(✓) (✓) ✓ ◆ r
✓ (✓) = (✓) = ✓ 1 (✓)
⇡ (✓) (✓) =±
0<✓< 0 < ✓ < 90 2 2
2 ✓ ◆ r
✓ 1+ (✓)
1 1 =±
(✓) = (✓) = 2 2
(✓) (✓) s
✓ ◆
1 1 ✓ 1 (✓)
(✓) = (✓) = =±
(✓) (✓) 2 1+ (✓)
1 1
(✓) = (✓) =
(✓) (✓)
2 1
(✓) = 2 (1 (2✓)) 2 1 (2✓)
(✓) =
2 (✓) = 1 1+ (2✓)
2 (1 + (2✓))
2 2 (✓)
(✓) = (✓) = y 1 (✓) + =1
(✓) = =y (✓) = 2 2 (✓)
1 y (✓) + 1 =
(✓) = (✓) = x 1 2
1+ (✓) = 2 (✓)
(✓) = = x (✓) = (↵ ± ) = (↵) ( )± (↵) ( )
1 x
(✓) = (✓) = y x (↵ ± ) = (↵) ( )⌥ (↵) ( )
(✓) = (✓) =
x y ( ✓) = (✓) ( ✓) = (✓) (↵) ± ( )
(↵ ± ) =
( ✓) = (✓) ( ✓) = (✓) 1⌥ (↵) ( )
( ✓) = (✓) ( ✓) = (✓)
1
✓ T (↵) ( )= 2 [ (↵ ) (↵ + )]
f (✓ + T ) = f (✓) ! 1
n (↵) ( )= 2[ (↵ )+ (↵ + )]
(✓) ✓ ✓ 1
(✓ + 2⇡n) = (✓) (✓ + 2⇡n) = (✓) (↵) ( )= 2[ (↵ + ) + (↵ )]
(✓) ✓ 1
2⇡ (✓ + 2⇡n) = (✓) (✓ + 2⇡n) = (✓) (↵) ( )= 2[ (↵ + ) (↵ )]
✓ ◆ (! ✓) ! T =
1 ! (✓ + ⇡n) = (✓) (✓ + ⇡n) = (✓)
(✓) ✓ 6= n+ ⇡, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . ◆ ✓✓ ◆
2 2⇡
(! ✓) ! T = ↵+ ↵
! (↵) + ( )=2
(✓) ✓ 6= n⇡, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . ⇡ 2 2
✓ ◆ (! ✓) ! T = x t ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
1 ! ↵+ ↵
(✓) ✓ 6= n + ⇡, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . (↵) ( )=2
2 2⇡ 2 2
(! ✓) ! T = ⇡ t ⇡x 180t ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
! = ) t= x= ↵+ ↵
(✓) ✓ 6= n⇡, n = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . 180 x 180 ⇡ (↵) + ( )=2
2⇡ 2 2
(! ✓) ! T =
! ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
⇡ ↵+ ↵
(! ✓) ! T = (↵) ( )= 2
(2✓) = 2 (✓) (✓) 2 2
!
2 2
(2✓) = (✓) (✓)
⇣⇡ ⌘ ⇣⇡ ⌘
=2 2
(✓) 1 ✓ = (✓) ✓ = (✓)
1 (✓) 1 1 (✓) 1 ⇣2⇡ ⌘ ⇣⇡ 2 ⌘
2
1< (✓) < 1 1< (✓) < 1 =1 2 (✓) ✓ = (✓) ✓ = (✓)
2 (✓) ⇣ ⇡2 ⌘ ⇣ ⇡2 ⌘
(✓) 1 (✓) 1 (✓) 1 (✓) 1 (2✓) = ✓ = (✓) ✓ = (✓)
2 2 2
1 (✓)
1 1 (x) =x 1( (✓)) = ✓
y= (x) x= (y)
1 (x) 1 1
y= x= (y) (x) = x ( (✓)) = ✓
1 1 1
y= (x) x= (y) (x) = x ( (✓)) = ✓
1
(x) = (x)
1 ⇡ ⇡
y= (x) 1x1 y 1 (x) = (x)
2 2
y= 1 (x) 1x1 0y⇡ 1
(x) = (x)
1 ⇡ ⇡
y= (x) 1<x<1 <y<
2 2
(↵) ( ) ( ) 1
= = a b 2 (↵ )
a b c = 1
a+b 2 (↵ + )
1
b c 2( )
a 2 = b2 + c 2 2bc (↵) = 1
b+c 2( + )
b2 = a 2 + c 2 2ac ( ) 1
a c 2 (↵ )
c 2 = a 2 + b2 2ab ( ) = 1
a+c 2 (↵ + )
(x, y) (✓) = x (✓) = y
1
a+b 2 (↵ )
= 1
c 2
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ p
5⇡ 1 5⇡ 3
= =
3 2 3 2