GOVT.

DEGRE
E
COLLE
GE,:V.DHAMINI
NAME
KUPPAnd
CLASS :2 B.SC[MPWT]
M
SUB :MATHEMATICS

ROLL :06

PROJECT
TITLE:NUMBER SYSTEM
CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION:

PRESENTATION:

CONCLUSION:

ACKNOWLWDGEMENT:
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NUMBER SYSTEM
Number System
A number system in computer ideology is regarded as the method or system of
numbering and representing of digits in the computer ‘inner’ system. In other words, it is a
technique used in representing numbers in the computer system architecture. The digital
computer represents all kinds of data and information in binary numbers. This implies every
value/number that you are saving or feeding into/fetching from the computer system memory
has a defined number system. The value/data feed in/fetch from can includes but not limited
to: audio, graphics, video, text file, numbers etc. The total number of digits used in a number
system is called its base or radix. The base is written after the number as subscript; for
instance 10001102 (1000110 base 2), 5610 (56 to base of 10), 718 (71 base 8) etc.
Computer architecture supports following number systems.
i. Binary number system (Base 2)
ii. Octal number system (Base 8)
iii. Decimal number system (Base 10)
iv. Hexadecimal number system (Base 16)

1) Binary Number System

A Binary number system has only two digits, which are 0 and 1. Every number (value) is
represented with 0 and 1 in this number system. The base of binary number system is 2,
because it has only two digits. Though DECIMAL (No 3) is more frequently used in Number
representation, BINARY is the number system form which the system/machine accepts.

2) Octal number system

Octal number system has only eight (8) digits from 0 to 7. Every number (value) is
represented with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 in this number system. The base of octal number system
is 8, because it has only 8 digits.

3) Decimal number system

Decimal number system has only ten (10) digits from 0 to 9. Every number (value) is
represented with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8 and 9 in this number system. The base of decimal number
system is 10, because it has only 10 digits.

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4) Hexadecimal number system

A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen (16) alphanumeric values from 0 to 9 and A to F.
Every number (value) represents with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F in this
number system. The base of hexadecimal number system is 16, because it has 16
alphanumeric values. Here, we have 0 to 9, representing 0 – 9 but from 10, we have A is 10,
B is 11, C is 12, D is 13, E is 14 and F is 15.
The table above shows the sample representations

Number system Base Used digits Example

Binary 2 0,1 (11110000)2

Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 (360)8

Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 (240)10

Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, (F0)16

A,B,C,D,E,F

Number System Conversions

There are three types of conversion:
 Decimal Number System to Other Base
[for example: Decimal Number System to Binary Number System e.g. Base 10 to
Base 2 etc.]
 Other Base to Decimal Number System
[for example: Binary Number System to Decimal Number System e.g. Base 2 back to
Base 10 etc.]
 Other Base to Other Base
[for example: Binary Number System to Hexadecimal Number System e.g. Base 2 to
Base 16 etc.]

Let’s pick them one after the other to see how the computations are done and the underlying
logic behind them!

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Decimal Number System to Other Bases

The underlisted are the steps/procedures:
A) Divide the Number (Decimal Number) by the base of target base system (in which
you want to convert the number to e.g. Binary (2), Octal (8) OR Hexadecimal (16)).
B) Write the remainder from step 1 as a Least Signification Bit (LSB) to Step last as a
Most Significant Bit (MSB); that is, write from down-up.
Example 1: Convert 1234510 to Base 2
Solution 1:

Decimal to Binary Conversion Result

Decimal Number is : (12345)10 Binary Number is

(11000000111001)2

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Example 2: Convert same no (1234510) this time, to Base 8

Solution 2:

Decimal to Octal Conversion Result

Decimal Number is : (12345)10 Octal Number is

(30071)8

Furthering, ….
Example 3: Convert 1234510 to Base 16
Solution 3:

Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion Result

Example 1 Hexadecimal Number is

Decimal Number is : (12345)10 (3039)16

A more complex Example 4: Hexadecimal Number is

Convert 72510 to Base 16 (2D5)16
Decimal Number is : (725)10 Convert
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
to its equivalent...
A, B, C, D, E, F

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Other Base System to Decimal Number Base

The procedures are spelt out thus:
A) Determine the base value of source Number System (that you want to convert), and also
determine the position of digits from LSB (first digit’s position – 0, second digit’s position –
1 and so on).
B) Multiply each digit with its corresponding multiplication of position value and Base of
Source Number System’s Base.
C) Add/Sum up the resulted value in step-B.

Example 5: Convert 11011012 to Base 10

Solution:
Binary to Decimal Conversion

1 * 2 + 1 * 2 + 0 * 2 + 1 * 2 + 1 * 2 + 0 * 2 + 1 * 2 (Comment: What we did here is in line

with step A e.g. we multiply the given/source base’s number (e.g. Base 2 - 1101101) with the
base index e.g. 2.
Now, to complete the conversion computation, superscript the index position starting from 0
backward increasing downward. For instance, the equation becomes:

1 * 26 + 1 * 25 + 0 * 24 + 1 * 23 + 1 * 22 + 0 * 21 + 1 * 20
= 1 * 64 + 1 * 32 + 0 * 16 + 1 * 8 + 1 * 4 + 0 * 2 + 1 * 1
= 64 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 10910 (QED)

Example 6: Convert 538 to Base 10

Solution:
Octal to Decimal Conversion
5 * 8 + 3 * 8 (Comment: What we did here is in line with step A e.g. we multiply the
given/source base’s number (e.g. Base 8 - 53) with the base index e.g. 8.
Now, to complete the conversion computation, superscript the index position starting from 0
backward increasing downward. For instance, the equation becomes:

5 * 81 + 3 * 80 = 5 * 8 + 3 * 1 = 40 + 3 = 4310 (QED)

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Example 7: Convert 2948 to Base 10

Solution:
Octal to Decimal Conversion

2 * 8 + 9 * 8 + 4 * 8 (Comment: What we did here is line with step A e.g. we multiply the
given/source base’s number (e.g. Base 8 - 294) with the base index e.g. 8.
Now, to complete the conversion computation, superscript the index position starting from 0
backward increasing downward. For instance, the equation becomes:
2 * 82 + 9 * 81 + 4 * 80 = 2 * 64 + 9 * 8 + 4 * 1 = 128 + 72 + 4=
= 20410 (QED)

Example 8: Convert 3F616 to Base 10

Solution:
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion

3 * 16 + F(15) * 16 + 6 * 16 (Comment: What we did here is line with step A e.g. we

multiply the given/source base’s number (e.g. Base 16 – 3F6) with the base index e.g. 16.
Now, to complete the conversion computation, superscript the index position starting from 0
backward increasing downward. For instance, the equation becomes:

3 * 162 + 15 * 161 + 6 * 160 = 3 * 256 + 15 * 16 + 6 * 1 = 768 + 240 + 6 =

= 101410 (QED)
Example 9: Convert 2C4E16 to Base 10
Solution:
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion

2 * 16 + C(12) * 16 + 4 * 16 + E(14) * 16 (Comment: What we did here is line with step A

e.g. we multiply the given/source base’s number (e.g. Base 16 – 2C4E) with the base index
e.g. 16. Now, to complete the conversion computation, superscript the index position starting
from 0 backward increasing downward. For instance, the equation becomes:
2 * 163 + 12 * 162 + 4 * 161 + 14 * 160 = 2 * 4096 + 12 * 256 + 4 * 16 + 14 * 1
= 8192 + 3072 + 64 + 14 = 1134210 (QED)

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Other Base System to Decimal Number Base

To execute this type of conversion, simply convert the given base to base ten, then convert to
the target base.

Example 10: Convert 100112 to base 8

Solution:
1 * 24 + 0 * 23 + 0 * 22 + 1 * 21 + 1 * 20 = 1 * 16 + 0 * 8 + 0 * 4 + 1 * 2 + 1 * 1
16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 1910 ……this is the conversion to base ten; now to eight:

8 19 3
8 2 2
So, 100112 = 238

APPLICATIONS OF
NUMBER SYSTEM:

How is the number system used in real life?

The number system helps us in identifying the extent to which we need to limit
an entity. These give us a general insight into the mathematical operations
regarding the given numbers. This helps in the calculation of numbers using
mathematical operations.

What is the importance of the number system?

In daily lives, people often have to depict, represent or associate certain things or objects with a
quantity. This is because of the fact that assigning quantities to certain values or aspects in life makes
it easier to compare them with other similar aspects. For example, a teacher grading students’ papers
would not label each paper with adjectives like “good”, “better”, “awesome” or “poor”, etc., rather
would assign a certain numerical value to that paper based on the student’s performance so that it is
easy to assess the knowledge and preparation level of the student, but if the former approach were to
be applied, it would lead to utter confusion and no accurate comparison could be made out of it.
Since at some point, the teacher would run out of adjectives that are relevant to this particular
situation, and it would lead to the same words being used to grade all the unique answers/ responses
given by the students. Situations like these call for, rather necessitate the usage of a unique method of
valuation, which not only helps recognize the true worth of the object in question but also represents
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It is safe and wise to agree that number system holds its importance for everything which includes
proportion and percentage. Number system plays a crucial role, both in our everyday lives and the
technological world. With its myriad qualities, it simplifies our lives a lot, which has been discussed
as follows:
 It enables to keep count of all the things around people. Like how many apples are in the basket,
or the number of milk cartons to be purchased, etc.
 It enables the unique and accurate representation of different types of numbers.
 Making a phone call is possible only because we have a proper and efficient number system.
 Elevators used in public places also depend upon number systems for their functioning.
 Computation of any kind of interest on amounts deposited in banks.
 Creation of passwords on computers, security purposes.
 Encrypting important data, by converting figures into another number system to avoid hacking
and misuse of data.
 It enables easy conversion of numbers for technical purposes.
 The entirety of computer architecture depends upon number systems (octal, hexadecimal). Every
fiber of data gets stored in the computer as a number.

Conceptual Questions

Question 1: Convert 12810 to an octal number.

Solution:
In case of octal conversion, we have to divide the numbers by 8.

Outpu
Operation Remainder
t

128/8 16 0

16/8 2 0

2/8 0 2

Therefore, the equivalent octal number = 2008

Question 2: Convert 12810 to hexadecimal.
Solution:
In case of hexadecimal conversion, we divide the numbers by 16.

Outpu
Operation Remainder
t

128/16 8 0

8/16 0 8

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Therefore, the equivalent hexadecimal number is 8016

Question 3: Convert (1101)2 into a decimal number.
Solution:
Now, multiplying each digit from MSB to LSB with reducing the power of the base number 2.
1 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
=8+4+0+1
= 13
Therefore, (1101)2 = (13)10
Question 4: Convert (214)8 into a binary number.
Solution:
We know,
2 → 010
1 → 001
4 → 100
Therefore,(214)8 = (010001100)2

CONCLUSION :

The number system is simply a system to represent or express numbers. There

are various types of number systems and the most commonly used ones are
decimal number system, binary number system, octal number system, and
hexadecimal number system.

What is the summary of number system?

A number system is defined as a system of writing to express numbers. It

is the mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set by
using digits or other symbols in a consistent manner representation of
every number and represents the arithmetic and algebraic structure of the
figures.
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What is the conclusion of history of numbers?

Finally, the numerals were later developed to 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 with time.

The earliest system of using zero was developed in Cambodia. The
evolution of the decimal points emerged during the Saka era, whereby
three digits and a dot in between were introduced (Hays and Schmandt-
Besserat 198).

Acknowledgement :
I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my
mathematics teacher, [Amaresh sir], for providing me with
the opportunity to undertake this project and for their
constant guidance and expertise. Their valuable insights
and feedback have greatly enhanced the quality of my
work.

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