Rev. Real Acad. Cienc. Exactas Fis. Nat. Ser. A-Mat.

(2022) 116:157
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-022-01302-9

ORIGINAL PAPER

On new exponential-type operators

Vijay Gupta1

Received: 4 February 2022 / Accepted: 6 July 2022

© The Author(s) under exclusive licence to The Royal Academy of Sciences, Madrid 2022

Abstract
Theory of approximation, concerning linear positive operators is an active area amongst
researchers in last six decades. The term exponential-type operators was considered in the
year 1978, when Ismail and May captured some operators by considering a partial differ-
ential equation, satisfied by the kernel of an operator and associated with different p(x).
Since then no new exponential-type operator was introduced by researchers, although many
modifications of the existing exponential-type operators were proposed and studied. In the
present article we provide alternate methods to construct a large class of exponential-type
operators connected with p(x) = x r , 1 < r ≤ 2, r = 3. We capture existing operators by
our methods and also establish some new operators.

Keywords Exponential type operators · Approximation · Laplace transform.

Mathematics Subject Classification 41A25 · 41A30

1 Introduction

The exponential-type operators are important in the field of approximation theory, they usu-
ally preserve the linear functions. They were firstly considered by May [10], who collected
and studied some known operators of exponential-type. After a gap of two years Ismail and
May [12], captured some new (at that time) exponential-type operators. An operator of the
form

(L λ f )(x) = kλL (x, t) f (t)dt (1)
I

is said to be exponential-type operator if its kernel kλL (x, t) satisfy the partial differential
equation:
 
∂ L λ(t − x) L
kλ (x, t) = kλ (x, t). (2)
∂x p(x)

B Vijay Gupta
vijaygupta2001@hotmail.com; vijay@nsut.ac.in
1 Department of Mathematics, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Sector 3 Dwarka, New Delhi
110078, India

0123456789().: V,-vol 123

157 Page 2 of 10 V. Gupta

Starting by taking p(x) in (2), it was observed by Ismail and May [12] that a unique kernel
kλL (x, t) of the operator (1) is captured and one can define an operator by satisfying the
normalization condition. They used the bilateral (two-sided) inverse Laplace transform to
introduce some operators. In tabular form all the operators captured and studied in [12] for
different p(x) are given by:

Associated p(x) : – Exponential-type operators

∞
  
(λx)k k
x Szász- (Sλ f )(x) = e−λx f
Mirakyan k! λ
k=0
λ    
λ k k
x(1 − x) Bernstein (Bλ f )(x) = x (1 − x)λ−k f
k λ
k=0
∞    
λ+k−1 xk k
x(1 + x) Baskakov (Vλ f )(x) = λ+k
f
k (1 + x) λ
k=0
∞  k  
λ(λ + k)k−1 x k
x(1 + x)2 Ismail-May (Rλ f )(x) = e−(λ+k)x/(1+x) f
k! 1+x λ
k=0

  ∞ −λ(t − x)2
1 Gauss- (Wλ f )(x) = 2π λ exp f (t)dt
Weierstrass −∞ 2
 ∞
λ
x2 Post-Widder (Pλ f )(x) = λ λ e−λt/x t λ−1 f (t)dt
Γ (λ)x  
 1/2 0  ∞
λt λ
x3 Ismail-May (Q λ f )(x) = 2π λ eλ/x t −3/2 ex p − 2 − f (t)dt
2t
√  
0 2x
∞ √  √
2x 3/2 Ismail-May (Uλ f )(x) = e−λ x f (0) + λe−λt/ x t −1/2 I1 2λ t f (t)dt
0
 z 1+2k
∞
– where I1 (z) = 2
k=0 k!Γ (k+2)
 ∞   
2λ−2 λ
 λ iλt 2
x2 + 1 Ismail-May (Tλ f )(x) = eλt arctan x Γ + f (t)dt
π Γ (λ)(1+x 2 )λ/2 −∞ 2 2 

The first four operators in the above table (in order) are discrete
and can be obtained by
simple identities. Because for the discrete operators (L λD f )(x) = i kλD (x, i/λ) f (i/λ) the
kernel kλD (x, i/λ) must satisfy partial differential equation:
 
∂ D (i − λx) D
kλ (x, i/λ) = kλ (x, i/λ)
∂x p(x)

and for such p(x) the index i is not be in the exponential power in the solution of partial
differential equation.
The last five operators are integral operators. Recently Gupta and Rassias in [8] provided
a collection of papers on exponential-type operators (see also [2, 5]). Many generalizations
of known exponential-type operators are available in the literature, for instance see [3, 6, 7]
and [9] etc. but no new exponential-type operator is captured as per our knowledge in last
four decades.
Here in this article we provide alternate method to introduce a large class of exponential-
type operators, connected with p(x) = x r , 1 < r ≤ 2, r = 3. We observe here that all the
operators in this range will be of integral/summation-integral type, not purely of summation
type. Throughout the paper, we considered λ ∈ N .

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On new exponential-type operators Page 3 of 10 157

2 An approach to construct exponential operators

We start by taking p(x) = x r , 1 < r < 2. Let the kernel fulfill the restriction that kλL (x, t) = 0
for t < 0. For the exponential-type operators the kernel must satisfy the partial differential
equation, i.e.
∂ L λ(t − x) L
k (x, t) = kλ (x, t)
∂x λ x
r

t 1
ln kλ (x, t) = λ −
L
+ + ln C L (λ, t),
(r − 1)x r −1 (r − 2)x r −2
where C L (λ, t) is constant of integration, implying
 
λ λt
kλ (x, t) = C L (λ, t) exp −
L
− . (3)
(2 − r )x r −2 (r − 1)x r −1
In order to have normalization in the operator (1), we must have
 ∞  
λt λ
C L (λ, t) exp − −1
dt = e (2−r)x r−2
0 (r − 1)x r

∞
Our target is to determine C L (λ, t) = k=0 A L (λ, r , k)t a L (r ,k) , we proceed as follows:
∞
  ∞ ∞

− λt λk
AL t aL e (r−1)x r−1 dt = .
0 (2 − r )k x (r −2)k k!
k=0 k=0

As A L and a L are independent of x, we obtain first a L , by considering

∞
  a L +1 ∞

(r − 1)x r −1 λk
AL Γ (a L + 1) = .
λ (2 − r )k x (r −2)k k!
k=0 k=0

Comparing the coefficients of like powers of x, we immediately get

(1 + 2k) − r (k + 1)
a L := a L (r , k) = (4)
r −1
and thus
λk/(r −1) (r−2)k 1
A L := A L (λ, r , k) = (r − 1) (r−1) , k = 0 (5)
(2 − r ) k!
k
Γ ( (r −1))k )
(2−r

and with p(x) = x r , and for a L and A L , as given in the Eqs. (4) and (5), for x ∈ (0, ∞) the
operators takes the following form:
 ∞
(L λ f )(x) = kλL (x, t) f (t)dt
0
∞
λk/(r −1) (r−2)k 1 λ
= (r − 1) (r−1) (2−r )k
e (r−2)x r−2
(2 − r ) k!
k
Γ ( (r −1) )
k=1
 ∞  
(1+2k)−r(k+1) λt
t r−1 exp − f (t)dt
0 (r − 1)x r −1
λ
+e (r−2)x r−2 f (0). (6)

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157 Page 4 of 10 V. Gupta

The term containing f (0) is included above to satisfy normalization condition as A L is not
defined for k = 0.
There may be lot of examples to capture new exponential type operators, we indicate some
examples of existing and new operators in next section.
Remark 1 We may point out here that in the recent paper [1], it is better to take the kernel
instead of y, for semi-exponential operators, for example in case of the Bernstein polynomials
with p (x) = x (1 − x) and the notations used in [1], one must proceed as follows:
The kernel WβB (n, x, k/n), satisfies PDE have
 
∂ k − nx
[WβB (n, x, k/n)] = − β WβB (n, x, k/n) ,
∂x x(1 − x)
integrating both sides with respect to x, we conclude that
ln WβB (n, x, k/n) = ln(1 − x)n−k + ln x k − βx + ln A B (n, k, β) ,
where ln A B (n, k, β) is constant of integration, implying
WβB (n, x, k/n) = A B (n, k, β) x k (1 − x)n−k e−βx .
The other operators discussed in [1] also follow the similar methods.

3 Some examples of exponential-type operators

Example 1 For r = 3/2, by using our general method, we capture the operator and for exact
form as in [12, (3.16)], we take p(x) = 2x 3/2 instead of p(x) = x 3/2 , denoting L λ := Uλ ,
we provide here independent proof as follows:
∂ U λ(t − x) U
kλ (x, t) = k (x, t).
∂x 2x 3/2 λ
Thus
√
 
λt
kλU (x, t) = CU (λ, t)e−λ x
exp − 1/2 .
x
In order to have normalization in the operator, we must have
 ∞   √
λt
CU (λ, t) exp − 1/2 dt = eλ x .
0 x
∞
Our target is to determine CU (λ, t) = k=0 AU (λ, r , k)t aU (r ,k) , we proceed as follows:
∞
  ∞   ∞
λt λk x k/2
AU t aU exp − 1/2 dt = .
0 x k!
k=0 k=0

As AU and aU are independent of x, we obtain first aU , by considering

∞
 ∞
 λk x k/2
x (aU +1)/2
AU +1
Γ (aU + 1) = .
λ aU k!
k=0 k=0

Comparing the coefficients of like powers of x, we get

aU := aU (3/2, k) = a L ((r = 3/2), k) = k − 1

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On new exponential-type operators Page 5 of 10 157

and thus
λ2k 1
AU := AU (λ, 3/2, k) = a L (λ, (r = 3/2), k) = , k  = 0.
k! Γ (k)
The operator takes the following form
∞
 √
 ∞   √
λ2k 1 λt
(Uλ f )(x) = e−λ x
t k−1 exp − √ f (t)dt + e−λ x f (0)
k! Γ (k) 0 x
k=1
  ∞ 
√ √ √
= e−λ x f (0) + λ e−λt/ x t −1/2 I1 (2λ t) f (t)dt ,
0

where I1 (x) is modified Bessel’s function of first kind.

Example 2 For p(x) = x 7/4 , let us denote L λ := G λ . By using (3), (4) and (5) respectively,
we have
 
4λt
kλG (x, t) = C G (λ, t)e−4λx exp − 3/4 ,
1/4

3x
k
aG := aG (7/4, k) = a L ((r = 7/4), k) = − 1,
3
and
(4λ)4k/3 1
A G := A G (λ, 7/4, k) = A L (λ, (r = 7/4), k) = , k  = 0.
3 k! Γ (k/3)
k/3

The new operator for x > 0 takes the form

∞  ∞   
 (4λ)4k/3 1 k 4λt
−4λx 1/4 −1
(G λ f )(x) = e t 3 exp − 3/4 f (t)dt + f (0) .
3k/3 k! Γ (k/3) 0 3x
k=1

Here in order to preserve constant function, we added the term containing f (0) as in previous
example.

Example 3 For p(x) = x 5/4 , let us denote L λ := Vλ . By using (3), (4) and (5) respectively,
we have
 
−4λx 3/4 4λt
kλ (x, t) = C V (λ, t)e
V 3 exp − 1/4 ,
x
aV := aV (5/4, k) = a L ((r = 5/4), k) = 3k − 1,

and
(4λ)4k 1
A V := A V (λ, 5/4, k) = A L (λ, (r = 5/4), k) = , k  = 0.
3k k! Γ (3k)
The operator for x > 0 is defined by
∞   
−4λx 3/4  (4λ)4k 1  ∞ 4λt
(Vλ f )(x) = e 3 t 3k−1
exp − 1/4 f (t)dt + f (0) .
3k k! Γ (3k) 0 x
k=1

For the case p(x) = x 3 , we provide our method in the following example:

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157 Page 6 of 10 V. Gupta

Example 4 For p(x) = x 3 , let us denote the operator L λ := Q λ by (3) and (4) respectively,
we have
kλ (x, t) = C Q (λ, t)eλ/x e−λt/2x ,
Q 2

−k
a Q := a Q (3, k) = a L ((r = 3), k) = − 1,
2
and
λk/2 k 1
A Q := A Q (λ, 3, k) := A L (λ, (r = 3), k) = 2 2   , k  = 0.
(−1)k k! Γ −k 2
It may be observed that for even values of k, A Q (λ, (r = 3), k) = 0 for k = 1, 3, 5, .... we
have
1
A Q (λ, 3, (k = 1)) = λ1/2 2−1/2  1  , a Q (3, (k = 1)) = −3/2
Γ 2
 
1 −λ
A Q (λ, 3, (k = 3)) = λ1/2 2−1/2  1  , a Q (3, (k = 3)) = −5/2
Γ 2 2
 
1/2 −1/2 1 1 −λ 2
A Q (λ, 3, (k = 5)) = λ 2   , a Q (3, (k = 5)) = −7/2
Γ 21 2! 2
.........
Thus the kernel of operators is given by

kλ (x, t) = C Q (λ, t)eλ/x e−λt/2x

Q 2

∞

= eλ/x e−λt/2x A Q (λ, 3, k)t a Q (3,k)
2

k=0
 
λ/x −λt/2x 2 λ1/2 1 −3/2 λ3/2 1 −5/2
=e e  t − 3/2  1  t + ... ,
21/2 Γ 21 2 Γ 2
and our operator have the following form:
√     
λ λ/x ∞ −3/2 λ 1 λ 2
− .... e−λt/2x f (t)dt
2
(Q λ f )(x) = √ e t 1− +
2π 0 2t 2! 2t
√  ∞
λ
= √ eλ/x t −3/2 e−λ/2t e−λt/2x f (t)dt,
2

2π 0
which is the operators established in [12, (3.11)].

Example 5 For p(x) = x 4 , let us denote L λ := Oλ . By using (3), (4) and (5) respectively,
we have
 
λ/2x 2 λt
kλ (x, t) = C O (λ, t)e
O
exp − 3 ,
3x
−2k
a O := a O (4, k) = a L ((r = 4), k) = − 1,
3
and
λk/3 2k 1
A O := A O (λ, 4, k) = A L (λ, (r = 4), k) = 3 3  −2k  , k  = 0.
(−2)k k! Γ 3

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On new exponential-type operators Page 7 of 10 157

Using the identity

         
−2k −2k −2k −2k −2k k
+ k − 1 ..... +2 +1 Γ =Γ ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
we get
k−1  −2k 
λk/3 2k r =0 +r
A O (λ, 4, k) = 33  3k  , k  = 0.
(−2)k k! Γ 3
In particular
1
A O (λ, 4, (k = 1)) = λ1/3 3−1/3   , a O (4, (k = 1)) = −5/3
1!Γ 13
1
A O (λ, 4, (k = 2)) = λ2/3 3−2/3   , a O (4, (k = 2)) = −7/3
2!Γ 23
A O (λ, 4, (k = 3)) = 0, a O (4, (k = 3)) = −9/3
1
A O (λ, 4, (k = 4)) = −5λ4/3 3−4/3   , a O (4, (k = 4)) = −11/3
4!Γ 43
.........
The shape of operator will be as follows:
∞ k−1  −2k 
 λk/3 2k =0 +r
λ/2x 2 r
(Oλ f )(x) = e 33 3
 
(−2)k k! Γ k3
k=1
 ∞   
−1−2k/3 λt
t exp − 3 f (t)dt + f (0) .
0 3x

Here we observe that even for f (t) = constant the above integral is divergent so this choice
of p(x) = x 4 does not provide an operator.
√
Remark 2 It may be remarked here that when p(x) = x due to negative Gamma in (5) i.e
Γ (−3k) the A L is not defined for k = 0(1)..., thus its not possible to have an operator for
p(x) = x r , 0 < r < 1.

Remark 3 Using our methods given in Sec. 2, one may define many operators for p(x) =
x r , 1 < r ≤ 2, r = 3 for which A L exists. One may observe that the operators obtained
in [12], were captured by using alternate methods and standard table of integral transform
[4, p. 2441]. As the standard tables for all integral transform are not easily available, so our
methods to define new exponential-type operators give different direction. Also, by using the
methods of [12], one can obtain many other new operators as indicated here.

4 Alternative approach using Laplace transform

In this section, we consider an alternate approach to obtain the exponential-type operators.

We use the methods of Laplace transform to obtain new operators.
If we take p(x) = x r , 1 < r < 2 then following (3), we have
 
λ λt
kλL (x, t) = C L (λ, t) exp − − .
(2 − r )x r −2 (r − 1)x r −1

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157 Page 8 of 10 V. Gupta

λ
If we put, s = (r −1)x r−1 and x ∈ (0, ∞) then for the normalization condition of the operators
it must satisfy
 ∞

−st λ1/(r −1) (r − 1)(r −2)/(r −1)

C L (λ, t) e dt = exp (s > 0) , (7)
0 (2 − r )s (2−r )/(r −1)

where C L (λ, t) = 0, for t < 0 the value of C L (λ, t) can be determined if we find the inverse
Laplace transform of the right hand side in (7) and thus the operator takes the following form
  ∞  
λ λt
(L λ f )(x) := exp − C L (λ, t) exp − f (t)dt. (8)
(2 − r )x r −2 0 (r − 1)x r −1

5 Examples using inverse Laplace transform

In the following examples we capture exponential-type operators, using inverse Laplace

transform:

Example 6 Let us take p(x) = x 5/4 i.e. r = 5/4, following (7), for normalization we have
 ∞  4 4
−st λ 4
C V (λ, t) e dt = exp (s > 0) ,
0 3s 3
where s = 4λ/x 1/4 . To have normalization, we find the inverse Laplace transform of right
side as follows:
    
1 1 1 1
L −1 exp 3 = L −1 1 + 3 + + + ...
s s 2!s 6 3!s 9
t2 t5 t8
= δ(t) + + + + ......
Γ (3) 2!Γ (6) 3!Γ (9)
∞
 t 3m−1
= δ(t) + .
m!Γ (3m)
m=1

Thus by applying change of scale property i.e if L −1 ( f (s)) = F(t) then L −1 ( f (as)) =
a F( a ) of Laplace transform, we get
1 t

  4 4  ∞

−1 λ 4 (4λ)4m t 3m−1
C V (λ, t) = L exp = δ(t) + .
3s 3 3m m!Γ (3m)
m=1

Following general case (8), the operator becomes

∞  ∞   
−4λx 3/4  (4λ)4m 1 4λt
(Vλ f )(x) = e 3 t 3m−1
exp − 1/4 f (t)dt + f (0) .
3m m! Γ (3m) 0 x
m=1

For p(x) = x 3 , although the restriction 1 < r < 2 is not fulfilled, but for this special case
we have the operator.
Example 7 For the case p(x) = x 3 i.e. r = 3, following (7), for normalization we have
 ∞  √ 
C Q (λ, t) e−st dt = exp − 2λs (s > 0) ,
0

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On new exponential-type operators Page 9 of 10 157

and s = λ/2x 2 . In order to find C Q (λ, t) we find the inverse Laplace transform of right hand
side. It is well known [14, p.p. 65, Prob 41] that
√ t −3/2 −1/4t
L −1 [e− s
]= √ e .
2! π
Thus by applying change of scale property, we get
  √  √
−1 λ
C Q (λ, t) = L exp − 2λs = √ t −3/2 e−λ/2t .
2π
Thus following general case (8), the operator becomes
 ∞ √
λ
eλ/x √ t −3/2 e−λ/2t e−λt/2x f (t)dt.
2
(Q λ f )(x) =
0 2π
Below we show the existence of another operator for p(x) = x 2 by using our methods as
follows:

Example 8 For p(x) = x 2 , let us denote L λ := Pλ . Due to the term r = 2, this case behaves
differently, so we indicate our method as follows
∂ P λ(t − x) P
k (x, t) = kλ (x, t),
∂x λ x2
implying
 
−λ λt
kλP (x, t) = C P (λ, t)x exp − .
x
In order to have normalization in the operator, we must have
 ∞
λλ
C P (λ, t)e−st dt = λ ,
0 s
here s = λ/x. Thus
 
λλ t λ−1
C P (λ, t) = L −1 = λλ .
sλ Γ (λ)

The operator corresponding to p(x) = x 2 takes the following form

  
λλ −λ ∞ λ−1 λt
(Pλ f )(x) = x t exp − f (t)dt,
Γ (λ) 0 x
which is Post-Widder operators given in [12, (3.9)].

Acknowledgements The author would like to thank both the reviewers and handling editor for valuable
suggestions leading to overall improvements in the paper.

Associated Data The authors declare that there is no associated data.

Declarations

Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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