SUMMARISE SPOKEN TEXT

Template: The lecture is mainly about KEYWORDS, as the speaker discussed the importance of
KEYWORDS. Furthermore, he mentioned KEYWORDS. He also focused on KEYWORDS and how
vital they will be to our lives. In conclusion, the lecture is about the significant impacts of
KEYWORDS on the society and community.

No. Code Subject Answer

1 #SST0006 The Great One of the things that was going on during the Great Depression was the
Depressio beginning of this sort of modern food technology that rules, you know, the
n way Americans eat today. That is there are a lot of canned foods were
being - coming onto the market at the time. And also, refrigerators were
really becoming very, very popular during the Great Depression, both in
cities and in rural parts of the country. Thanks to electrification, the Rural
Electrification Administration, people could buy appliances. You know,
farmers could buy appliances. And that meant frozen foods were
becoming big. And, you know, at that time, few people could afford to buy
them during the early years of the Great Depression. But, you know,
gradually, these things picked up. And so this was, like, the sort of
beginning of the era when people were starting to think about
2 #SST000 Fight or supermarkets
To withFight
understand the rowsorand rows
Flight of freezeritcases
response, helps and rows
to think and the
about rows of
role
9 Flight of emotions in our lives. Many of us would prefer to focus on our logical
thinking nature and ignore our sometimes troublesome emotions, but
emotions have a purpose. Our most basic emotions like fear, anger or
disgust are vital messengers: they evolved as signals to help us meet our
basic needs for self-preservation and safety. It would be dangerous to be
indecisive about a threat to our survival so the brain runs information
from our senses through the most primitive, reactive parts of our brain
first. These areas of the brain control instinctive responses and they
don’t do too much thinking. This more primitive part of our brain
communicates with the rest of our brain and our body to create signals
3 #SST0010 Software we cannot
The historyignore easily: is
of software powerful
of courseemotions
very veryand symptoms.
new. And the whole IT
History industry is really only 67 years old which is extraordinary and to be so
close to the birth of a major new technology, a major new discipline is
quite remarkable given where we got to in those 67 years. And the
progression has been not so much a progression as a stampede
because Moore's Law, the rapid expansion in the power of computing
and the rapid fall of the cost of computing and storage and
communications has made it feasible for information technology to
move into all sorts of areas of life that were never originally envisaged.
What has happened is that there has been as | said a stampede for
people to pick the low-hanging fruit. And that is what's guided the
4 #SST0011 Globalizati development
So, I think you of
allsoftware
know what and information
I mean technologydon’t
by globalization, overyou?
the past
This is
on the idea that we all live in a global village. With instant communications,
we can share ideas, and consume cultural artifacts from countries all
over the world, just by going into the Internet and all dream up, basically.
The world is shrinking. In terms of speeds, it is accelerating, but in terms
of distance, it’s shrinking. What do I mean by detraditionalization? I mean
the disappearance or the erosion, for the better word to use, the erosion
of traditional cultures, of conventional ways of doing things, of
conventional moralities. More and more young people around the world
are rejecting the culture they grow up in, and it’s probably a little bit cruel.
But some imitating a Hollywood model of society, rather than the one
5 #SST0014 Approach which theyand
Approach inherit from their
avoidance local tradition
motivation background.
is composed OK?
of three conceptually
and distinct components. Approach indicates a propensity to move toward (or
Avoidance maintain contact with) a desired stimulus, such as vocational plans.
Motivation Avoidance indicates a propensity to move away from (or maintain
distance from) an undesired stimulus in order to reduce anxiety.
Motivation is defined as the energization and direction of behavior. The
valence of stimuli is at the core of the distinction between approach and
avoidance, with positively valenced stimuli typically leading to approach
and negatively valenced stimuli typically leading to avoidance. Stimuli can
be external or internal, implicit or explicit, conscious or non-conscious.
6 #SST0020 Email Internet was invented by people who were good at programming, and
System people keep optimizing it for different purposes. So Internet has been
growing organically. Internet can achieve many things but has
advantages and disadvantages. The email system was designed by
graduate students and researchers who know and trust each other.
Using email needs trust between the senders and the receivers as the
authentication process was not originally built in this system. Email
authentication is a technical solution to proving that an email is not
forged. In other words, it provides a way to verify that an email comes from
who it claims to be from. Email authentication is most often used to block
harmful or fraudulent uses of email such as phishing and spam. In
practice, we use the term “email authentication” to refer to technical
standards that make this verification possible.Initially, the email system
7 #SST0021 Brand didn't
It turnsconsider securityare
out consumers because theresmart.
incredibly was no suspicion
They combine between them
a lifetime of at
Image experience with that brand, combined with whatever its designed appeal
is, how it makes them feel, performance and price. And they do all that in
a few seconds. So brands are essential to our business to allow us to
deliver the increased consumer value associated with our products.
We're not into the generic business of toilet paper. We're into probably
about the softest product you're going to want to buy. We're not into a
generic soap. We're into the best, you know, stain removing laundry
detergent you're going to buy. But we're going to want you to remember
that as the tide brand. Now, that means there's a second moment of truth.
If they do select you and they pay 50% more than they would have paid for
Walmart's brand, when they get home, it'd better perform when it's used.
And here's where the science starts, folks. There's an amazing number of
fundamental engineering contradictions, right? Airplanes deal with, you
know, weight and strength. I want something that's light but strong. That's
an engineering contradiction. Once I deal with our things, got to be
strong but soft. They have to be strong even when they're wet. Bright but
not tear, liquids, mixtures, not common things, but they need... they can't
8 #SST0022 Ideas To be a successful entrepreneur, you should have good ideas, but the
definition of a good idea varies depending on whom you ask. A great idea
should have several features. Firstly, the great idea should be various and
novel. Secondly, the great idea should be unique, which means no one
has thought about it. Thirdly, it is essential for great ideas to be
transformative and productive. All ideas are essentially a combination of
other smaller ideas, but this doesn’t mean they can’t be unique. Merely
copying doesn’t make anything idiosyncratic, it’s the individuality that one
puts in which makes a concept stand out. Constant innovation leaves no
room for stagnation and thus, adds on to the basic idea, effectively
making it unique. Unique ideas are inspired by basic things, they are
simply extensions of pre-existing notions. And, an idea or a concept is
9 #SST002 Definition unique the
What's onlyliteral
whendefinition
it transcends its predecessor
of "risk"? Business and serves
schools useitsrisk
purpose in
5 of Risk analysis. So, what do you mean by "risk", and we need a dictionary?
When you look at dictionary, this is literal, literal definition of risk. What it
says is, the definition for example, the possibility of injury, a dangerous
element or factor, chance of, degree or possibility of such loss, and so
on. So, risk has two parts, as you look at the literal definition of risk. One
part is the consequence of some kind of particular danger, hazard loss.
And the other is about the probability of it: chance and consequence, OK?
And then at least just as English language concerns, when you look up
the word of safe and safety, which you'll earn as, it's a little bit of a loop, a
little circular argument that free from harm or risks, secure from danger,
harm or loss, the condition of being safe and so on for all. And why we
takegoing
out oftoit?start
At least
with when
weDtalk about
andsafe
at least in English
10 #SST0031 Vitamin D I'm Vitamin today, I think probably most of you
know that vitamin D is called the "sunshine vitamin". And it's called that
because there is absolutely no dietary need for vitamin D if you get
adequate sunshine. And I think the real important words there is "if"
because it turns out that in certain climates which aren't near the equator,
there's a big question as to whether or not you do get adequate sunshine.
So vitamin D really isn't actually a vitamin. It's a pro-hormone. When
human beings evolve, we evolved in tropical climates and ran around
naked with plenty of skin exposure to sunlight and so there was no dietary
need for vitamin D at all. As humans migrated away from equatorial
regions, they actually created a need for vitamin D in food because the
11 #SST0036 Summariz sunlight
A wasn't
research adequate,
on 7000 youngIstudents
mean certainly, particularly
and children in theduring
Unitedthe winter
Kingdom
e spoken is about how they participate in their communities, how they form values
text with character education and what influence them most. The outcomes
involve parents, friends, schools and siblings, and researchers figure out
which factors are essential and more important than others. Successful
schools depend on the resources and support of their communities and
schools at the centre of their communities are often the most successful
schools. In turn, schools are vital to the social health of their local
communities. Also, families are the first social unit in which children learn
and develop. Good parenting can take different forms and be shaped by
various social and cultural forces, but it invariably involves providing
children with the support, care, love, guidance and protection that set the
conditions for healthy physical, mental and social development. The
research has also attracted attention and interest from many national
12 #SST0039 Glass The glass ceiling is an idea familiar to many. It refers to the invisible
Ceiling barrier that seems to exist in many fields and which prevents women from
achieving senior positions. Less well-known, but arguably a more
pernicious problem, is the 'glass cliff'. Originally recognised by
academics Michelle Ryan and Alex Haslam back in 2005, this is the
phenomenon of women making it to the boardroom but finding
themselves disproportionately represented in untenable leadership
positions. Ryan and Haslam presented evidence that women were
indeed starting to secure seats at boardroom tables. But the problem
was that their positions were inherently unstable. These women would
then find themselves in an unsustainable leadership position from which
they would be ousted with evidence of apparent failure. The title of their
paper sums it up: women are over‐represented in precarious leadership
positions. Subsequent research in an array of environments has
demonstrated that this is not an isolated issue, nor is it unique to certain
13 #SST0048 Housing Well, it’s like, why is Australian housing is so expensive? Essentially, it’s
Price in showing of how well the Australian economy has been doing over the last
Australia 15 years. We have had 15 years more or less of an uninterrupted
economic growth during which average earning has been raised by close
to 90 percent. While over the course of that period, the standard variable
mortgage rate has roughly halved. That meant that the amount which a
typical home buying household can afford to borrow under rules which
aren’t strictly applied as they used to be had more than doubled. Over the
same period, rising immigration in falling average household size has
meant that the number of households looking for accommodation has
risen by about one and a half million. That’s around 200 thousand more
than the number of dwellings has increased by. So you have had a
substantial increase in the purchasing power of households. No net
increase in the supply of housing enhance all that addition purchasing
power has gone into pushing up the price of housing.
14 #SST0052 University Today a university like the LSE certainly has to acknowledge that it is in
Competitio competition for the best students, all of whom have choices they can
n exercise, and many of them choices which run across national and
continental borders. We are in competition, too, for staff. The academic
job market is one of the most global 25 there is. And in the 21st century
English is the new Latin, so universities in English speaking countries
are exposed to more intensive competition than those elsewhere. We are
in competition for government funding, through the assessment of
research quality. We are in competition for research contracts, from public
and private sector sources, and indeed we are in competition for the
philanthropic pound. Many of our own donors were at more than one
university, and indeed think of the LSEs requests alongside those of other
charities to which they are committed. That is a competitive environment
which is particularly visible to a vice-Chancellor.
15 #SST0058 Earthquak So, faults are breaks in the earth's crust. We can identify them because of
e and Fault the discontinuity in the structure within the earth crust across faults. And
earthquakes occur on these faults, so varied processes by which these
faults move to a large extent are due to earthquakes. So, we have a fault
plane and the earthquake is so focused on this fault plane. And the
earthquake starts at the particular point on the fault plane and we call that
the focus of the earthquake. The rocks propagate out from that point on
the rupture to cover the entire fault plane. The rupture is in that particular
earthquake. We talked about the epicenter of the earthquake a lot. The
epicenter is just the surface projection of the focus of the earthquake. So,
if you wanted to look at map view where the earthquake was located, we
would be able to look that into the earth. We would see the focus down
some depth in the earth or the epicenter just a point vertically above that
focus at the surface of the earth. So, this is the relationship between the
16 #SST0067 Genetic Since the discovery of DNA structure, people have believed that genes
Impact have an impact only on people’s physical structure. However, the study of
mapping of genes in 2001 found that there is a genetic responsibility to
human’s physical and psychological behaviors, which has changed the
way we understand our behaviors. Findings from behavioural genetic
research have broadly impacted modern understanding of the role of
genetic and environmental influences on behaviour. The research on
genes has provided integrating information, and the findings can benefit
biologists, psychologists and neuroscientists. Qualitative research has
fostered arguments that behavioural genetics is an ungovernable field
without scientific norms or consensus, which fosters controversy.
17 #SST0069 Sound You’ve got sound receptors in your ear, and they are beautiful. We’re not
Receptor going to talk about them at any length, but there's little flappy, these little
spiky things going along in your ear and they can translate vibrational
energy coming from your ear, hurting your eardrum, being translated into
a vibration into the fluid in your ear into a physical motion of these little
receptors there into an electrical motion, into an electrical signal that goes
into your ear. So, all of that, all of that's pretty impressive stuff. We are not
going to talk about the details of it, but I invite some of you who want to
learn more about this, particularly MIT students I think to find receptors
really quite remarkable kinds
bothoftools
devices.
18 #SST007 Summariz Telescopes and eyes are for collecting and detecting light. In
7 e spoken fact, telescopes can be thought of as bigger, more powerful eyes. The
text type of lenses and mirrors and their arrangement determine some of the
features of the telescope. The resolution of the telescope is a measure of
how sharply defined the details of the image can be. The telescope’s
primary mirror may have a fraction. As a result, starlight is not brought to a
focus at the same point, resulting in blurry images. The name ’telescope‘
covers a wide range of instruments. There are major differences in how
astronomers must go about collecting light in different frequency bands.
The telescope is widely used in the astronomy field because it is a digital
detector, 100 times more efficient than our eyes. Now physicists have
19 #SST0100 Sugar There’s sugar in a lot of foods where you don’t expect it. Of course there’s
lots of sugar in donuts or ice cream, or pastries, or other things that are
sweet; candy of course, but there are other places where you see it and
you don’t necessarily expect it. As an example: peanut butter. Here’s a list
of ingredients from skippy peanut butter and you see that sugar is the
second most common ingredient. You may know from reading food
labels that these ingredients in any food label are listed in order of how
much there is in the food itself, so sugar comes right after peanuts.
Here’s another example, beef stew, you wouldn’t necessarily expect to
find sugar in beef stew but it’s there. Now it’s down the list of ingredients,
it’s actually toward the end, but if you look at the marketing of this and look
at the can it says, there’s fresh potatoes and carrots, but actually there’s
20 #SST0101 Moral With the concept of moral objectivism, what we're looking at is the idea
Objectivis that there can be some universal moral principles: some rules, some
m ideas and guidelines that are valid for all people in all social
environments and all situations. The idea that we can essentially have
some signposts or a road map to guide behavior is going to be
consistent across all individuals. Now if we take a look at this in another
perspective, we can come up with a view of moral absolutism. In the area
of moral absolutism, basically, what we have is illustrated on the right-
hand side of this slide, is a very firm and unyielding boundary between
what is right and what is wrong. And so, within moral absolutism,
basically what you have are these non-overridable principles. They must
be followed. They must never be violated and there were no exceptions. It
is always right. It is always wrong. And nothing is subject to interpretation,
21 #SST0104 Summariz In today's lecture I'm going to talk about changes in air pollution since the
e spoken middle of the last century and what has created these changes. So, um —
text by the 1950s, air pollution was very visible with frequent thick black fogs
known as 'smogs' in many large cities around the world. The main source
of this pollution was from factories and it caused severe health problems.
For example, a particularly severe smog in London in 1952 caused over
four thousand deaths. Obviously something had to be done and in 1956 a
Clean Air Act was introduced in Britain. This addressed the pollution from
factories and the smogs soon disappeared. However, as you know, these
days air pollution is still a big issue. The main difference between now
and the 1950s is that you can't see it — it's invisible. Also, the main
source of pollution now is from cars and lorries, and although these don't
produce visible signs, this air pollution is still a significant risk to health.
And one of the key factors in the rise of this type of pollution is that we
have all become much more vehicle-dependent. There are far more cars
22 #SST011 Clone So today's word ... I almost want to think it ... send in the clones ... talk
0 about clone. Clones, okay, so its clones are cloning, are we talking about
... yes, yes, let's start to talk about clone, which literally has its roots in the
ground, it came about in 1903. A plant physiologist at the United States
Department of Agriculture named Herbert Webber, was working on a term
that would describe the process where you take a graft or cutting or a slip
from one plant, and then propagated vegetatively or ... asexually ... ah ... to
grow another plant. And, he was a very literate man, Dr Weber, and he felt
strongly isthat word should be short, Newtonian
for talentsphonetically spelled.of the
23 #SST0116 Talent War Talent premium and there is a war in 1990s because
talent shortage. Companies and countries are recruiting young talented
people from different countries and sending young people to universities.
Some young people immigrated after they graduated from the university.
They compete with local students. Countries and organizations to put
talents at the primary positions. The collapse of loyalty makes employees
happy to change their work place for higher income. There are 3 reasons.
First the change of nature of economy leads to increase in the talents
demand and skills needed. Second the shrinking labor force after the
baby boom causes less supply of skilled workers, and that retirement of
baby boomers we call a shortage of experienced workers. Third, there is
also a mismatch between what schools a producing and what
24 #SST0146 Internet In recent decades journalism has been faced with challenges. So, what
and has happened to journalism? The rise of the Internet has a great impact
Journalis on journalism, specifically the ways it is produced and consumed.
m Because the Internet democratizes people, ordinary people can get
involved in journalism. It takes steps for people to feel enthusiastic about
the changes in journalism. The Internet not only speeds up spread of
news, but also helps people gain information in various ways. Thus,
journalism now becomes a collaborative process in an imaginary way,
which is unexpected. ForYes,
example,
bees even
are insmall pieces of ordinary
declinesvideo
25 #SST015 Decline of So various conclusions. decline. These are
2 Bees well-documented. They are real and supported by good, strong scientific
evidence, which is the only of these counts. The drivers of decline on
many varied depending on species. The effects of pollinator loss could be
absolutely huge. So is it a catastrophe? Not yet. But it could be. On the
positive side, we are aware of the problem. Awareness is being raised all
the time and people are taking actions. Before fixing is missing, you can
26 #SST018 Brain recognize
We thethrough
are living problem. At least
one of theit's been done.
greatest of scientific endeavours – the
1 Science attempt to understand the most complex object in the universe, the brain.
Scientists are accumulating vast amounts of data about structure and
function in a huge array of brains, from the tiniest to our own. Tens of
thousands of researchers are devoting massive amounts of time and
energy to thinking about what brains do, and astonishing new technology,
including computers and artificial intelligence, is enabling us to both
describe and manipulate that activity. Humans can tell computers what to
do and how to do, by giving the meaning of the certain words. Computers
can operate as programed, and develop systems and symbols.
Computers work by analyzing messages into bytes, and this function is
similar to human brains. Both human brains and computers are symbol
processors, so computers have potential to bring artificial intelligence.

27 #SST018 Recycle Why do we need to recycle water? Because we don't generate much new
2 Water water. Chemically the process of generating water which is to basically
taking hydrogen and oxygen and burning them to produce water is not a
process that happens a lot anymore. So in terms of our total volume of
water in the world, yes it is changing but is not changing significantly
relative to the rate at which we are using or demanding fresh new water.
Now there are a lot of different areas of technology involved in water
recycling and we are later in the interview going to get to industrial use
and the reclamation of sewage. What about in the home at the moment?
What sort of technology is being utilized in the home when we talk about
water recycling? Well very little on average. Typically, in a modern home
we turn on the tap. We take a glass of water. We probably in turning on
that tap flush ten glasses of water down the sink. We take a shower, we
use fresh water, we do a whole range of things and there is nominally
very little recycling of that. It goes down the drain and it goes off to a
wastewater treatment plant. There is actually very very little recycling at a
local level. People don't actually say well I'm now going to take the water, I
just used, put it through a a sophisticated process and reuse it and have
28 #SST0184 Mars We are going to look at an very interesting and important place today. It is
called the Mars which is not far away from the earth. Mars is an interesting
neighboring planet to Earth with a similar geological surface and
landscape, such as the desert, covered with rocks. Although there has not
been evidence for the existence of water yet, the trace of heavy gases has
existed on Mars for billions of years. Traces of a great amount of water in
icy form just like mountains have been found. There is not much
atmosphere, but rare gasses are still found. It is possibly because heavy
gasses do not evaporate within a low gravity. The low gravity on Mars
indicates that there may be a thin layer of the atmosphere on Mars.
Therefore, Mars might be the most ideal destination other than Earth.
29 #SST0185 Food It is projected that people are going to suffer from a serious food crisis for
Crisis the next 30 years until 2030. Unless immediate action is taken, it is
increasingly clear that there is an impending global food emergency that
could have long-term impacts on hundreds of millions of children and
adults. We must double the yield of our production by increasing 100% to
feed a growing global population and to cater for the future demand of
food. This is an urgent matter and is quite frightening. About 50 million
people risk falling into extreme poverty this year. People should elevate
food production now. Scientists have predicted an increase in food
production of 30% to 50% for developing countries in the next three years.
There will be an increase of the cost of the production. There is also an
opportunity for developing countries to improve food systems alongside
30 #SST0187 Newspape Because of the economic model, the newspaper industry has been
r Industry shrinking dramatically from the last 50 years of the 20th century in some
states of America. Also as the economic model changed, newspapers
increased the cash flow. However, there are still some newspaper
industries losing money because of a decrease in advertising and
buyers. They can't find buyers. Only a few newspapers have positive cash
flow. Over 100 newspapers with cash flow in red had no money to publish
the newspaper everyday. Some of them published three days per week.
Small-sized newspapers only published once a week and had to go
online.weSome
spendnewspapers
a lot of timeeven disappeared.
about howThe staffwill
working
affectincrops.
31 #SST0190 Climate Now thinking climate
and Crops But crops affect climate themselves and they do this in two ways. First of
all, about one-quarter of the land surface is used for growing crops.
Another 10-15 % are used for pasture. So a substantial amount of the
land surface is used in crop and agricultural production. And how we
used that land affects our climate? If we were, for example, to deforest a
substantial area and replace it with the annual crop such as soybean.
Then we would alter the characteristics of the land surface, alter the way
that water and heat flows from the land surface to the atmosphere and
back, and ultimately change the regional climate if that is not enough to
change the land surface. So this is an absolutely fascinating topic and
one that’s really quite difficult to understand because of the complexity. It’s
difficult because it needs us as crops scientists to work even more
closely with our climate scientist, colleagues. And it’s difficult because we
32 #SST0195 Patients' We have a long history to research on hospital design and patient
Recovery recovery. A long time ago, people began to study therapeutic
environments. For example, in 1855, Florence Nightingale recognized that
color and form enhanced a patient's recovery. They found that fresh air
and sunlight had positive impacts, and architecture also played as an
important part. Views of the hospital's backyards can help patients rest
well and sleep fast, and can also help relieve their stress and pain easily,
because of the pleasant feelings caused by nature. Being Visited by
friends or family members can help patients be better off sooner, as well
as livingwe'll
alone in a single
aboutroom. 90% ofcommonly
patients and nurses in hospitals
33 #SST019 Descriptio Today, discuss abstraction, known as description.
6 n There are two methods of description. These are symbolic language and
body language. The abstraction is an important part for developing a
computer. This is originated from the symbolic system in the computer
system. The origin of symbolic system was developed when people try to
communicate with each other. The symbolic language took
communication to wider people and popularity group. The other part of
abstraction is the body language. People accepted body language as
34 #SST0198 Energy of well.internet,
The The physical movement
the most facilitates
powerful the development
tool in terms of sign
of engineering made by
Internet humans, has the most complicated structure. What we call the Internet is
made up of a lot of things, wires traversing the ocean, satellites and cell
phone towers, massive data centers sending packets of information all
over and devices. The internet can be connected via a modem, or an
ADSL switch center, to a local landline telephone exchange network. It
can connect us from Sydney to Melbourne and then to the U.S.. However,
it takes energy for the transmission system to transmit information. For
example, the longer email you write, the more energy is consumed.
Meanwhile, there are more than 30 billion things connected to the
Internet, like cell phones, laptops, credit card readers, smart TV, and so
on, and each of them requires electricity. In total, Internet-connected
devices probably use around five percent of the world's electricity. And
most of the electricity comes from burning fossil fuels, which release
35 #SST0199 Globalizati Globalization is an overused and often misunderstood concept. We hear
on it all the time on news broadcasts and in any type of public discussion.
But the starting point for understanding globalization is that it is industries
and markets that globalize, not countries. That's why it's helpful to think of
globalization as 'the integration of economic activities across borders'. But
why does globalization matter? I would argue globalization matters
because it means the rise of interconnectedness between countries and
markets across the world. For example, one of the reasons why the
financial crash of 2007/2008 was so serious was because the financial
and banking systems of countries around the world have become so
closely interconnected with the globalization of markets.
36 #SST0214 Vitamin D 50% of the world’s population is Vitamin – D deficient and we believe that
and Health it has serious health consequences for both children and adults alike.
Major cause is lack of sun exposure. Humans have always depended on
the Sun for their vitamin D requirement and it’s over the past forty years
that it’s been suggested that you should never be exposed to direct
sunlight that is one of the major causes of the vitamin D deficiency
pandemic. Again, everybody thinks about vitamin D preventing rickets in
children. We don’t see rickets any longer so people are not thinking about
vitamin D. It’s incomprehensible to physicians as to how vitamin D could
reduce risks of heart attack by fifty percent, reduce risk of common
cancers like colon, prostate, breast by as much as fifty percent reduce risk
of infectious diseases including influenza by as much as 90%, reducing
risk of type I diabetes 78%, if a child is get adequate vitamin D during the
37 #SST021 HTML Well, the 90s came around and finally it clicked that normal people could
5 get online, which hadn't really clicked before. And the little trick that finally
put it together was Tim Berners Lee HTML, so thank you to the UK for
providing the fellow who finally put the missing link in place. And then
what happened in the 90s was this extraordinary outpouring of creativity
and constructiveness from millions and millions of people. There were
millions of people making Web pages, creating content online, creating
social experiments, creating lessons—all sorts of things. And the first
decade of the web took place without much of a profit motive, without any
particular charismatic figures driving it, without fear, without a desire for
an afterlife or any other religious gambits, without advertising, without any
of the traditional motivational schemes. It simply happened because
38 #SST021 Market Within most developed countries, notions of pragmatism, notions of the
9 Economy fact that we have democracies, have succeeded in tempering the market
economy. In the 19th century, 18th century, the Industrial Revolution has
some very negative effects on people, particularly working classes all over
the world. We see data where life expectancy was reduced, hikes we
were reduced. We can look at the medical record and can see that
actually, living standards, much among large fractions of population,
actually went down. But eventually, we pass the legislation about working
conditions. And eventually, we circumscribe some of the worst kinds of
behavior. We eventually, in the 20th century, we put regulations that
composed better environmental conditions. And so, some of the damage
was reversed, and that we have made the market economy work and
ways that the benefits of the all is far more what we shared in the world a
39 #SST0227 A Novelist I have been writing non-fiction for years actually, and… but secretly
wanting to be a novelist. When I first started writing at the age of 30, it was
with the intention of writing fiction, but I took a little detour for 10 or 12
years, and wrote non-fiction which I have absolutely no regret about at all.
I think it was exactly the right thing for me to do, but there was that dream
tucked away inside of me to do this. Now remember reading something
that Eudora Welty wrote, who is, you know, the great novelist from
Mississippi, who had a big influence on me actually. She said, "no art
ever came out of not risking your neck." And I think she's absolutely right
about that. It felt that way to me at the time; it actually feels that way to me
every time I sit down to write something. Finally, in the early 90s, I took my
deep breath, and started writing fiction. It felt risky to me at the time to do
that. And one of the very first things I wrote was, what I thought was going
to be the first chapter of a novel, called "The Secret Life of Bees". I wrote it
in 1992, and it is actually essentially the first chapter of the novel as it is
40 #SST0229 Buildings' now. of buildings is important according to architectural textbooks. At its
Design
Design roots, architecture exists to create the physical environment in which
people live, but architecture is more than just the built environment, it’s
also a part of our culture. It stands as a representation of how we see
ourselves, as well as how we see the world. There are poorly designed
buildings, but also some great building works. In the Victoria Era,
architects designed buildings based on bricks and other materials. The
design of flaws was based on lighting as it would not only affect
appearance but also health conditions. The materials that buildings are
made of also matter. For example, the design of ground floors must
ensure that the building is able to withstand the weight of the higher
levels. In the 20th century, many old buildings with design flaws were
demolished or modified through a natural selection process, which
means they are an altered state rather than an original state. This is an
application of Darwin's theory of natural selection to modification of old
buildings, which means buildings should adapt to the new world to
survive, or be pulled down. So, it's argued to be unfair to criticize the
demolition, although some people believe that whether to be remained
should be decided based on their nature and functions. As the world
41 #SST023 Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and the second smallest planet in
0 the solar system after Mercury, named after the Roman god of the war. It
is often referred to as a red planet because the iron oxide prevalent on its
surface gives it a reddish appearance. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a
thin atmosphere, having surface features reminiscence both of the impact
crater of the moon, and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts, and polar ice
caps of the earth. The rotational period and the season cycles of the Mars
are likewise similar of those of earth, as it was the tilt that produce the
seasons. Mars is the site of the Olympus Mons, the largest volcano and
the second largest known mountain in the solar system, and the Valles
Marineris, one of the largest canyon in the solar system. Until the first
successful Mars flyby in 1965 by Mariner 4, many speculated about the
presence of the liquid water on the planet surface. This was based on
observed periodic variation in the light and the dark patches, particularly in
the polar latitude, which appeared to be seas and continents. Geological
evidence gathered by the unmanned mission suggested that Mars once
42 #SST0231 The Through the 1950s and into the 1960s, the idea of the Industrial
Industrial Revolution was that it was the work of some genius inventors who
Revolution created machines used primarily in the textile industry but also in mining
that eliminated blocks to assembly line production. Then everybody was
crowded into factories and the new brave world opened up. In fact, one of
the most interesting books and great classics that is still in print was
written by an economic historian at Harvard who's still alive called David
Landes. It's a good book called The Unbound Prometheus, which was
basically that. Some of the inventions that I briefly describe in your
reading, the spinning Jenny, etc, refer to that. Well, and that kind of
analysis led one to concentrate on England where the Industrial
Revolution began, and to view industrialization as beginning a situation of
winners and losers by not going as fast. Now, that analysis has been
really rejected greatly over the past years, because Industrial Revolution
is measured by more than simply large factories with industrial workers
and the number of machines. This is the point of the beginning of this.
The more that we look at the Industrial Revolution, the more that we see
that the Industrial Revolution was first and foremost an intensification of
forms of production, of kinds of production that were already there. And
thus, we spend more time looking at, you know, the intensification of
artisanal production, craft production, of domestic industry, which we've
43 #SST0243 Wildlife as In my view, it's impossible not to talk about wildlife, and not think about its
Food role in livelihood. And I guess part of that is my own view, part of the
research that I do in Africa. In most easternwest Africa. I look a role, all the
humans rely on wildlife as the source of food, and also the source of
income. And we talk about our wildlife, it seems we talk about fish, we are
talking about what probably the single most important source of protein
for human that across the globe. And, so, billions of, or more than a billion
of people rely on fish as their primary source of animal protein, and most
of these people living in poverty. So the management of fish resource of
wildlife in that sense causing incredibly important to livelihoods and
health. And also, wildlife tourism is the multiple billion dollars' industry,
and in many places, such as Africa, South America, it can be the No.1
44 #SST024 Global There can now be no reasonable science-based doubt about the reality of
5 Warming global climate change effects brought on by the cumulative and rapidly
growing emission of so-called greenhouse gases – primarily carbon
dioxide - into the atmosphere. As these effects become increasingly more
obvious worldwide, so commercial interests, groups of concerned
individuals and national governments have been gripped by what
amounts to mass panic about what to do about it. To many, Paul Ehrlich's
Malthusian “Population Bomb” of 1968 appears about to explode in the
world’s face in an indirect version of his millenarian vision of population
growth, which outpaces agricultural production capacity with predictably
catastrophic results for humanity. And his three-part crisis scenario does
indeed seem now to be present: a rapid rate of change, a limit of some
sort, and delays in perceiving that limit. Ehrlich's work was roundly
criticized at the time, and later, from many quarters, and much of what he
predicted did not come about. Nevertheless, can the world afford to take
the risk that the climate scientists have got it wrong? Is it not in everyone’s
interests to apply the Precautionary Principle in attempting to avoid the
worst of their predictions – now, rather than at some future time? As the
Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Mr.
Rajendra Pachauri has recently pointed out, eleven of the warmest years
45 #SST024 DNA My lab works on the applications of synthetic biology, so we're very
8 Pieces interested in doing useful things with biological systems. Up to now, life
has evolved, and now we actually have the ability and the power to
engineer it, to design it. And so I'm curious about what the natural world is
going to look like in the future. So synthetic biology is sort of the next level
of genetic engineering. So about 40 years ago, we being scientists and
engineers, developed techniques to basically move pieces of DNA from
one organism to another. And this was sort of done by physically cutting
and pasting. Now we're moving beyond that where we can write DNA so
we're no longer limited to the pieces. We can cut from one and put in
another. We can chemically synthesize this DNA on a machine and put
that into an organism. And now we can even create new organisms
completely from scratch. So if you imagine a cell that's programed to
make a useful compound, say, material or drug, then what you have is
basically a micro- scale manufacturing unit. It's basically a cellular factory.
And the cool thing about cellular factory is that when you want more
factories, you love that cell grow and divide. So in in the lab, if we have one
46 #SST024 Automatic Transportation officials, advocates, companies and users around the
9 Driving world are talking about how automated vehicles will change
transportation as we know it, autonomous vehicles are split into six levels
of automation as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers. Zero, no
automation. One, driver assistance. Two, partial automation. Three,
conditional automation. Four, high automation. And five, full automation.
Humans are responsible for monitoring the vehicle and performing most
functions in levels one and two, while an automated driving system
performs all functions and levels three, four and five. Vehicles and levels
three and up are considered highly automated vehicles. As vehicles
progress to higher levels of automation, less responsibility is put on the
driver for monitoring the vehicle. Here's how an automated vehicle works.
Several systems work in conjunction with each other to control an
automated vehicle. Radar sensors dotted around the car monitor the
position of vehicles nearby. Video cameras detect traffic lights, read road
47 #SST0250 Roman But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the city
Streets of Rome as they look from above today. You can see that again, the city
grew in a fairly ad hoc way, as I mentioned. It wasn't planned all at once. It
just grew up over time, beginning in the eighth century B.C. Now this is
interesting because what we know about the Romans is when they were
left to own devices and they could build the city from scratch, they didn’t let
it grow in an ad hoc way. They structure it in a, in a very care, very
methodical way. That was basically based on military strategy, military
planning. The Romans they couldn't have conquered the world without
obviously having a masterful military enterprise and they everywhere they
went on their various campaigns, their various military campaigns. They
would build, build camps and those camps were always laid out in a very
geometric plan along a grid, usually square or rectangular. So, when we
begin to see the Romans building their ideal Roman city, they turn to that
48 #SST0251 Smile of Ever try to get a baby to smile? It can seem close to impossible—and
Mother then suddenly there it is: that elusive, seemingly joyous grin. Well it turns
out those smiles aren’t spontaneous—they’re strategic. Researchers
have found that when babies smile, it's for a reason. They want whoever
they’re interacting with— typically a parent—to smile back. And they time it
just so, a smile here and a smile there. The researchers call it
sophisticated timing. The study is in the journal PLoS ONE. The
researchers enlisted real mothers and infants and quantified their
interactions, which fell into four categories. One: babies wanted to
maximize the amount of time smiling at their mothers. Two: they wanted
to maximize the time the mothers smiled at them. Three: they wanted to
experience simultaneous smiling, and four: no smiling at all. By studying
when smiles happened and what the subsequent effect was, the
investigators were able to figure out that for mothers the goal 70 percent
of the time was to be smiling simultaneously—while for babies 80
percent of the time they just wanted their mother smiling at them. So,
mothers want the interaction, while babies just want to be smiled at. So
49 #SST0258 English - English, as you have already read, is not a pure language. I don't think
Pure there really are any pure languages in the world. But English is definitely
Language not a pure language. English, in fact, has borrowed from over 350
languages in its history. So it's a variety of many languages. Some people
say it’s like a dog, a mongrel dog, a dog that has been made up of many
different dogs. The English language is like that. By looking at the history
of the English language we learn about the history of the English people.
The two things are closely connected. So, in fact, today we are not only
learning about language but we are learning about history. The fact that
English has borrowed words from over 350 languages has been viewed
differently throughout history. So for example in Shakespeare's time
people were very angry about words which were not, they thought, original
50 #SST026 Indian The debt today is so high, it’s two hundred thousand rupees, three
1 Peasant hundred thousand rupees of peasant who have no capital. They, who
Debt know within a year or two, when they accumulate that kind of debt. They
will never be able to pay back. Where is the debt coming from? It's coming
from a seed that is costing a hundred thousand to two hundred thousand
rupees per kilogram, depending on what you got. Seed that used to be
free, used to be theirs. Pesticides each time, the more they use, the more
they have to use, 12 sprays, 15 sprays, 20 sprays. Pesticides used in just
the last five years in the land areas of India has shot up by 2000 percent.
That’s what the free market and globalization have brought. And since we
are talking about peasants, who have no money, who have no capital,
they can only buy expensive seeds and expensive pesticides by
borrowing. And who lend them that money? The same companies that
sell the pesticides, which are the same companies that sell the seeds,
51 #SST026 Social There are a number of possible purposes for a social network. You now
2 Network have a good understanding of how to analyze the basic characteristics of
your social network or that of another individual. Network is a social
relationship which helps transfer information such as travelling from one
place to another. It also helps people get to different destinations more
quickly if they need to travel in a long distance or two destinations. It is
suitable for old cities with high-density population like Paris. There are
thousands of trips and too many travelers everyday in Paris. The
transportation network in Paris provides thousands of public services and
links them together. A good network can help people with long-distance
or multi-destination trips. In cities with high-density population such as
Paris, people would better carefully plan their journeys by looking at the
routes of the network in advance, to reduce the density of commuters at
52 #SST0264 Big Bang One of the most amazing things that have happened even in my lifetime is
the prediction of cosmology. When I started out forty-odd years ago, we
thought we knew that the universe began a big bang, some people
doubted even then. We thought the universe was about ten or twenty
billion years old. But now for really very sound scientific reasons, we can
say that the universe did start in a Big bang and it’s 13.8 billion years old.
So it’s not 14, it's not 13 because a decimal point in there and that’s a
stunning achievement to know that. And we also know that the laws of
physics that apply to tiny particles inside atoms also explains what
happened in the big bang, you can’t have one without the other. A very
neat example of this is that when you apply nuclear physics, that kind of
physics to understand how stars work, you find out that the oldest star in
the universe is about 13 billion years old. So their universe is just a little
bit older than the stars. Fantastic, if we done it and counted in the other
way around and said that the stars were older than the universe, we
would say science was in deep trouble. But it’s not, everything fits
together and we know how the universe began, we got to know how the
way it is. The future that it ‘ll suspects we don’t know quite well what’s
53 #SST0276 Talent War I think there is an intense competition at the moment to hire the most
talented and most intellectually able people. There is a time when I think
companies have many of the adventures in the world. That involves the
companies' world. It was the bosses' world. Now I think it reverses the
case. We have a shortage in talent base within countries and between
countries, have an intense battle between companies to hire the most
talented workers and also between countries, which are looking to recruit
talented young people, talented young immigrants. We have this sense of
immigrants being things that countries are battled to keep out, and
immigrants want to get in, climb of the walls. I think the opposite isn't that
the case. And the topic is that countries are trying to lure bright young
people to get them to go to universities and get them to become
immigrants. So, on many levels, talent is a premium. There is a shortage
of talent, and so countries, companies, all sorts of organizations, of
course, volunteer organizations as well as, are competing to hire the best
and the brightest. You know we have a baby-boom population which is
54 #SST027 Change of I would like to look at a recent survey conducted by Canadian researchers
8 Body Fat on diet. Total thirty-one women volunteered in the survey. They've been
told to participate in the exercise program without changing their diet. After
careful observation, the researchers actually found that some volunteers
experienced a body fat change after six months from the day they've
started the experiment. The finding further stated that some actually lost a
significant amount of fat, which led to a decrease in body mass. On the
other hand, there were others who did not lose fat at all. So, I guess, the
study concludes that there must be two explanations. Those who did not
lose weight must have eaten more. And another factor is that it is
because there are psychological reasons—not to believe in losing fat.
55 #SST0281 Monster So, we were founded just over ten years ago, when I was in the Royal
Academy, a Museum in the centre of London, with my three children, at
the Aztec exhibition. I don’t know if any of you saw it. I had an older child
and two younger children, twins, strapped in a pushchair, and one of my
children, three years old, shouted and I've never denied he shouted. He
shouted, 'Monster, monster!’ at this statue which looked just like a
monster, had snakes for hair, a big beak for a nose. And, I thought, this is
fantastic I've got a three year old that's appreciating art how good can it
get? So, I bent down and I said, 'Yes, it looks just like a monster’ And, at
that moment, a room warden came over, a gallery assistant came over
and said we were being too noisy, and threw us out. Wrong family. I was,
at that time, a journalist with The Guardian newspaper, and two days later
wrote a big piece in The Guardian about being thrown out of the Royal
Academy. What was really interesting was, by the end of that day, we had
had, at the paper, over 500 emails from other families saying, Museums
aren’t working for us. Let’s try and make it work. So, that’s what we did. In
The Guardian, we set up a campaign. We called it the Kids in Museums
campaign, but it didn’t really exist. It was just a few pages. We ran loads
56 #SST0282 Peasant Today 150, 000 farmers in India have committed suicide in areas where
Debt seed has been destroyed, where they have to buy the seed from
Monsanto and buy it every year at very high cost, and that high cost seed
is getting them into debt and that debt is pushing them to suicide. What
we’ve done is create community seed banks in places where we collect
and save seeds rescue them from disappearance, multiply them and
then distribute them according to farmers’ needs and about 40
community seed banks have been created across the length and breadth
of India. Places where these have been created famers are not in
distress, because the biggest cost today is seeds and chemicals. These
seed banks have now been a new place where we can respond to the
new crisis of globalization. On the one hand and climate change on the
other globalization has led to farmer suicides. We are able to take seeds
to these suicide zones and distribute so that farmers can break out of that
dependency. .. draw food crops get out of debt we’ve been able to create
community seed banks to deal with climate change whether it’s extreme
flooding, the new droughts, the cyclones, the hurricanes that lead to
salinization, and today for us the work on seed has become the place
57 #SST028 Sign So the topic for today is abstraction. And this is a very important layer of
9 Language computer because you can't do anything with a computer unless you have
a symbolic system in place. Right. So we're talking about the origin of
symbolic systems. Language is a classic symbolic system. Apparently
one theory for why language evolved is that people communicated with
sign language and with movement quite well for a long time. And it turned
out that they wanted to communicate even while they were doing things.
So, while they were trying to strangle the dinosaur, not the dinosaurs, the
rhinoceros, they wanted to say "Come help me" and they use sign
language to do it. They had to let go of the rhinoceros and the rhinoceros
ran away. So you can see that it's a good idea to be able to do something
with your hands and be able to communicate at the same time. Hence
58 #SST0291 Human The Human Rights Act can be seen as far-reaching, and some would
Rights Act argue controversial in the UK's history of Rights. At the same time, it can
be described to the somewhat cautious document that provides the
starting point for a wider application of law to rights. In many ways, the
freedom some protections contained in the Human Rights Act were not
new to people living in the UK. The Act puts into UK law most of the
clauses of the European Convention on Human Rights. The convention
itself was devised following the end of the Second World War by the
Council of Europe. UK law has played a significant role in the drafting of
the Convention, and the UK was among the first governments to ratify the
Convention in 1951. Rights are sometimes described as being of a
positive or a negative nature, that's to say, some can be expressed as a
right to, and others as freedom from. The 1998 act puts into place 15
specific rights and freedoms which include rights to liberty and security a
free trial, free expression, free elections, and the right to marry and to
found a family. There are also freedoms from torture, from slavery or
forced labour, and from discrimination on grounds such as race, sex,
religion, political opinion, or social origin. The Human Rights Act has
been described as the start of a process. The act itself does not expand
on the provisions made by the European Convention, which some would
consider is following a baseline or a minimum standard for human rights.