditions (C6.10.1.9.1)
20 mim
‘+ Wider than the flange without end welds
‘Groove Welded Splice | Bove metal and weld metal at fll penetration roove-
Connections with Weld | welded spices:
Soundness Established by
NDT and All Required © Of plates of similar cross-sections with welds
Grinding in the Direction ground fh
ofthe Applied Stresses ‘Wilh 600m radius transitions in width with welds
round fash
‘With transitions in widin or thickness with welds
_ground to provide slopes no steeper thon LO to 2.5
© grades 690690W base metal
(© other base metal grades
‘With o without transitions faving slopes no greater B01
than 1.0 t 2.5 when veld reinforcement is not
removed AASHTO LRED Brunox Deston Sprciricarions ($1)
Tire]
beat sas Se
xl Conon Sioaion ciesoy | vial
Taney Conia! | Bac aa Ge Wed pp
Game ele rome nae
‘cht
1 Wh he dt eg in te Seton fps
othe 0m c sas
© Riv 0 man tne de > "5
‘hee hres
open er He dl
Eiko 100m
cul ines 5 am 5 's
¥ 5
Wi msn mh tr nde od 6
‘now eps fea
2 ten 200 2
8 trem ation? 10 é
© 150mm.> transition radius 2 50mm D
O ransition radius <50 mm E
+ Witenes anitenswes onan’ | 6
Sows
TaaNCR Lied | Be aa GT TTY AT RTO ITS
Gore ‘ow etn i
Attachments with Weld * With equal plate thickness and weld reinforcement
Sonne nates by We ena ne ites a ol coms
ee © transition radius 2600 mm_ B
ining ramen 3 fiom tan > 10m é
we Dissection oF Stress © 180> transition radius 2 50 mm Ly
tenon .
+ Wit pie hihss en wenn
monet
o anton rd 2150 c
© lonm> unten ae 2 5 5
transition radius <$0 mm _ E
+ Wi wep) pie does and el
‘Salome ee
oan 20 >
©. tanto 0 2
+ or my tnoskon ros wi una pine |
tions nd cacao tere
eR os
norton wit Wels | "sa et oer tn amon witinei-fings | Lawecot | 4
‘Normal to the Direction or transverse stiffener-io-web connections or Eq.
ore oaiaéa
7 Wie we oftamen Teanga] T
teanree darth wal
FSWT ‘Faraone at a 7
Connections with Welds
Nonna and/or Parallel to
the Ditetion of Sess
‘Base metal at end of weld ‘SecrioN 6(S: Sime. SeavcTURES os
Tiastaive
Dest | _ Example, See
General Condition sation ate igure 66.1231
a
Fille Welded
oe + When the detail length inthe diction ofepplid
© less than 50 mm or studype shear c 15,17, 18,20
connectors
‘© between $0 mam and 12 times he dts > 1,17
thickness, but les than 100 ram
(0 greater han eter 12 tes the detail 7,9,15,17
thickness or 100 mim
det tikes 25 mm E
u
‘+ With sanstion radius withthe end wel ground 6
smooth, regardless of detail length
(© canst rads 50 mn >
(© tension dius <0 man E
+ With transition rains with end welds not ground 16
semooth
‘Transvenly Losdad | Buse oat Gas tached by filer welds %
File Wel
peetemame ney + With » tansition sade with end welds round
Parallel fo the Ditton es >
niin eee © transition edius 250 mm
a ‘© tansiton radi <50 mm E
+ With any transition radius with ond welds aot | F
sound smooth
‘WchansalyFasioned | Bate ma a
Souci
+ Atgrossscctionofhigh-stengh boledsipecial |B
onncctions, except ally onde joints which
futofpane bending is induced in connected
terials
+ At net section of high-strength bolted nonslip- |B
‘ctl connections
+ Atnet section ofriveted connections
year or Pin Patss | Base ata athe ot octon of ear head or pin pia F Be
‘Base metal inthe shank of eyebas or trough the goss
section of pin plates.
‘+ Rolled or smoothly ground surices
4 Flame-ct edges a 23,24
B 23.4 om
_AASHTO LRED Buiwar DEsion SreciicarioNs (SI)
‘Table 66.1.23-2 Detail Categories for Loud-Induced Fatigue of Orthotrople Decks.
Mustrative Example
Detail
Description of Condition
4
“Transverse or longing
eck plate spice ar rib splice
Single-groove bust weld
1) Ceramic bucking ber.
‘Weld ground fush paraet
to sess,
Dealt
Category
(@) Cerarie backing bar
{B) Penmanont backing ba.
Backing bar filet welds shal
be continuous if ouside of
groove or may be
Intermitent inside of
groove,
Bold deck plats orb wpliow
@) To unsymmetrical
splices, effects of
coventry shall be
Cconsidored in calculating
stress
Deck plats orb pice
‘Double-groove welds
©) Plates of similar cross
section with welds ground
‘Bush. Weld run-off tabs shall
‘be used and subsequently
removed, plato edges to be
‘round Dush in ditection of
ses.
© The height oF weld
‘euvenly sll nov exceed
2026 or weld width. Runoff
tabs 8 far (5).
weld ge he
‘Welded ab Bavindowe Fold
splice
Single groove but weld
(Permanent backing bar
for eb splice
Welding gap > eb wall
thickness
_f axial sess range in
bottom of ib
VW ‘Sucrion 6 (S0): Stent STRUCTURES 639
Deal
IMlscative Example Destin ofcanitea | Cae
Bib wall at bioatbeam © Closed ib with internal
intersection diaphragm inside the eb or
open ab
Fillet welds beeen sib and
oorbeam web _faxial seass range i rd
‘yal atthe lower end of
bfloorbeam weld
(9) Close, no intomal c
diaphragm inside of rib
PHL
{f= exial sess range in ib
‘wall
‘i= local bending stress
range in rib wall de to out-
of plane bending caused by
rib-loorbeam interaction,
‘obtained from a rational
analysis
Float web at (10) With internal diaphragm | Lesser of Cor
bffloorbeam intersection | inside of closed rib, or open | a, 66.1253
Hb
illet welds between sib and Cor
‘oorbeam web and between | = axial stess range combination
‘band internal diaphragr: | component in foorteam web | fillergroove
pependicuarto weld=fi+ | welds
&
fi
fim bending sess range in
‘web due to outaf-plane
bending caused by sb
ao rotation at support
al srs range in web
Both sressos f and js t0 bo
obtained fom artnet
anal
(11) No intoral diaphragm €
inside of elosed id
Shh
f> interaction stress ange
‘between the “tooth” ofthe
Aloerbeam web andthe rib
‘wall obtained from rational
analysis
as defined for (10) 640
AASHTO LRFD Buincx Drsicy Serciercattons (SI)
Daal
hasrative Example Detail Description of Condition | Category
7, ‘Deck plats atthe connection | (12)/= axial sess range it =
ae to floarbear web the deck pate atthe
deckiftoorbeam weld
+> SECTION 6 (SN; Steet. SrmUCTURES, eat
“Say
6
Squared Ens, Tapered
Soma J tie
.
cues >
Sees
ategony Eo
saory
aS.
Casper 64
(ir tase tn Caen wag
me
~ fetes
°
“AC End of Weia, Has No Length
Sep
SS.
Figure 6.6.123-1 Mustrative Examples. 68
66.124 Restricted Use Details
‘Transversely loaded partial penetration groove welds
shall not be used, except as permitted in Article 98.3.7.2.
Gusset plates attached to girder flange surfaces with
only transverse fillet welds shall not be used.
6.6.1.25 Fatigue Resistance
Fxcop: as specified below, nominal fatigue resistance
stall be taken as:
(aed
0), = (4) 24 Fy (66.1251)
in which
1 = (365)(75)n( 4D7T)), oo
where:
A constant taken from Table 1 (MP2")
n= number of stress range cycles per truck
passage taken from Table 2
(ADI sx= single-lane ADIT as specified in
Anicle 3.6.14
(Par = constant-ampline fatigue threshold taken
from Table 3 (MPa)
AASHTO LRED Brupor Desicn Sevciricarions (SD.
C6.6.1.2.5
‘The fatigue resistance above the constant amplitude
fatigue threshold, in terms of cycles, is inversely
proportional to the cube of the stress range, e.2. if the
siress range is reduced by a fuctor of 2, the fatigue life
increases by a factor of 2,
‘The requirement on higher-traffic-volume bridges that
the maximum stress range experienced by a detail be less
than the eonstant-amplitude fatigue threshold provides @
theoretically infinite fatigue life. The maximum stress
ange is assumed to be twice the live load stress range due
to the passage of the fatigue load, factored in accontance
with the load factor in Table 34.1-I for the fatigue load
combination.
In the AASHTO 2002 Standard Specificstions, the
constant amplitude fatigue threshold is termed’ the
allowable fatigue stress range for more than 2 million
cycles on 8 redundant load path structure
Te design life has been considered to be 75 years in
the overall development ofthese LRFD Specifications. Ifa
design life other than 75 years is sought, a number other
than 75 may be inserted in the equation for N.
Figure C! isa graphical representation ofthe nominal
fatigue resistance for Categories A through F
Figure C661.
5-1 Stress Range Versus Number of Cycles
‘When the design stress range is less than one-half of
the constant-amplitude fatigue threshold, the detail will
‘theoretically provide infinite life. Except for Categories E
‘and E, for higher traffic volumes, the design will most
often be govemed by the infinite life check. Table Cl
shows the values of (4D77)q,slove which the infinite life
‘check governs, assuming a 75-year design life and one
cycle per truck. ‘SucmioN 6 (SI): Stent STRUCTURES
6.43
‘The nominal fatigue resistance range for base metal at
details connected with transversely loaded fillet welds,
‘where a discontinuous plate is loaded, shall be taken as:
0.094 + 1234
(ar), = (ar),] ——7—* sary,
(66.1253)
‘nominal fatigue resistance for Detail
Categary C (MPa)
H effective throat of fillet weld (mm)
thickness of loaded plate (mm)
‘Table C66.1.25-1 75-Year (DTT), Fquivatent to Tafinite
Life
“75-Year ADTs: Equivalent 0 |
Detail Cetegory | Infinite Lite (Tracks per Day)
A 335
fae 865
ry i035
comets 1250
c 745
D, 5
E 3545
E 6525
‘Tho values in the above table have boen computed
using the values ford and (AF) specified in Tables 1
and 3, respectively. The resulting values ofthe 75-year
(ADT?s differ slightly when using the values ford and
(AF)mn given in the Customary US Units and SI Units
versions of the Specifications. The values inthe above
table represent the larger value ftom either version of
the Specifications rounded up tothe nearest five trucks
per dy.
Eg. 3 assumes no penetration at the weld root,
Development of Eo, 3 is discussed in Frank and Fisher
(979,
In the AASHTO 2002 Standard Specifications,
allowable sues ranges are specified for both redundant
and nonredundant members. The allowables for
nonredundant members. are arbitrarily specified as
$0 pervent if hnwe for rcin! tember eta the more
severe consequences of failure ofa nonredundant member.
However, greater fracture toughness i also spevified for
nonredundant memiers. a combination, the reduction in
allowable stres range and te greater fracture toughness
constitute an unnecessary double penalty for nonredundant
members. The requirement for greater fracture toughness
has been maintained in these Specifications. Therefor, the
allowable suessranges represented by Eq | are applicable
to both redundant and nonredundant members. on
‘Table 66.1251 Detall Category Constant, 4.
DETAIL CONSTANT, 4
CATEGORY. ‘TIMES 10" (MPs)
A 320)
B 393
Be 200,
c 144
Cc 144
D 721
E 361
1.28
M 164M (A 325M) 3.61
Bolts in Axial Tension
1M 253M (A 490M) ios
Bolts in Axial Tension
‘Table 66.1.2.5-2 Cycles per Truck Passage, 2.
‘Span Lengih
212.000 mm | <12 000 mara
10 2.0
Continuous
Girders
1) near inferior 1S 20
support
2) elsewhere io 20
Cantilever 30
Girders
Trusses 10.
Transverse ‘Spacing
‘Members 36000 min | <6000 mm
10. 20,
Table 66.12.53 Constant-Amplitude Fatigue Thresholds,
Detail Category | Threshold QaPay
A
165.0
B 1100)
B 82.7
c 60
c 82.7
D 83
E 31.0
E 179
in Axial Teasion
M 169M (A 325M) Bolts | 2140
al Tension
M253M (A 490M) Bolis | 262.0
AASHTO LRED Bruna Deston Seuciricarions (SD.
For the purpose of determining the stress cyeles per
truck passage for continuous spans, & distance equal to
‘one-tenth the span on each side of an interior support
should be considered to be near the support.
‘The number of eycles per passage is taken as 5.0 for
cantilever girders because this type of bridge is susceptible
to large vibrations, which cause additional cycles after the
truck has left the bridge (Moses et al, 1987; Schilling,
1990), Secmion 6 (SI): Stax SrmucTURES
6.6.13 Distortion-Induced Fatigue
LLosd paths that are sufficient to transmit all intended
and unintended forces shall be provided by connecting all
transverse members to appropriate components comprising
the cross-section of the longitudinal member. The load
paths shall be provided by satlaching the various
components through either welding or bolting.
To control web buckling and elastic flexing of the
‘web, the provision of Anicle 6.10.5.3 shall be satisfied
6.6.1.3.1 Transverse Connection Plates
Connestion plates shall be welded or boited to both
‘the compression and tension flanges of the cross-section
where:
© Connecting diaphragms or cross-frames are
attached to transverse connection plates or to
transverse stiffeners functioning as connection
plates,
‘© Internal or external diaphragms or eross-framos
are attached to transverse connection plates or to
transverse stiffeners functioning ss connection
plates, and
‘© roorpeams are atacnea to transverse connection
plates or to transverse stiffeners funetioning as
connection plates
In the absence of better information, the welded or
bolted connection should be designed to resist a 90 O00-N
lnceral load for straight, nonskewed bridges.
6.6.1.3.2 Lateral Connection Plates
Ifit is not practical to attach lateral connection plates
to flanges, lateral connection plates on stiffened webs
should be located a vertical distance not less than one-half
the width ofthe lange above or below the flenge. Lateral
‘connection plates attached to unstffened webs should be
located at least 150 mm above ar below the flange but not
less than one-half of the width of the lange, as specified
above.
ss
6.6.13
When proper detsling practices ate not followed,
fatigue cracking has been found to occur due to strains not
normally computed in the design process. This type of
fatigue cracking is called distortion-induced fatigue.
Distortion-induced fatigue often occurs in the web neur a
flange at welded connection plate for a cross-frame
where rigid load path has not been provided to
adequately transmit the force in the transverse member
from the web to the flange.
‘Those rigid loed paths are required to prochude the
evelopment of significant secondary stresses that could
induce fatigue crack growth in either the longitudinal or
the transverse member (Fisher eta, 1990).
C6.6.1.3.1
‘These provisions appear in Article 10.20 of the
AASHTO Standard Specifcations “Diaphragms and Cross
Frames” with no explanation as to the rationale for the
requirements and no reference to distortion-indueed
fatigue,
‘These provisions apply to both diaphragms between
longitudinal members and diaphragms intemal to
Tongitudinal members
‘The 90 O00-N loud represents a rale of thumb for
straight, nonskewed bridges. For curved or skewed
bridges, the diaphragm forees should be determined by
analysis (Keating etal, 1990)
For box sections, webs are often joined to top flanges
‘nd cross-frame connection plates and transverse stifiners
fare installed, and then these assemblies are attached tothe
common box flange. In order to weld the webs
continuously to the box flange inside the box section, the
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