E-ISSN: 1857-3533

№6. 2016

PAX MONGOLICA
ЕВ А Й К Е ЯЕ Я
XIIIXIV ВЕК В
-

XIII—XIV .

:
— . ,
. . — . , .

А К - Е Е БУ КСШС Е ДЕ А БУХА Е 2016

 ISSN: 1608-9057

Stratum plus. No. 6.

Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology

Pax Mongolica and Eurasian Shocks

in the 13th—14th Centuries
Archaeology of Genghis Khan’s Empire
Jochids’ Conquests and Wars
Shocks in the Spiritual Culture of the Cumans
Crises in Taurica in 13th—14th Centuries
The Volga and the Danube under the Golden Horde
Relationships between the Rulers of Jochi’s Ulus
Jochids’ Possessions Mirrored by Numismatics
Secrets of Masters of the Golden Horde Time
Tatar Elite’s Departure to Moscow

Volume Editorial Board: Nicolai D. Russev (Editor-in-Charge),

Kirilko, Vitalij S. Sinika (Associate Editors)
Vladimir P. Kirilko,

Saint Petersburg. Kishinev. Odessa. Bucharest.

2016

Stratum plus. Nr. 6.

Arheologie şi antropologie culturală

Pax Mongolica şi zguduiturile euroasiatice

din secolele XIII—XIV
Arheologia imperiului lui Chinggis-han
Cuceririle şi războaiele Jochizilor
Zguduiturile în cultura spirituală a cumanilor
Crizele în Tauria din sec. XIII—XIV
Regiunea Volgăi şi a Dunării sub stăpânirea Hoardei de Aur
Relaţiile guvernatorilor Ulusului Jochi
Posesiunile Jochizilor în oglinda numismaticii
Secretele meşterilor din epoca hoardei
Plecarea elitei tătăreşti la Moscova

Colegiul de redacţie a volumului: Nicolai D. Russev (redactor responsabil),

Vladimir P. Kirilko,, Vitalij S. Sinika (redactori adjuncţi)

Sankt Petersburg. Chi inău. Odesa. Bucure ti.

2016
Stratum plus 9
№6. 2016

. . (Ȼɤəɝɡɛɧɪɫɧɣ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ), . . (Ɂɩɣɬɫɪɣ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ),

. . (Ȼɤəɝɡɛɧɪɫɧɣ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ), . . (ɐɡɫə, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ),
. . (Ȼɤəɝɡɛɧɪɫɧɣ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ). -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
. . (Ƀɡɞɛ, Ɍɣɩəɡɦə).
XIII—XIV . ( ) . . . . . . . 45
. . (Ɋəɦɣɫ-Ɉɞɫɞɩɚɬɩɜ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ).
: -
XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
. . (Ƀəɠəɦɵ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ).
XIII — XV : - . . 107
. . (Ƀəɠəɦɵ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ).
(
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

. . (Ƀɡɱɡɦɹɛ, Ʌɧɤɝɧɛə). - :
« » . . . . . . . . 165
. . (Ƀɡɞɛ, Ɍɣɩəɡɦə). 50—70- . XIII .
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
. . (Ɋəɦɣɫ-Ɉɞɫɞɩɚɬɩɜ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ).
: . . . . 195
. . (Ʌɧɪɣɛə, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ). —
XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
. . (Ƀəɠəɦɵ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ).
( XV —
XVI .) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
. . (ɉɸɠəɦɵ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ), . . (Ƀɬɩɜəɦ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ).
- -
. . . . . . . . 229

. . (ȹɩɥəɛɡɩ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ), . . (Ȼɤəɝɡɣəɛɣəɠ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ).

1222 . 1230-
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
. . (Ɏəɩɵɣɧɛ, Ɍɣɩəɡɦə), . . (Ɋəɦɣɫ-Ɉɞɫɞɩɚɬɩɜ,
ɉɧɪɪɡɸ). . . . 269
. . (Ɇɧɛɧɪɡɚɡɩɪɣ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ), . . (Ɋəɦɣɫ-Ɉɞɫɞɩɚɬɩɜ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ).
XIV ( 1) . . . . . . . . . . . 279
10 Stratum plus
№6. 2016

. . , . . (Ɋəɦɣɫ-Ɉɞɫɞɩɚɬɩɜ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ),
. . (ɇɝɞɪɪə, Ɍɣɩəɡɦə).
1( -
, ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
. . (ɋɡɩəɪɨɧɤɵ, Ʌɧɤɝɧɛə).
. . . . 305
. . (Ɋɡɥɭɞɩɧɨɧɤɵ, Ƀɩɴɥ).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

. . (Ɇɡɟɦɞɛəɩɫɧɛɪɣ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ). ,
. . . . . . 319
. . , . . (Ɏəɩɵɣɧɛ, Ɍɣɩəɡɦə),
. . (ɐɞɩɣəɪɪɴ, Ɍɣɩəɡɦə).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
. . (Ƀəɠəɦɵ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

. . (Ɋəɩəɫɧɛ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ).
« » . . . . . . . . . 357
. . (ɘɤɫə, Ƀɩɴɥ), . . (Ɋɡɥɭɞɩɧɨɧɤɵ, Ƀɩɴɥ).
- . . . . . . . 371
. . (Ƀɡɱɡɦɹɛ, Ʌɧɤɝɧɛə). C 1454
. . . . . . . . . . . . 393

. . (ɉɧɪɫɧɛ-ɦə-Ƚɧɦɬ, ɉɧɪɪɡɸ). Meyer E. 2013. The inscriptions of Dodo-

na and New History of Molossia. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. – 201 S.
ISBN 978-3-515-10311-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

AD MEMORIAM

. . (ɇɝɞɪɪə, Ɍɣɩəɡɦə), . . (Ƀɡɱɡɦɹɛ, Ʌɧɤɝɧɛə).

.
(1930—2016) . . . . . . . 413

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Stratum plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Stratum plus 11
№6. 2016

CONTENTS

HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTIONS

N. N. Kradin (Vladivostok, Russian Federation), A. V. Kharinsky (Irkutsk, Russian

Federation), S. E. Baksheeva (Vladivostok, Russian Federation),
E. V. Kovychev (Chita, Russian Federation), S. D. Prokopets (Vladivostok, Rus-
sian Federation). Archaeology of Genghis Khan Empire in Mongolia
and Transbaikalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
M. V. Kvitnytskyi (Kiev, Ukraine). Shocks in the Western European Cumans’
Religious Culture in 13th —14th Centuries (by archaeological sources) . . . 45
V. L. Mytz (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). The Conquest of Late Byzantine
Taurica by the Mongols: historical and archaeological context of the disaster
of the last quarter of the 13th century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
K. A. Rudenko (Kazan, Russian Federation). Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde in
Second Half of the Thirteenth — Early Fifteenth Century. A Historical and
Archaeological Essay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
L. F. Nedashkovsky (Kazan, Russian Federation). Intensity of the Economic
Development of the Lower Volga Region during the Golden Horde Epoch
(by the materials of the cities’ environs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

CRUCIAL MOMENTS OF THE GOLDEN HORDE’S HISTORY

N. D. Russev (Kishinev, Moldova). The Carpathian-Danube Lands under

the Jochids: a few ideas and numerous ‘ways of perception’ . . . . . . . . 165
Ya. V. Pylypchuk (Kiev, Ukraine). Wars of the Ulus of Jochi in 1250s —1270s
(European direction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
A. V. Maiorov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Daniel of Galicia en Route
to Batu Khan: on the disputes about the duration of the Prince’s trip
to the Horde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
S. P. Karpov (Moscow, Russian Federation). Tana, a Cradle of the
Mid-14th Century Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
B. R. Rakhimzianov (Kazan, Russian Federation). Political Heirs of Jochi’s Ulus in
the Context of Tatar Elite Departures to Muscovy (the End of the Fifteenth —
First Third of the Sixteenth Centuries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
A. V. Belyakov (Ryazan, Russian Federation), D. N. Maslyuzhenko (Kurgan, Russian
Federation). Siberian-Bukharan-Nogai Relations in the Light of
Correspondence between Abdallah, the Khan of Bukhara,
and Kuchum, the Khan of Siberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

THE GOLDEN HORDE’S CONQUESTS MIRRORED BY THE

NUMISMATICS

E. I. Narozhny (Armavir, Russian Federation), A. A. Tsutsiev (Vladikavkaz,

Russian Federation). Northern Caucasus between 1222 and Late 1230s
(by Georgian Coin Finds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
12 Stratum plus
№6. 2016

Yu. V. Zayonchkovskiy (Kharkiv, Ukraine), B. I. Leonov (Saint Petersburg, Russian

Federation). Khan Muhammad Tulak By Numismatic Sources . . . . . . 269
R. Yu. Reva (Novosibirsk, Russian Federation), A. O. Bragin (Saint Petersburg,
Russian Federation). Syrdarya Hoard of the End of 14th Century (part 1) . . 279

HARD FLOWERS OF THE MIDDLE AGES

S. V. Belskiy, K. V. Gorlov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation), E. M. Lemberg

(Odessa, Ukraine). New Numismatic Material from a Burial in Ristiniemi 1
Cemetery (North-Western Ladoga Lake Area, Republic of Karelia) . . . 297
A. V. Crivenco (Tiraspol, Moldova). Finds of European Coins in Moldova Dated by
the Period of the Golden Horde Domination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
V. V. Maiko (Simferopol, Crimea). Moldavian Coins of Medieval Solkhat . . . . 311

SECRETS OF MASTERS

M. M. Choref (Nizhnevartovsk, Russian Federation). Traces of the Silk Road, or

about technology of monetary molding in the Byzantine Cherson . . . . . 319
V. G. Shaposhnik, Yu. V. Zayonchkovskiy (Kharkiv, Ukraine), V. P. Sheptuha
(Cherkassy, Ukraine). Tools of Medieval Coin Workshop from the Kharkiv
Oblast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
S. I. Valiulina (Kazan, Russian Federation). Chemical Composition of the Glass
from Bolgar and Suvar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

SIGNS OF TIME

S. Ju. Monachov (Saratov, Russian Federation). A Revision of the Dating of

Heraclea’s Amphorae with Stamps by the “Distressful” Manufacturer
Etymos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
S. G. Bocharov (Yalta, Crimea), V. P. Kirilko (Simferopol, Crimea). Historical and
Architectural Metamorphosis of Sheikh Koy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
L. V. Dergacheva (Kishinev, Moldova). The Commemorative Plate of 1454 from
the Belgorod Fortress and Pan Stanciul’s Coat of Arms . . . . . . . . . . 393

REVIEW

S. S. Kazarov (Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation). Meyer E. 2013. The inscriptions

of Dodona and New History of Molossia. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. –
201 S. ISBN 978-3-515-10311-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407

AD MEMORIAM

G. V. Kondratieva (Odessa, Ukraine), N. D. Russev (Kishinev, Moldova).

My bonfire disperses fog.
Ad memoriam Alexandra Vasilievna Gudkova (1930—2016) . . . . . . . . . 413

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Submissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Stratum plus 107
№6. 2016

. .

XIII — XV :
-
Keywords: Middle Volga Region, Volga Bulgaria, Golden Horde sites, historical geography, ethnic-cultural processes.
Cuvinte cheie: regiunea Volgăi Mijlocii, Bulgaria de pe Volga, situri ale Hoardei de Aur, geografia istorică, procese etno-
culturale.
: , , , ,
.

K. A. Rudenko
Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde in Second Half of the Thirteenth — Early Fifteenth Century. A Historical
and Archaeological Essay
The author employs archaeological evidence and 13th — 14th centuries written accounts to analyze the history of the
Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde from its formation in the beginning of the thirteenth century to its disintegration in the
beginning of the fifteenth century. Pursuing his research, he also recurs to numismatic and epigraphic data. Materials from
hillforts, unfortified settlements and necropolises allowed tracking the changes in settlement structures and urban develop-
ment. Also, he offers a reconstruction of administrative areas within the Bulgar Ulus with centers in big cities like Bulgar,
Dzhuketau and Kazan. Besides, there was a special territory with nomadic population. The author considers distribution
of various religions and nationalities living in this territory. Generalization of studies in material culture of the population of
the Bulgar Ulus has allowed to present versatile lifestyles of the contemporary people — from trades to games and food.
The Bulgar art of the Golden Horde time is characterized. Special attention is paid to the history of the capital of the Bulgar
Ulus — the Bulgar City. The author comes to conclusion that coexistence of nomadic and settled societies was typical for
the Bulgar Ulus, just like for a considerable part of the Golden Horde territory.

K. A. Rudenko
Ulusul Bulgar al Hoardei de Aur în a doua jumătate a sec. XIII- începutul sec. XV: schiţă istorico-arheologi-
că
În articol este analizată istoria ulusului Bulgar al Hoardei de Aur din momentul formării lui la începutul sec. XIII i până la
destrămare, la începutul sec. XV. Sursele principale sunt materialele arheologice i informaţiile izvoarelor scrise din sec. XI-
II—XIV. Sunt utilizate de asemenea datele numismatice i epigrafice. În baza analizei materialelor arheologice din săpăturile
cetăţilor, a ezărilor i necropolelor sunt urmărite schimbările în structura de colonizare i dinamica dezvoltării ora elor. Sunt
reconstituite raioanele administrative din interiorul ulusului Bulgar, ale căror centre erau marile ora e — Bulgar, Dzhuketau
i Kazan. În afară de aceasta, exista un teritoriu deosebit, unde locuia populaţia nomadă. Este analizată răspândirea diferi-
tor religii i dislocarea grupurilor etnice, ce locuiau în acest teritoriu. Generalizarea cercetărilor asupra culturii materiale a
populaţiei ulusului Bulgar a permis să prezentăm tabloul variat al vieţii oamenilor din acel timp, de la me te uguri până la
jocuri i alimentaţie. Este prezentată caracteristica artei bulgăre ti din epoca Hoardei de Aur. Un loc aparte în studiu este
acordat istoriei capitalei ulusului Bulgar — ora ului Bulgar. Cercetarea ne permite să concluzionăm că pentru ulusul Bulgar,
ca i pentru o parte însemnată a teritoriului Hoardei de Aur, era caracteristic sistemul de coexistenţă a gospodăriei nomazilor
i a agricultorilor sedentari.

К. А. Р
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№6. 2016

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№6. 2016

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110 . . Stratum plus
№6. 2016

. 1. XIII . -
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:1— - ;2— ;3— ;4— ;5—
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10 — I; 11 — ; 12 — ; 13 — ; 14 — ;
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Stratum plus XIII—XV .: - 111
№6. 2016

80 — ; 81 — I; 82 — II; 83 — ; 84 — ; 85 —
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Fig. 1. Map of Volga Bulgaria in Early 13th c. with main archaeological sites and probable itineraries of the Mongol troops in 1236
(after 2014: 13, 14, map).
Fortified sites: 1 — Korotkovo-Gorodishchenskoye; 2 — Krasnoyarskoye; 3 — Novomokshinskoye; 4 — Karasinskoye; 5 — Novoak-
subaevskoye; 6 — Barsko-Yenaruskinskoye; 7 — Ilyashkinskoye; 8 — Aksubaevskoye; 9 — Shcherbenskoye II; 10 — Shcherben-
skoye I; 11 — Chuvbrodskoye; 12 — Novoalmetyevskoye; 13 — Novoamzinskoye; 14 — Bilyarskoye; 15 — Starotatadamskoye;
16 — Atlashkinskoye; 17 — Savgachevskoye; 18 — Izgarskoye; 19 — Kreshcheltanskoye; 20 — Gorkinskoye II; 21 — Gorkinskoye I;
22 — Balynguzskoye; 23 — «Svyatoy klyuch»; 24 — Nikolaev-Baranskoye I; 25 — Nikolaev-Baranskoye II; 26 — Starokamkinskoye;
27 — Tatburnaevskoye; 28 — Nizhnekacheevskoye (Shibashskoye); 29 — Chuvappakovskoye; 30 — Borovkinskoye; 31 — Pod-
belshinskoye; 32 — Nikolskoye; 33 — Beloyarskoye I; 34 — Beloyarskoye II; 35 — Andreevskoye; 36 — Krestovo-Gorodishchenskoye;
37 — Ivanovskoye; 38 — Yurmanskoye; 39 — Krasnorechenskoye; 40 — Bolshekandalinskoye; 41 — Tinarkinskoye; 42 — Naletkin-
skoye; 43 — Starobaranskoye; 44 — Staromaynskoye (Gryaznukhinskoye); 45 — Suvarskoye; 46 — Yakimovo-Strelkinskoye; 47 —
Kokryatskoye; 48 — Shmelevskoye; 49 — Tankeevskoye I; 50 — Tankeevskoye II; 51 — Maklasheevskoye I; 52 — Balymerskoye;
53 — Bolgarskoye; 54 — Krivelskoye; 55 — Shcherbetskoye; 56 — Tattyugulbaevskoye («Kala-Bash»); 57 — Krasnoklyuchinskoye;
58 — Gusikhinskoye; 59 — Starokuybyshevskoye (Kuralovskoye); 60 — «Devichy gorodok»; 61 — Staromatakskoye; 62 — Staro-
nokhratskoye; 63 — Romodanskoye I; 64 — Romodanskoye II; 65 — Karavaevskoye; 66 — Vostochno-Voykinskoye; 67 — Zapadno-
Voykinskoye; 68 — Burakovskoye; 69 — Kominternovskoye; 70 — Berezovogrivskoye (Bazyakovskoye); 71 — «Gorodok»; 72 —
Balakhchinskoye; 73 — Alekseevskoye; 74 — Ostolopovskoye; 75 — Kurkulskoye; 76 — Narat-Yelginskoye; 77 — Belogorskoye;
78 — Utyakovskoye; 79 — Kubasskoye; 80 — Dzhuketauskoye; 81 — Zmeevskoye I; 82 — Zmeevskoye II; 83 — Buldyrskoye;
84 — Malopolyanskoye; 85 — Russkosarsazskoye; 86 — Malotolkishskoye; 87 — Staroromashkinskoye; 88 — Gorodishchenskoye;
89 — Tubylgytausskoye; 90 — Sosnovskoye II; 91 — Yelkhovskoye; 92 — Sosnovskoye I; 93 — Novosheshminskoye I; 94 — Yeka-
terino-Slobodinskoye II; 95 — Yekaterino-Slobodinskoye I; 96 — Cheremukhovo-Slobodinskoye; 97 — Ivashkinskoye; 98 — No-
vosheshminskoye III; 99 — Novosheshminskoye II; 100 — Utyashkinskoye; 101 — Yelantovskoye; 102 — Oshinskoye; 103 — Kras-
nokadkinskoye; 104 — Saklykskoye; 105 — Yelabuzhskoye; 106 — Kotlovskoye I; 107 — Krasnogorskoye; 108 — Grokhanskoye;
109 — Kirmenskoye; 110 — Challynskoye; 111 — «Yezhevichnaya strelka»; 112 — Kashanskoye II; 113 — Kashanskoye I;
114 — «Kazansky Kreml»; 115 — Almenevskoye; 116 — Gorodishchenskoye; 117 — Lukovskoye (Yapanchinskoye); 118 — Staroya-
nashevskoye; 119 — Bolshetoyabinskoye; 120 — Tigashevskoye; 121 — Deushevskoye; 122 — Chuvbezdninskoye; 123 — Goro-
dishchenskoye (Kala-Yelginskoye); 124 — Staroaleykinskoye; 125 — Krasnosyundyukovskoye I; 126 — Krasnosyundyukovskoye II;
127 — Kirtelinskoye; 128 — Kildyushevskoye; 129 — Bogdashkinskoye; 130 — Khulashskoye; 131 — Staroyenaleyskoye; 132 —
Lyashevskoye; 133 — Zelenovskoye; 134 — Yantikovskoye (Kirelskoye); 135 — Undorskoye I; 136 — Undorskoye II; 137 — Gorod-
ishchenskoye; 138 — Polivnoovrazhnoye; 139 — Kriushskoye I; 140 — Kriushskoye II; 141 — Sengileyskoye; 142 — Buerakskoye;
143 — Yelaurskoye; 144 — Bektyashskoye; 145 — «Chertov gorodok»; 146 — Zhigulevskoye; 147 — Aleksandrovskoye; 148 —
Valynskoye (Muromsky gorodok); 149 — Mezhdurechenskoye; 150 — Perevolokskoye.
Legend: a — fortified sites with area of over 50 hectares; b — fortified sites with area of less than 50 hectares; c — fortified sites,
existed in the Golden Horde period; d — fortified sites where there are findings of the Golden Horde period; e — fortified sites
without narrow dating; f — fortified sites with traces of military massacres of 13th cent. according to excavations and exploration
research.

- ,
( 2005: 125; 2010 : 96). 1232 ., -
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112 . . Stratum plus
№6. 2016

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Stratum plus XIII—XV .: - 113
№6. 2016

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114 . . Stratum plus
№6. 2016

, — - — , -
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№6. 2016

- 1250- . -
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116 . . Stratum plus
№6. 2016

. 2. . . . ( 2014:
333, . XXVIII).

Fig. 2. Metallic mirrors from the Bolgar hillfort. Collection of A. F. Likhachev and the Society of Archaeology, History and Ethnogra-
phy affiliated with Kazan State University (after 2014: 333, . XXVIII).
Stratum plus XIII—XV .: - 117
№6. 2016

- , -
XIII .
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118 . . Stratum plus
№6. 2016

. 3. . 1—9 — ; 10—13 — . 1, 2 — ; 3—13 — .

( 2006 : 192, . 18).

Fig. 3. Finger rings. 1—9 — silver; 10—13 — bronze. 1, 2 — Karashamsky hoard; 3—13 — Bolgar hillfort. Collection from the
National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan (after 2006 : 192, . 18).

- . -
- 1340- .
, . , -
6 ( , , -
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- ,

1330- . , - . 1340- .
Stratum plus XIII—XV .: - 119
№6. 2016

. 4. . . ( 2006 : 188, . 14).

Fig. 4. Silver bracelets. Bolgar hillfort. Collection from the National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan (after 2006 :
188, . 14).

- ( ) -
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, 223, 227). , -
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120 . . Stratum plus
№6. 2016

- ,
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Stratum plus XIII—XV .: - 121
№6. 2016

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122 . . Stratum plus
№6. 2016

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Stratum plus XIII—XV .: - 123
№6. 2016

,
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124 . . Stratum plus
№6. 2016

12
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-
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-
( ., : , -
( , 2000).
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( -
, -
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, -
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— , - ( 1978: 232).
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Stratum plus XIII—XV .: - 125
№6. 2016

, - -
. - — ; -
, -
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( 60—70 %). - -
-
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- 23, 41). -
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( 1960: . 1; 2). , -
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( 2008: 24, 25).
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- ( 2002:
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126 . . Stratum plus
№6. 2016

, . -
- . - XIV—XV . ( -
) . ,
, - , ,
- . -
, -
, - (
- 1965: 164, 166).
. ,
- , -
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,
.
-
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: - XV . -
— - . -
15
; — - XIII .
- - ( )
; - ( 1994: 121—139; 1998: 60—71),
— , - XIV . -
; — . -
16
.
( , - ( :
) . , - , I) ( 1978:
- 34—93). ,
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( 1993: 13—72; 2001:
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, 1993: 24).
( 1993: 75—91,
. 36), ( - (
, ) )
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, , -
, . - - -
XIII . - ,
17
, -
. XIV . -
XIV — XV . - 9 -
, - , -
; , - (
2013 : 189—211). -
( , -
), - XIV — XV . ( 2002:
- 155).
-
-
15
, - -
, .
, , -
( 1978: 15). -
, - 17
, ( 1991: 201). , -
. -
16
( 1996: 358; -
1978: 34, 35), - ( - )( 1991:
. 190—215).
Stratum plus XIII—XV .: - 127
№6. 2016

, - ( XIV—XVI .
XIV . - ( 1988: 90)), -
- ,
( - .
), , ,
- ( - 1987: 158—204)
(1290—1340- ). , -
- .
- , ( 2008: 27—107).
1340—1360- . - -
. - , -
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, - ( 2007: 69—75).

, - , -
- - -
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XIV . ( 2015 : 350), -
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1990: 90). , - , -
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), « - . -
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, - -
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( 1988: 42, 82—85). -
-
— - . , XIII . -
, 2,5 % - (
( 1983: 114). 1995: 148), « -
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, - « »,
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128 . . Stratum plus
№6. 2016

, - ( ,
. ),
- ,
( )( 1951: . VIII:
: , 133; 2001: 295—310). -
18
- : -
19
. -
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-
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20
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205—229). - , -
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: ) ( 2010:
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)( 112). — -
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( 1960: . 18—20, 23—28, 32, .
19
34—36, 41)). - , .
- 20
( ).
Stratum plus XIII—XV .: - 129
№6. 2016

. 5. .1— ;2— ;3—V ,

;4— ;5—« », V ;6—
;7— III ;8— ;9— II
( 2006 : 176, . 2).

Fig. 5. Types of cast iron boilers (1—9). 2 — Bolgar hillfort; 2 — Damba unfortified site; 3 — V Semenovskoe unfortified site, Bol-
gar hillfort; 4 — Peschany ostrov unfortified site; 5 — Razboinchiy ostrov, V Semenovskoe unfortified site; 6 — Bolgar hillfort; 7 —
Danaurovskoe III unfortified site; 8 — Bolgar hillfort; 9 — Kominternovskoe II unfortified site (after . . 2006a: 176, .2).

, . 5; 2003: 205—226) -
-
( . 7: 1—8), ( 2006: 152—158).
. . (1988: 7—150). - , -
, - XIII .,
- ( . 5), -
, -
( , ) - ,
. , ( 2000: 87).
( -
, - ) XIV . -
- -
— , ( . 8: ( 2000: 39—41,
8—12) ( 2002: 214—216). . 3; 2006: 110, 111, . 4—7). -
( , , )
. - , -

( XIV .) - ( 2000: 70).

—-
, - -
( . 7: 7, 8) ( 1954 : 352, 353, .
130 . . Stratum plus
№6. 2016

- . -
, - : , -
, ; , , ,
, - , ( , ), -
, , - , — -
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Fig. 6. Bronze items (1—7) and iron items (8—11). Bilyar (1, 2, 5, 8, 9) and Bulgar (3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11) hillforts. 1 — pounder;
2 — scale for small weights; 3—7 — zoomorphic padlocks (after 2006 : 175, 194, . 1; 20); 8—11 — padlocks (after
2006: 120, . 9).
132 . . Stratum plus
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. 7. (9—14) (1—8) ( 2014: 746, . 10).

Fig. 7. Glazed (9—14) and non-glazed (1—8) ceramics of Bolgar (after 2014: 746, . 10).
Stratum plus XIII—XV .: - 133
№6. 2016

. 8. ( ) XIII — XV .( 2011 : 141, . 22). 1—12, 18,

20, 34, 36, 37, 41, 42 — ; 13—17, 19 — ; 21, 23—33, 38, 40 — -
; 22 — ; 35 — .

Fig. 8. Ceramics of Laishevskoe unfortified site (Chakma), 13th — early 15th centuries (after 2011 : 141, . 22). 1—12,
18, 20, 34, 36, 37, 41, 42 — Bulgarian; 13—17, 19 — Kama and Volga Finns; 21, 23—33, 38, 40 — Slavoid; 22 — Russian; 35 —
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134 . . Stratum plus
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ɤɞɦɡɸ ɡ ɩəɠɛɡɫɡɸ ɣəɦɯɞɤɸɩɪɣɧɢ ɪɤɬɟɚɴ ɮəɦɧɛ
ɀɧɤɧɫɧɢ ɇɩɝɴ. : . - ( -
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. ( . .). ȹɩɮɞɧɤɧɜɡɸ ɡ ɞɪɫɞɪɫɛɞɦɦɴɞ ɦəɬɣɡ
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ȼɧɩɧɝ Ⱥɧɤɜəɩ. Ʌɧɦɬɥɞɦɫəɤɵɦɧɞ ɪɫɩɧɡɫɞɤɵɪɫɛɧ, ɪɞɩɞɝɡɦɴ XVIII ɛɞɣə (Ɉɩɧɚɤɞɥɴ ɶɣɧɦɧɥɡɰɞɪɣɧɢ
əɩɮɡɫɞɣɫɬɩə, ɚɤəɜɧɬɪɫɩɧɢɪɫɛɧ. : , ɡ ɪɧɯɡəɤɵɦɧɢ ɡɪɫɧɩɡɡ). : .
200—216.
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. ., . ., . . 1993. XIII — - XIV . —

ɍɡɦɦɴ, ɬɜɩɴ ɡ ɪəɥɧɝɡɢɯɴ ɛ Ȼɧɪɫɧɰɦɧɥ ɀəɣə- . ,
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ɫɧɨɧɦɡɥɡɰɞɪɣɧɜɧ ɡɠɬɰɞɦɡɸ ɶɫɦɧɣɬɤɵɫɬɩɦɧɢ 1360- ., - ,
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Ƀəɠəɦɪɣɧɥ ɬɦɡɛɞɩɪɡɫɞɫɞ. Ɉɩɧɚɤɞɥɴ ɡɪɫɧɩɡɣɧ- (12—14 1995 ).
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ɫɞɩɦɴɞ ɫɞɮɦɧɤɧɜɡɡ: ɨɩɞɝɪɫəɛɤɞɦɡɞ ɡ əɦəɤɡɠ -

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. : , : . . ( .). Ʌɡɩɧɛɧɠɠɩɞɦɡɞ ɦə-
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XIII—XIV . : . . ( . .). Ɋɧɯɡəɤɵɦɧ-ɶɣɧɦɧɥɡɰɞɪɣɧɞ ɩəɠɛɡɫɡɞ ɝɩɞɛɦɡɮ
Ɋɩɞɝɦɞɛɞɣɧɛəɸ ɜɧɩɧɝɪɣəɸ ɣɬɤɵɫɬɩə Ƀəɠəɮɪɫəɦə ɧɚɲɞɪɫɛ ɡ əɩɮɞɧɤɧɜɡɸ. : ,
ɡ Ɋɩɞɝɦɞɢ ȹɠɡɡ. - 167—176.
. - : , 215—220. . . 1997. -
- . . 1987. .
Stratum plus XIII—XV
№6. 2016
: . . ( . .). Ȼɪɞɩɧɪɪɡɢɪɣəɸ
ɦəɬɰɦɧ-ɨɩəɣɫɡɰɞɪɣəɸ ɣɧɦɭɞɩɞɦɯɡɸ «ȼɬɥəɦɡɪɫɡ-
ɰɞɪɣɡɞ ɫɩəɝɡɯɡɡ ɀəɨəɝə ɡ Ȼɧɪɫɧɣə ɛ ɥɬɠɞɢɦɧɥ
ɝɞɤɞ ɉɧɪɪɡɡ ɡ ɋəɫəɩɪɫəɦə» (12—14 ɪɞɦɫɸɚɩɸ
1995 ɜɧɝə). . -
: , 8—11.
. . 2001. . .
: - . . ( . .). ȼɧɩɧɝ
Ⱥɧɤɜəɩ: Ʌɧɦɬɥɞɦɫəɤɵɦɧɞ ɪɫɩɧɡɫɞɤɵɪɫɛɧ, əɩ-
ɮɡɫɞɣɫɬɩə, ɚɤəɜɧɬɪɫɩɧɢɪɫɛɧ. : ,
217—260.
. . 1960. Ȼɛɞɝɞɦɡɞ ɛ ɚɬɤɜəɩɧ-ɫəɫəɩɪɣɬɷ ɶɨɡ-
ɜɩəɭɡɣɬ. ; : . Beasts. Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of
. . 1954.
1946—1952 . ɅɁȹ 42, 424—484.
. . 1958.
1953—1954 . ɅɁȹ 61, 392—414.
. . 1960.
1957 . ɅɁȹ 80, 210—223.
. . 1962.
- clujeană, 255—267.
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Konstantin Rudenko (Kazan, Rusia). Doctor în ştiin e istorice. Institutul de Stat de cultură din Kazan.
( , ).
.
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