2/1/2023

Chapter - 4
IaaS and PaaS

Cloud Architecture

e.g., Web browser

SaaS , e.g., Google Docs

PaaS, e.g., Google AppEngine

IaaS, e.g., Amazon EC2

1
 2/1/2023

IaaS: Overview
IaaS
• Delivers IT infrastructure like compute, storage, and network
resources with flexible billing options
• Used to request and configure the resources required to run your
applications and IT systems
• Customers are responsible for deploying, maintaining, and
supporting their applications, and the IaaS provider is
responsible for maintaining the physical infrastructure
• Gives flexibility and control over the IT resources in a cost-
effective manner as compare with on-premise infrastructure

IaaS: Why?
• To scale the compute capacity while reducing the IT
expenditure
• Traditionally, enterprises purchased and maintained their own
computing devices in an on-premises data center
– This often required a heavy up-front investment to handle only
occasionally high workloads
– For example, an e-commerce company gets three times more application
traffic during the holiday season. To handle this traffic, they have to
purchase additional server machines, which remain idle for the rest of the
year
• IaaS gives flexible and secure access to practically unlimited
resources so that you can meet all your business, legal, and
compliance requirements
4

2
 2/1/2023

IaaS: Why?
On-Premise Infrastructure

IaaS: Benefit
Speed
• Allows to provision any number of resources within minutes,
testing, and launching new ideas to market much faster
– Focus on your core business activities because others fully manage the IT
infrastructure and computing resources
Performance
• Cloud providers have geographically distributed data centers so
that it is easy to scale up your applications in locations that are
physically closer to your customers
– To both increase compute performance and reduce network latency
– This might not be possible if you have a limited server capacity and
geographic reach 6

3
 2/1/2023

IaaS: Benefit
Reliability
• Service Level Agreement (SLA) with 99.999% availability
Back up and recovery
• Provide access to unlimited infrastructure for backup and
disaster recovery
– For example, you can duplicate your applications across multiple servers
so that if one fails, another takes over
Competitive pricing
• Pay only for the resources they use
• Encourages more efficient IT resource management
• Promotes innovation by making cloud services affordable to
small businesses
7

IaaS: Infrastructure Services

• Can be viewed as three categories: Compute/Servers, Storage
and Connectivity
• Cloud Providers would offer
– Virtual Server instances on which the customer can install and run a
custom image
– Persistent storage is a separate service which the customer can purchase
– Several offerings for extending connectivity options
• Amazon is the de-facto standard for IaaS
• There is an open source equivalent to AWS
– Eucalyptus (Elastic Utility Computing Architecture for Linking Your
Programs To Useful Systems); shipped with Ubuntu since version 9.4

4
 2/1/2023

IaaS: Types of IaaS resources

Compute
• Cloud compute resources include central processing units
(CPUs), graphical processing units (GPUs), and internal
memory (RAM) that computers require to perform any task
• IaaS users request compute resources three allocation options:
– Physical: dedicated hardware
– Dedicated Virtual: dedicated hardware but with a hypervisor so the
customer can run multiple OS
– Shared Virtual: are exposed to customers as pool of VMs

IaaS: Compute
Example:
• Amazon is Shared Virtual, each is based on Amazon Machine
Image (AMI)
• Customer can use pre-packaged AMIs from Amazon or build their
own
• A challenge for Virtual servers is that they do not maintain local
storage; any configuration information has to be stored
externally
• Some offerings such as Rackspace Cloud offers local persistent
storage as well as large pool of dedicated IP addresses on all
instances

10

5
 2/1/2023

IaaS: Storage
• Moving from Storage Area Networks (SAN) to Storage-as-a-
Service – On demand storage service

• SANs are typically composed of hosts,

switches, storage elements, and storage
devices that are interconnected using a
variety of technologies, topologies, and
protocols. SANs may span multiple
sites.
• A SAN presents storage devices to a
host such that the storage appears to be
locally attached.

11

IaaS: Storage
• Virtualized data store with the illusion of infinite capacity
• Storage services are useful for archiving, content delivery,
disaster recovery, and web application development
• IaaS providers offer three types of data storage resources:
– Block storage stores data in blocks like an SSD or hard drive.
– File storage stores data as files like in a NAS.
– Object storage stores data as objects similar to those in object-
oriented programming

12

6
 2/1/2023

IaaS: Storage
• Relevant factors include persistence, replication, and access
speed and latency
– Due to synchronization requirements of Content Delivery Networks (CDN
- Akamai), you may observe very different speeds for Read and Write
data
• Amazon offers two persistent storage capabilities: S3 (Simple
Storage Service) and EBS (Elastic Block Storage)
– S3 is accessible through REST and SOAP APIs. It offers distributed,
redundant buckets that are replicated using Amazon’s CloudFront CDN
across Europe, Asia, and US.
– S3 can accommodate data sizes from 1 Byte – 5TB and provide
permissions for access control based on AWS authentication

13

IaaS: Storage
• S3 provides versioning so that customers can recover accidently
deleted or overwritten objects
• EBS is intended for high-performance virtual hard disk.
– It can be formatted as a file system and then mounted on any EC2 instance.
• Amazon provides a mechanism to store an EBS snapshot in S3 for
long term durability
• Other storage services include:
– The Rackspace Cloud: similar to S3 with REST Access API
– GoGrid: no access API; mechanisms such as secure Copy (SCP), FTP, Samba
and rsync
– LayeredTech: The Dynavol service supports mirroring and many access
mechanisms in cluding:HTTP, FTP, SFTP, SSH, SCP, rdiff, rdist, rsync, and
smbfs
14

7
 2/1/2023

IaaS: Network
• Amazon EC2 instance will receive single DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol) address
– Additional addresses, static or persistent domain addresses, can
be requested separately
• Two other network-related functions are available:
– Provisioning for network segmentation and mechanism to
bridge segments
– Load balancing

15

IaaS: Network
Network Segmentation
• Amazon allow customers to define firewalls which restrict the
inbound/outbound traffic to specific IP range and port numbers
• Other Cloud providers, such as AppNexus, provides each
customer with a private VLAN, i.e., avoids being exposed to
broadcast traffic
• Amazon Virtual Private Cloud enhances and secures connectivity
between cloud services
– Allows an Enterprise to create a VPN between the Enterprise and
Amazon AWS

16

8
 2/1/2023

IaaS: Network

Load Balancing
• Many providers offer Load Balancing capability
– One option is to use a DNS Round-Robin that involves adding
multiple IP addresses to the same DNS Domain.
– Alternatively is to use either software or hardware load balancer

17

PaaS

9
 2/1/2023

Introduction

• IaaS mainly provides virtual machines and resources

– User need not have to purchase the hardware
– IaaS can make better use of resources (utilization)
• Users need a running environment or a development
and testing platform
– To design applications or services
• Complete system administration and monitoring falls
on the user’s shoulders

19

Introduction

20

10
 2/1/2023

PaaS
• Complete platform for hosting applications in Cloud
• All the infrastructure is managed for you
• Enables businesses to build and run web-based,
custom applications in an on-demand fashion
• Eliminates the complexity of selecting, purchasing,
configuring, and managing hardware and software
• Dramatically decreases upfront costs
• Introduce vender lock-in
– Makes a customer dependent on a vendor for products
21

PaaS
• Provide developer a solution stack
– Web server, database engine, scripting language and its interpreters,
• Simple deployment
– No worries about servers, storage, network, scaling, updates, …
– Users are provided with tools to simplify creating and deploying
applications
• Offers development tools
– Libraries for specific services
– IDE plugins, deployment tools

22

11
 2/1/2023

PaaS
• Guarantees multitenancy
– Users isolated by virtualization or OS means

23

Types of PaaS
• Instance PaaS
– Depends on IaaS layer for multitenancy
• Better security and performance guarantees
– Deploys applications to IaaS instances
• Framework PaaS
– Uses OS capabilities for multitenancy
– By limiting system library functions
– No filesystem writes and network sockets
– Better resource utilization and accounting granularity

24

12
 2/1/2023

Types of PaaS
• Instance PaaS
– Amazon Elastic Beanstalk
– Microsoft Azure
• Framework PaaS
– Google App Engine (Python, Java, GO,…)
– VMware Cloud Foundry

25

13