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Chapter 12
Earnings per Share
Learning Objectives
6. Use the methods for calculating diluted earnings per share: the
if-converted method and the treasury method.
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Content
1. Introduction
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Significance of EPS
2 main functions:
1. Measure firm’s profitability
2. Denominator in price-earnings ratio (PE ratio)
– PE ratio is widely used as a basis for comparing share-valuation
with peers
– Historic PE
• Current market price/EPS in the most recent FYE
– Prospective PE
• Current market price/projected EPS for the upcoming
FYE
Capital Structure
Report basic EPS only Report basic and diluted EPS only
Basic EPS
Numerator:
• After deducting amounts due to preference shareholders in respect of:
– Preference dividends
– Gain/loss arising on the repurchase or early conversion of preference shares
– Amortization of discount or premium on increasing rate preference shares
Increasing rate preference shares: Shares that are issued at a discount and that
provide a low initial dividend to compensate the issuer for selling at a discount.
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Scenario Treatment
Non-cumulative preference shares Deducted when declared
Cumulative preference shares Deducted when due
Increasing rate preference shares Amortization of discount/premium treated
as part of preference dividend
Preference shares repurchased in Excess deducted from net profit
a tender offer (FV > carrying value) attributable to ordinary equity holders of
parent entity
Early conversion of preference This is a loss to the issuer and a return to
shares (Consideration > FV of the preference shareholders. Deduct loss
ordinary shares issuable) from net profit attributable to ordinary
equity holders of parent entity
Content
1. Introduction
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• Generally, changes in the shares issued during the year are due to
one of more of the following reasons:
– Issue of new shares during the year for cash or other assets
– Issue of new shares in the form of a bonus issue or share split
– Issue of new shares at a discounted price as a result of the exercise of
a rights issue
– Consolidation of existing shares through a reverse split
– Issue of new shares from the conversion of potential ordinary shares
such as convertible bonds or convertible preference shares
– Issue of new shares from the exercise of potential ordinary shares such
as stock options issued to employees or creditors
– Contingently issuable shares become actual issues when conditions
have been met
– Purchase of treasury shares and issue of previously purchased treasury
shares
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Basic EPS
• When there are changes in the share capital during the year,
adjustment have to be made to the denominator (number of shares)
− Weighted number of shares outstanding during the period has to be
calculated
− The term “weighted average” refers to time-weighting, when there are
changes in the number of ordinary shares during the financial year.
• General rule:
− Shares are time-weighted from the date consideration is receivable
(usually the date of share issue)
− Time-weighting is only performed when there is an inflow of resources
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Basic EPS
Examples:
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Reserves
Reserves
(Retained
earnings
+ Capital Bonus issue
reserves) Total Total
Equity Equity
Share
capital
Share
capital
shareholders
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= $2.5
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• On conversion,
− Equity increases, debt decreases
− No inflow of cash and hence, increases the net assets of issuer
− Interest expense on debt is saved and thus, earnings increase
▪ Earnings have to be time-weighted
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• IAS 33:5: These are ordinary shares issuable for little/no cash or other
consideration upon the satisfaction of specified conditions in a contingent
share agreement
• When contingent events have occurred, the outstanding shares are time-
weighted from the date when all necessary conditions are satisfied, even
if the shares have yet to be issued.
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Scenario
• On 1 Jan 20x5, Alpha Company acquired Beta Corporation, a franchisor
for a reputable brand of footwear
• Consideration was paid entirely in cash
• Terms of acquisition included a contingent share agreement that required
Alpha Company to issue 10,000 additional new shares to shareholders of
Beta Corporation for each franchise contract secured in 20x5
• One contract was secured on 1 June 20x5 and another on 1 Dec 20x5
• Alpha’s share capital is comprised solely of 100,000 ordinary shares
• There had been no issue of new ordinary shares during the year
• Profit for the year ended 31 Dec 20x5 is $388,000
• Alpha’s Company interim financial statements were prepared half-yearly
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• IAS 32:33: The entity that reacquires its own equity instruments
should deduct these instruments (“treasury shares”) from equity. No
gain or loss is recognized in P/L
• For shares repurchased and held since the beginning of the previous
financial year, they should not be included in the weighted average
number of ordinary shares for both prior and current period
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Scenario
• Co X has issued share capital of 4,000,000 ordinary shares as at 31 Dec 20x5.
• Profit for the year attributable to ordinary shareholders amounted to $1.2 million.
• In 20x3, a total of 500k were repurchased from the market under the company’s
share repurchase mandate and held in treasury.
• On 31 Aug 20x5, X bought back another 800k shares from the market. Similarly,
these shares are not cancelled and are held in treasury.
• Movement in the share capital account:
No. of Shares
1 Jan 20x5 Balance as at beginning 4,000,000
Less: Treasury shares (bought in 20x3) (500,000)
3,500,000
31 Aug 20x5 Shares repurchased during the year (800,000)
31 Dec 20x5 Balance as at end 2,700,000
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Content
1. Introduction
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Diluted EPS
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Diluted EPS
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Anti-dilution
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Anti-dilution
yes no
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Scenario 1: Options/Warrants
• Options and warrants are instruments that give their holder the right but
not the obligation to subscribe for shares in the issuing firm at a specified
price for a specified period
• Assumption: all options and warrants are exercised either at the
beginning of the period or at the date of issue if issued during the period
• Call options and warrants are only dilutive if they are “in-the-money”
− Average market price of ordinary shares during the period exceeds the
exercise price
• Use the treasury method to calculate dilutive EPS (the same method as
applied to calculate EPS for a rights issue)
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Treasury Method
• The treasury method assumes that the issuing entity would buy back
shares from the open market with the proceeds it collects from the option
holders
– If the option is “in-the-money”, the number of repurchased shares would be
insufficient to issue to option holders
– Additional shares will be issued to option holders for free
– Assume that stock options are exercisable into ordinary shares at any time
throughout the period → Market price is the average for the period in
which stock options are outstanding and not the price at the end of period
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• If the contingent events are met, these shares are included in the
calculation of diluted EPS, from beginning of period or date of
agreement, if later
• If the contingent events are not met, we take the number of shares
issuable if the end of the period is the end of the contingency period
(IAS 33:52)
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• If the option lies with the entity, presumption is that the contract
will be settled in ordinary shares
− Resulting potential ordinary shares are to be included in diluted
EPS if the shares are dilutive
• If the option for settlement lies with the holder of the instrument,
the more dilutive of the two options of cash settlement and share
settlement is assumed in calculating EPS
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Market price = MP
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Anti-dilution Sequencing
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Anti-dilution Sequencing
• The class of shares with the lowest impact on the numerator (earnings)
and the highest impact on the denominator (the no. of shares) has the
lowest EPIS and is the most dilutive.
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Anti-dilution Sequencing
3. Rank them from the most dilutive to the least dilutive and include the
most dilutive first in diluted EPS calculation.
4. The process stops when all the potential ordinary shares have been
included or when the inclusion of the next ranked potential ordinary share
results in a higher diluted EPS than the previous provisional diluted EPS.
* The reported diluted EPS is the lowest possible figure and must never be
higher than the basic EPS.
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Comprehensive Illustration
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Comprehensive Illustration
Information on movements in ordinary shares:
1 Jan 20x4 New issue for cash (incorporation) 1,000,000
1 April 20x5 New issue for cash 200,000
1 July 20x5 Bonus issue: 1 for 1 1,200,000
1 Oct 20x5 From conversion of preference shares 500,000
1 July 20x6 Rights issue: 1 for 2 1,450,000
1 new share for every 2 existing shares
Exercise price: $2
Market price: $3
All rights were taken up -100,000
1 Oct 20x6 Shares re-purchased at fair value
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Comprehensive Illustration
Information on Potential Ordinary Shares (dilutive instruments)
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Comprehensive Illustration
2. On 1 July 20x5, the company issued 500,000 units of stock options. Each
stock option unit entitles the holder to purchase 1 unit of ordinary share.
Exercise price: $2.50
Average market price (20x6) $3.00
3. On 1 Oct 20x5, the company issued $10,000,000 convertible bonds which are
convertible to 10,000,000 ordinary shares.
Market interest rate: 5% per annum
Tax rate: 20%. None were converted during 20x5 or 20x6
Comprehensive Illustration
Step 1: Determine the Earnings per Incremental Share (EPIS) for each
type of potential ordinary shares.
Assumed converted from 1 Jan 20x6 to 31 Dec 20x6: 500,000 (500,000 x 12/12)
(No partial conversions during the year; hence, assume the balance at year-end
is converted at beginning of year)
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Comprehensive Illustration
b) Stock Options
Incremental shares arising from the assumed exercise of options as at 1 Jan
20x6
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Comprehensive Illustration
c) Convertible Bonds
Incremental shares arising from the assumed conversion of convertible
bonds as at 1 Jan 20x6
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Comprehensive Illustration
Step 2:
Ranking by EPIS EPIS
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Comprehensive Illustration
Changes in number of ordinary shares in 20x5
Increase in ordinary
Date Item
shares
Conversion of
1 Oct 20x5 500,000
preference shares
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Comprehensive Illustration
Calculating weighted average number of shares in 20x6
Date 1 Jan 20x6 1 July 20x6 1 Oct 20x6
Item Shares re-
Balance at start Rights issue
purchased
Increase in ordinary shares
2,900,000 1,450,000 (100,000)
Cumulative balance
3,262,500 4,350,000 4,250,000
Period outstanding
1 Jan – 1 Jul 1 Jul – 1 Oct 1 Oct – 31 Dec
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Comprehensive Illustration
• Number of ordinary shares as at 31.12.20x6
= 2,900,000 + 1,450,000 – 100,000
= 4,250,000
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Comprehensive Illustration
Step 3: Introduce the most dilutive security first into aggregate DEPS
calculation
Profit WA no. of DEPS
shares
Basic EPS 11,976,000 3,781,250 3.167207
Include effects of assumed exercise of 0 83,333
options
Aggregate DEPS 11,976,000 3,864,583 3.098911 Dilutive
Include effects of assumed conversion of 400,000 10,000,000
convertible bonds
Aggregate DEPS 12,376,000 13,864,583 0.892634 Dilutive
Include effects of assumed conversion of 24,000 500,000
convertible preference shares
Aggregate DEPS 12,400,000 14,364,583 0.863234 Dilutive
Reported DEPS (20x6) 0.863234
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