4.

32

Y ml ( θ , ϕ )=ϵ
√ ( 2 l+1 ) ( l−|m|) ! imϕ m
4 π ( l+|m|) !
e Pl cos ( θ )

Y ml ( θ , ϕ )=
√ ( 2l+1 ) ( l−|m|) imϕ m
4 π ( l+|m|)
e Pl cos ( θ )

m
For Y l ( θ , ϕ ) l=l ; l=m

Y ll ( θ , ϕ )=ϵ
√ ( 2 l+ 1 ) ( l−l ) ! ilϕ l
4 π ( l+l ) !
e Pl cos ( θ )

m
Y ll ( θ , ϕ )=ϵ
√ ( 2 l+ 1 ) 1 ilϕ l
4 π (2 l) !
e Pl cos ( θ )

1. First find Pl cos (θ) l=l ; l=m

m
dm
P ( x )=( 1−x )
m
l
2 2
P ( x ) (4.27)
dx l
l
dl
Pll ( x )=( 1−x 2 ) 2 P ( x ) (4.27)
dx l

2. Second Find Pl (x )

( )
l
1 d ( 2 )l
Pl ( x )= l
x −1
2 l! dx
3. Substitute

l
dl
P ( x )=( 1−x )
l
l
2 2
P (x)
dx l

[ ( ) ]
l l l
d 1 d l
P ( x )=( 1−x ) ( x 2−1 )
l 2 2
l
dx 2 l! dx
l
 l 2l
1 d
P ( x )=( 1−x ) ∙
l
l
2 2
∙ [ ( x −1 ) ]
2 l

2l l ! dx

Note:
2l
d
dx
[ ( x −l ) ]
2 l

l=1 d
2 (1 ) 2
d ( 2 )
dx
[ ( x −1 ) ]
2 1

dx
x −1 =2

l=2 d
2 (2 )
d ( 4
4

dx
[ ( x 2−1 ) 2
] dx
x −2 x +1 ) =24
2

l=3 d
2 (3 ) 6
d ( 6
dx
[ ( x −1 ) ]
2 3

dx
x −3 x +3 x −1 ) =720
4 2

Notice that only the first terms remains, the result corresponds to a result of a factorial

2 ( 1 )=2 !=2
2 ( 2 )=4 !=24
2 ( 3 )=6 !=720
…
2 ( l )=2 l!
2l
d
dx
[ ( x −l ) ] =(2 l)!
2 l

l
(2 l) !
P ( x )=( 1−x ) ∙
l 2 2
l
2l l !
x=cos θ
l
(2 l) !
P ( cos θ ) =( 1−cos θ ) ∙
l 2 2
l
2l l !

√ [ ]
l
( 2 l+ 1 ) 1 ilϕ (2l)!
l
Y ( θ , ϕ )=ϵ
l e ( 1−cos 2 θ ) 2 ∙ l
4 π (2 l) ! 2 l!
Pythagorean theorem:
2 2
cos θ+ sin θ=1
l l
( 1−cos2 θ ) 2 → ( sin 2 θ ) 2 =sinl θ

Y ll ( θ , ϕ )=ϵ
√ ( 2 l+ 1 ) 1 ilϕ
4 π (2 l) ! [
(2 l)!
e sinl θ ∙ l
2 l! ]
2
For Y 3 ( θ , ϕ ) l=3 ; m=2

Y 23 ( θ , ϕ )=
√ ( 2 (3)+1 ) ( 3−2 ) !
4π (3+ 2 ) !
e i 2 ϕ P 23 cos ( θ )

Y 23 ( θ , ϕ )=
√ 7 1 i2ϕ 2
4 π 5!
e P 3 cos (θ )

Y 23 ( θ , ϕ )=
√ 7 1 i2ϕ 2
4 π 120
e P 3 cos (θ )

Y 23 ( θ , ϕ )=
√ 7
480 π
e i2 ϕ P23 cos ( θ )

Note:
2 2
P3 cos ( θ ) =15 sin θ cos θ

√
Y 23 ( θ , ϕ )=
7
480 π
e i2 ϕ ( 15 sin 2 θ cos θ )=
1 105 i 2 ϕ 2
4 2π
e sin θ cos θ
√
√ 7
480 π
∙ √ 225=
1575
480 π
=
√
105 1 105
=
32 4 2 √ √
CHECK

Using 4.18

( )
2
∂ ∂Y ∂ Y 2
sin θ sin θ + =−l ( l+1 ) sin θ Y
∂θ ∂θ ∂ϕ
l
For Y l ( θ , ϕ )
 l
Y l ( θ , ϕ )=ϵ
√ ( 2 l+ 1 ) 1 ilϕ
4 π (2 l) !
l
[ (2 l)!
e sin θ ∙ l
2 l!
ilϕ
]l
= A e sin θ

where

A=ϵ
√ ( 2l+1 ) 1 (2 l)!
4 π ( 2 l ) ! 2l l !
Polar part

sin θ
∂
∂θ (
sin θ
∂Y
∂θ )
∂ l ∂
Y l ( θ , ϕ )= [ A e sin θ ]= A e l sin θ cos θ
ilϕ l ilϕ l−1
i.
∂θ ∂θ

∂Y ilϕ l−1 ilϕ l ilϕ l l

ii. sin θ =sinθ A e l sin θ cos θ= A e l sin θ cos θ=A e sin l cos θ=Y l ( θ , ϕ ) l cos θ
∂θ
∂
sin θ
∂θ
(l cos θ Y ll ( θ , ϕ ) )=l cos θ ( sin θ )

2
For Y 3 ( θ , ϕ )

Y 23 ( θ , ϕ )=
√
1 105 i 2 ϕ 2
4 2π
e sin θ cos θ=A ei 2 ϕ sin 2 θ cos θ

Let A=
√
1 105
4 2π

( )
2
∂ ∂Y ∂ Y 2
sin θ sin θ + =−l ( l+1 ) sin θ Y
∂θ ∂θ ∂ϕ

∂Y i2ϕ ∂
=A e ( sin 2 θ cos θ )= A e i 2 ϕ ( 2sin θ cos 2 θ−sin3 θ )
∂θ ∂θ

∂Y
=sinθ ( 2sin θ cos θ−sin θ ) =A e ( 2 sin θ cos θ−sin θ )
2 3 i2ϕ 2 2 4
sin θ
∂θ
∂
∂θ (
sin θ
∂Y
∂θ )
=A e i2 ϕ ( 4 sin θ cos 3 θ−4 sin3 cos θ−4 sin3 cos θ )
sin θ
∂
∂θ (
sin θ
∂Y
∂θ )
=A ei 2 ϕ ( 4 sin2 θ cos3 θ−4 sin 4 cos θ−4 sin 4 cos θ )

¿ A e i 2 ϕ ( 4 sin 2 θ cos θ )( cos2 θ−2 sin2 θ ) =4 ( cos2 θ−2 sin2 θ ) ( A e i 2 ϕ sin2 θ cos θ )

¿ 4 ( cos 2 θ−2sin 2 θ ) Y 23 ( θ , ϕ )
∂Y
=A 2i ( e ( 2sin θ cos θ−sin θ ) )
i2ϕ 2 3
∂ϕ
2
∂Y
=− A 4 i ( e ( 2sin θ cos θ−sin θ ) ) =−4 Y 3 (θ , ϕ )
i2ϕ 2 3 2
2
∂ϕ

( )
2
∂ ∂Y ∂ Y 2
sin θ sin θ + =−l ( l+1 ) sin θ Y
∂θ ∂θ ∂ϕ

LHS=4 ( cos 2 θ−2 sin2 θ ) Y 23 ( θ , ϕ )−4 Y 23 ( θ , ϕ )

LHS=4 Y 23 ( θ , ϕ ) ( cos2 θ−2 sin2 θ−1 )

2 2
cos θ=1−sin θ

LHS=4 Y 23 ( θ , ϕ ) ( 1−sin2 θ−2 sin2 θ−1 )

LHS=4 Y 23 ( θ , ϕ ) (−3 sin 2 θ )

LHS=−12 ( sin 2 θ ) Y 23 ( θ , ϕ )

2 2
RHS=−l ( l+ 1 ) sin θ Y 3 ( θ , ϕ )
l=3
2 2
RHS=−3 ( 3+1 ) sin θ Y 3 ( θ , ϕ )
2 2
RHS=−12 sin θY 3 ( θ , ϕ )
4.10

Note:

4.76:

2 ( j+l+1−n )
a j+ 1= a
( j+ 1 )( j+ 2l+2 ) j
4.75

1 l +1 − ρ
Rnl ( r )= ρ e v (ρ)
r
4.73

r
ρ=
an
4.62
∞
v ( p )=∑ a j ρ j
j=0

j max =n−l−1

For R 30
n=3 ; l=0
 1 −ρ
R30 ( r )= ρ e v (ρ)
r

r r
i. ρ= =
an 3 a
ii. j max =n−l−1=3−1=2(3 terms)
∞
iii. v ( p )=∑ a j ρ j=( a0 +a 1 ρ+ a2 ρ2)
j=0

2 ( 0+ 0+1−3 ) −4
a 1=a0 +1= a0= a =−2a 0
( 0+1 ) ( 0+2 ( 0 ) +2 ) 2 0

2 ( 1+0+1−3 ) −2 −2 2
a 2=a1 +1= a1 =
6
a1 =
6
(−2 a 0 )= ( a 0 )
3
(1+1 ) ( 1+2 ( 0 ) +2 )

( ( ) ( )( ) )
2
r 2 r
v ( p )= a0 + (−2 a0 ) + a0
3a 3 3a
1 −ρ
R30 ( r )= ρ e v (ρ)
r

[ ( ) ( )( ) ]
−r

( )
2
1 r 3a r 2 r
R30 ( r )= e a0 + (−2 a 0 ) + a0
r 3a 3a 3 3a

a 0 −r
[ ( ) ( )]
2
2 r 2 r
R30 ( r )= e 3 a 1− +
3a 3 a 27 a

For R 31
n=3 ; l=1

1 2 −ρ
R31 ( r )= ρ e v (ρ)
r

r r
i. ρ= =
an 3 a
ii. j max =n−l−1=3−1−1=1(2 terms)
∞
iii. v ( p )=∑ a j ρ j=( a0 +a 1 ρ )
j=0

2 ( 0+1+1−3 ) −2 −1
a 1=a0 +1= a 0= a 0= a
( 0+1 ) ( 0+2 ( 1 ) +2 ) 4 2 0
 ( ( )( ))
v ( p ) = a0 −
1
2
a0
r
3a

1 2 −ρ
R31 ( r )= ρ e v (ρ)
r

( ) [( ( )( ))]
2 −r
1 r 1 r
R31 ( r )= e 3 a a 0 − a0
r 3a 2 3a

[ ( )]
−r
a0r 1 r
R31 ( r )= e 3 a 1−
9a
2
6 a

R32
n=3 ; l=2

1 3 −ρ
R32 ( r )= ρ e v ( ρ)
r

r r
i. ρ= =
an 3 a
ii. j max =n−l−1=3−2−1=0(1 term)
∞
iii. v ( p ) = ∑ a j ρ j = ( a0 )
j=0

v ( p )=a0

1 3 −ρ
R32 ( r )= ρ e v ( ρ)
r

a0 r 3 −r
R32 ( r )= ( )
r 3a
e 3a

2 −r
a0 r
R32 ( r )= 3
e3a
27 a

4.11
Note:

Normalization
∞

∫|R 20| r 2 dr =1
2

Wave Equation:
m
ψ nlm ( r , θ , ϕ )=Rnl ( r ) Y l (θ , ϕ )

First we find R20

n=2; l=0

1 −ρ
R20= ρ e v ( ρ )
r

r
ρ=
2a

j max =n−l−1=2−0−1=1(two terms )

∞
v ( p )=∑ a j ρ j=( a0 +a 1 ρ )
j=0

2 ( j+l+1−n )
a j+ 1= a
( j+ 1 ) ( j+2 l+ 2) j
2 ( 0+0+ 1−2 ) −2
a 0+1= a0 = a =−a0
( 0+1 ) (0+2 ( 0 ) +2) 2 0

(
v ( p )= a0−a 0 ( 2ra ))
( ) ( ( ))
−r
1 r r
R20= e 2a a 0−a 0
r 2a 2a
 R20=
a0 −r
2a
e 2a 1−
1 r
2 a [ ( )]
Normalization

∫|R 20| r 2 dr =1
2

( [ ( )])
∞ 2
a 0 −r 1 r
∫ 2a
e 2 a 1−
2 a
2
r dr=1
0

( ) ( ( ))
∞ 2 −r 2
a0 1 r
∫ 4a 2
e a
1−
2 a
2
r dr =1
0

r 1
Let u= → du= dr → dr=a du; r=ua
a a

( ) (
∞ 2

)
2
a0 1
∫ 4 a2
e
−u 2
1− u ( ua ) a du
2
0

( )
2 ∞

( )
2
a0 1
4 a2
a
3
∫e −u 2
1− u (u ) du
2
0

( ) ( )
2 ∞ 2
a0 u
4 a2
a
3
∫ e−u 1−u+
4
( u )2 du
0

( ) ( )
2 ∞ 4
a0 u
4 a2
a
3
∫e −u 2
u −u +
3
4
du
0

Note:

∫ e−ax x n dx= ann+1!

0

∫ e−u ( u2 ) = 122 +1! =2

0
∞

∫ e−u ( u3 ) = 133 +1! =6

0
∞

∫ e−u ( u 4 )= 144 +1! =24

0

(4a ) (
2
a0
2
3
a 2−6+
24
4)=1

( )
2
a0 3
2
a ( 2−6+ 6 )=1
4a

( )
2
a0 3
2
a (2)=1
4a

( )
2
a0 3
2
a =1
2a

( )
2
a0
a=1
2

a 0=
2
a √
a0 −r
[ ( )] √ [ ( )]
−r
1 r 2 1 2a 1 r
R20= e 2a 1− = e 1−
2a 2 a a 2a 2 a

m
ψ nlm ( r , θ , ϕ )=Rnl ( r ) Y l (θ , ϕ )

n=2; l=0 ; m=0

0
ψ 000 ( r , θ , ϕ )=R20 ( r ) Y 0 (θ , ϕ)
Note:
0 1
Y 0=
√4 π

√ [ ( )]( √ 41 π )
−r
2 1 2a 1 r
ψ 200 ( r , θ , ϕ )= e 1−
a 2a 2 a

√ [ ( )]
−r
1 1 2a 1 r
ψ 200 ( r , θ , ϕ )= e 1−
2 πa 2 a 2 a
4.22

a.

[ L z , x ]=iℏy
[ L z , y ]=−iℏx
[ L z , z ]=0
[ L z , p x ]=iℏ p y
[ L z , p y ]=−iℏ p x
[ L z , p z ]=iℏ p y
How?
Note:
i.
L x= y p z−z p y
L y =z p x −z pz
L z=x p y − y p x
ii.

[ r i , p j ]=− [ p i , r j ]=iℏδ ij
[ r i , r j ]= [ p i , p j ]=0
Then…

[ x p y − y p x , x ]= [ x p y , x ]− [ y p x , x ]=0− y [ p x , x ]=iℏy
[ x p y − y p x , y ]=[ x p y , y ]−[ y p x , y ]=x [ p y , y ]−0=−iℏx
[ x p y − y p x , z ]= [ x p y , z ]− [ y p x , z ]=0−0=0
[ x p y − y p x , p x ]=[ x p y , p x ]−[ y p x , p x ]=p y [ x , p x ]−0=iℏ p y
 [ x p y − y p x , p y ]=[ x p y , p y ]−[ y px , p y ]=[ x p y , p y ]− p x [ y , p y ]=−iℏ p x
[ x p y − y p x , p z ]= [ x p y , p z ]− [ y p x , pz ]=0−0=0

Eqn 4.96

i.
L x= y p z−z p y
L y =z p x −z pz
L z=x p y − y p x

[ L z , L x ] =iℏy
[ x p y − y p x , y p z−z p y ]=iℏy
[ x p y , y p x ]−[ x p y , y p z ]−[ y p x , y p z ]−[ y p x , z p y ]=iℏy

Y 12 ( θ , ϕ )=−
√ 15
8π
sinθ cos θ eiϕ

Note:

L± =± ℏe ± iρ ( ∂∂θ +icot θ ∂∂ϕ )

2
Use this to get Y 2 ( θ , ϕ )

Note:

L+¿Y 1
( θ , ϕ )= A 12 Y 22 ¿
2

From 4.121
 Al =ℏ √l ( l+1 )−m ( m+ 1 )=ℏ √ ( l−m ) ( l+ m+1 )
m

m=1 ; l=2

Al =ℏ √ ( 2−1 ) ( 2+ 1+ 1 )=√ 4=2 ℏ

m

L+¿Y 1
( θ , ϕ )= 2 ℏY 22 ¿
2

Apply the raising operator directly to L+¿Y 1

2
(θ , ϕ )¿

L+¿Y 1
(θ , ϕ )¿
2

¿ ℏ e iϕ ( ∂θ∂ +i cot θ ∂∂ϕ ) (−√ 815π sin θ cos θ e ) iϕ

Get rid of constants…

(− √ 815π )( ℏ e )( ∂∂θ +i cotθ ∂∂ϕ ) (sin θ cos θ e )

iϕ iϕ

Differentiate

[( √ ) ] [(
−
15
8π
( ℏ eiϕ ) ∂
∂θ
( sin θ cos θ eiϕ ) +i cot θ ∂ ( sin θ cos θ e iϕ )
∂ϕ )]
[( √ ) ] [ (
−
15
8π
( ℏ eiϕ ) ( cos 2 θ−sin2 θ ) e iϕ+ icot θ ( sin θ cos θ i eiϕ ) ) ]
Factor out the common factor e iϕ

[( √ ) ] [
−
15
8π
( ℏ e2 iϕ ) ( cos2 θ−sin 2 θ ) +i cot θ ( sin θ cos θ i ) ] ; i2=−1

[( √ ) ] [
−
15
8π
( ℏ e2 iϕ ) ( cos2 θ−sin 2 θ ) −cot θ ( sin θ cos θ ) ] ; cot θ= cos θ
sin θ

[( √ ) ] [
−
15 ( 2 iϕ ) ( 2
8π
ℏe cos θ−sin 2 θ ) −
cos θ
sin θ (
( sin θ cos θ ) ; cot θ=
cos θ
sinθ ) ]
 [( √ ) ] [
−
15
8π
( ℏ e2 iϕ ) ( cos2 θ−sin 2 θ ) −cos 2 θ ] ;

[( √ ) ] [
−
15
8π
( ℏ e2 iϕ ) (−sin2 θ ) ] ;

[( √ ) ] [ 15
8π
( ℏ e2 iϕ ) ( sin 2 θ ) ]

√ ℏ e 2 iϕ
15
8π
sin2 θ

But…

L+¿Y 1
( θ , ϕ )= A 12 Y 22 ¿
2

ℏ e 2 iϕ
√ 15
8π
sin2 θ=2 ℏ Y 22

Y 22 ( θ , ϕ )=
√
e2 iϕ 15
2 8π
sin2 θ=
1 15 iϕ
4 2π
( e sinθ )
2

⟨Sx⟩
 a. D

4.134

[ S x , S y ]=iℏ S z
[ S y , S z ]=iℏ S x
[ S z , S x ]=iℏ S y
Note:
S x= ( )
ℏ 0 1
2 1 0

S y= (
ℏ 0 −i
2 i 0 )
S z= (
ℏ 1 0
2 0 −1 )
 [ S x , S y ]=S x S y −S y S x = [( )(
ℏ 0 1 ℏ 0 −i
2 1 0 2 i 0
−
ℏ 0 −i ℏ 0 1
2 i 0 2 1 0 )] [ ( ) ( )]
[( )( )] [( )( )]
2 2
ℏ 0 1 0 −i ℏ 0 −i 0 1
¿ −
4 1 0 i 0 4 i 0 1 0

[( )( )] [( )( )]
2
ℏ 0 1 0 −i 0 −i 0 1
¿ −
4 1 0 i 0 i 0 1 0

[ S y , S z ]=S y S z −S z S y = [( )(
ℏ 0 −i ℏ 1 0
2 i 0 2 0 −1
−
ℏ 1 0 ℏ 0 −i
2 0 −1 2 i 0 )] [ ( ) ( )]

[ S z , S x ]=S z S x −S x S z= [(
ℏ 1 0 ℏ 0 1
2 0 −1 2 1 0 ) ( )] [ ( ) (
−
ℏ 0 1 ℏ 1 0
2 1 0 2 0 −1 )]

a. Normalization condition

+¿ χ=1 ¿
χ

Since χ =A (34i) and χ +¿= A ( −3i 4 ) ¿

( ( 4 ))
( A ( 3 i 4 ) ) A 3 i =1
 2
A (−3 i 4 ) (34i)=1
2
A ( 9+16 )=1

A=
√ 1 1
=
25 5

b. Expectations values

+¿S x χ= [ 1
5
(−3 i 4 ) ][ ( )][ ( )]
ℏ 0 1
2 1 0
1 3i
5 4
ℏ
= (−3 i 4)
50
0 1 3i
1 0 4
¿ ( )( )
⟨ S x ⟩= χ

¿
ℏ
50
ℏ
(−3 i 4 ) 4 = (−12 i+12 i )=0
3 i 50 ( )
+¿ S y χ= [ 1
5
( −3 i 4 ) ][ (
ℏ 0 −i
2 i 0 ) ][ 15 (34i)]= 50ℏ (−3 i 4 )( 0i −i0 )( 34i) ¿
⟨ S y ⟩= χ

¿
ℏ
50 −3 ( )
ℏ
(−3 i 4 ) −4 i = (−12 i−12i )=
50
−24 ℏ −12 ℏ
50
=
25

+¿ Sz χ= [ 1
5
(− 3 i 4 )
ℏ 1 0
2 0 −1][ ( ) ][ 51 (3i4 )]= 50ℏ (−3 i 4) ( 10 −10 )( 34i) ¿
⟨ S z⟩= χ

¿
ℏ
50
ℏ
(−3 i 4 ) 3i = ( 9−16 )=
−4 50
−7 ℏ
50 ( )
c. Uncertainties

Note:

2
2 2 2 ℏ
S x =S y =S z =
4

σ x= √ ⟨ S2x ⟩−⟨ S x ⟩ =
2

√ ℏ2
4
−0=
ℏ
2

√
σ y = ⟨ S 2y ⟩ − ⟨ S y ⟩ =
2

√ ℏ2 12 ℏ 2
4
−
25 ( )
=ℏ
1 144
−
4 2500
=ℏ
49 7
= ℏ
2500 50 √ √
√
σ z = ⟨ S 2z ⟩ −⟨ S z = ⟩
√
2 ℏ2 7 ℏ 2
4
−
50 ( )
1
=ℏ −
49
4 2500
=ℏ
144 12
= ℏ
625 25 √ √
 d. Uncertainy Principle Check

Note: if we have any two operator A and B the product of their uncertainty must be

ℏ
σ L σL ≥
x y
|⟨ L ⟩|
2 z
ℏ
σ x=
2

7
σ y= ℏ
50

12
σ z= ℏ
25

⟨ S x ⟩=0
−12ℏ
⟨ S y ⟩= 25

−7 ℏ
⟨ S z⟩= 50

ℏ
σS σS ≥
x y
|⟨ S ⟩|=¿
2 z

( ℏ2 )( 507 ℏ)≥ 12 |−750ℏ|

ℏ
σ S σS ≥
y z
|⟨ S ⟩|=¿
2 x

( 507 ℏ)( 1225 ℏ) ≥ 12 |0|

ℏ
σ S σS ≥
z x
|⟨ S ⟩|=¿
2 y

( 1225 ℏ)( ℏ2 )≥ 12|−12ℏ

25 |
4.88

( )
x q
e d ( −x q)
Lq ( x ) = e x
q ! dx

4.86

2l +1
v ( ρ ) =Ln−l−1(2 ρ)

4.87

( )
p
p p d
Lq ( x ) ≡ (−1 ) L p +q (x)
dx
4.76

2 ( j+l+1−n )
a j+ 1= a
( j+ 1 )( J +2 l+2 ) j
a.

( )
x 1
e d ( −x 1 ) x d − x 1
L1 ( x ) = e x =e e x
1 ! dx dx

¿ e x ( e− x −x (e−x ) )=e x− x ( 1−x ) =( 1−x ¿ )

( ) ( )( dxd ) (e
x 2 x
e d ( −x 2 ) e d
x )
−x 2
L2 ( x ) = e x =
2 ! dx 2 dx

( )( dxd )( e
x
e d
x )
−x 2
¿
2 dx

( dxd ) (e −x
x 2 )=( 2 xe−x −x 2 e−x )

( dxd ) (2 xe−x
−x 2 e−x )=[ 2 (−x e−x +e− x ) −( 2 x e− x −x 2 e− x ) ]
 ¿ [ (−2 x e +2 e )−2 x e + x e ]
−x −x −x 2 −x

x
e −x
¿ e [ (−2 x+2 )−2 x + x ]
2
2

1 2
¿ [ x −4 x +2 ]= 1 x 2−2 x +1
2 2

( )
x 3
e d ( −x 3)
L3 ( x ) = e x
3 ! dx

I’m not even gonna bother trying to solve this :|

( )
x 4
e d ( −x 4 )
L4 ( x ) = e x
4 ! dx
This too…

a.
b. Ws

2l +1
v ( ρ ) =Ln−l−1(2 ρ)

n=5 ; l=2
2 ( 2) +1 5
v ( ρ ) =L5−2−1 ( 2 ρ )=L2 ( 2 ρ )

( )L
p
5 p d
L2 ( x ) ≡ (−1 ) p+ q (x)
dx

q=2 ; p=5

( )
5
5 5 d
L2 ( x ) ≡ (−1 ) L7 (x)
dx

c. Use thi Equation

4.73
r
ρ=
an

n=5 ; l=2
 r
ρ=
5a

4.62
∞
v ( p )=∑ a j ρ j
j=0

j max =5−2−1=2(3 terms)

v ( p )=( a 0+ a1 ρ+a2 ρ2 )

2 ( j+ l+1−n ) 2 ( 0+2+1−5 ) −4 −2
a 1=a0 +1= a0 = a0 = a0 = a
( j+1 ) ( J + 2l+2 ) ( 0+1 ) ( 0+ 2 ( 2 ) +2 ) 6 3 0

2 ( 1+2+1−5 ) −2 −1 2
a 2=a1 +1= a1 = = a1= a 0
(1+1 ) ( 1+2(2)+2 ) 14 7 21

v ( p )=( a 0+ a1 ρ+a2 ρ2 )

( ( )( ) ( )( ) )
2
−2 r 2 r
v ( p ) = a0 + a0 + a0
3 5a 21 5a

( () ( ))
2
2 r 2 r
v ( p )=a0 1− +
15 a 3025 a

Note: Ground State of Hydrogen Atom

 −r
1 a
ψ 100 ( r , θ , ϕ )= e
√ π a3
Note:

∞
⟨ x ⟩= ∫ x|ψ ( x )| dx
2

−∞

∫ r m e−br dr = bm1+1 ∙m !
0
a.
∞
⟨ r ⟩ =∫ r |ψ 100 ( r , θ , ϕ )| dτ
2

−∞

|√ |
∞ −r 2
1
⟨ r ⟩ =∫ r 3
e a
( r 2 dr sin θ dθ dϕ )
−∞ πa

( ) ( r dr sin θ dθ dϕ )
∞ −2 r
⟨ r ⟩= 1 3 ∫ r e a 2

πa −∞

( ) dr ( 2 ) ( 2 π )
∞ −2 r
1
⟨ r ⟩= 3 ∫r 3 e a

πa 0

( )
∞ −2 r
⟨ r ⟩ = 4 π3 ∫ r 3 e a dr
πa 0
2
m=3 ; b=
a

⟨ r ⟩ = 4 π3
(
πa b
1
∙ m!
) m +1

(( ) ) () ()
4π a 4 4 a 4
⟨ r ⟩ = 4 π3 1
3+1
∙ 3! = 3
3!= 3
4 24 3
6= ( 6 ) a= a= a
πa 2 πa 2 a 2 16 16 2
a

∞
⟨ r 2 ⟩ =∫ r 2|ψ 100 ( r ,θ , ϕ )|2 dτ
−∞

( ) dr
∞ −2 r
⟨ r ⟩ = 4 π3 ∫ r 4 e
2 a

πa 0
 ()
5
⟨ r 2 ⟩ = 4 π3 ( 4 ! ) a
=3 a
2

πa 2

b. Dsd

Note: x=r sin θ cos ϕ

∞
⟨ x ⟩= ∫ x|ψ ( x )| dτ
2

−∞

∞
⟨ x ⟩=∫ x 2|ψ ( x )| ( r 2 dr sinθ dθ dϕ )
2

0
∞
⟨ x ⟩=∫|ψ ( x )| ( r 3 dr sin 2 θ dθ cos ϕ dϕ ) =0
2

0
How

2π

∫ cos ϕ dϕ=−sin ϕ |20 π =−sin ( 2 π )−(−sin 0 )=0−0=0

0

∞
⟨ x 2 ⟩ =∫ x 2|ψ ( x )|2 dτ
−∞

Note:

2 2 2 2
r =x = y + z

Since all three directions are symmetric, they are equal ( x= y =z )

⟨ r 2 ⟩ =⟨ x 2 ⟩ + ⟨ y 2 ⟩ + ⟨ z 2 ⟩ =3 ⟨ x 2 ⟩

⟨ x 2 ⟩ = 1 ⟨ r 2 ⟩ = 1 ( 3 a2 )=a2
3 3

c. S

−r
−1 1 2 a
1
ψ 211=R 21 Y = e sin θ eiϕ
√ πa 8 a
1 2

n=2; l=1; m=1

 ∞
⟨ x ⟩ =∫ x 2|ψ ( x )|2 ( r 2 dr sin θ dθ dϕ )
2