Soiasia 20070044 Takei Day1 Final

Advanced Internet Technology
Jan 8th, 2008

IV
Digital Wireless
Communication Basics:
Overview of basic concepts
Wired Vs. Wireless Communication
Wired Wireless
Each cable is a different channel One media (cable) shared by all
Signal attenuation is low High signal attenuation
No interference High interference

noise; co-channel interference; adjacent
channel interference
Digital Wireless
Communication Basics 1
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Why go wireless ?
Advantages
Sometimes it is impossible/impractical to lay cables
User mobility
Cost
Limitations
Bandwidth
Power
Security
EM Spectrum
ISM band
902 – 928 Mhz
io
io
io
2.4 – 2.4835 Ghz

d
d
ra
ra
r
ra
la
W
FM
llu
AM
TV
TV
5.725 – 5.785 Ghz

S/
ce
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

ν
30kHz 300kHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz
10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 100mm λ
X rays
Gamma rays
ν 1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz
infrared visible UV
1 THz 1 PHz 1 EHz
Propagation characteristics are different in each frequency band
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Unlicensed Radio Spectrum

λ 33cm 12cm 5cm
26 Mhz 83.5 Mhz 125 Mhz
902 Mhz 2.4 Ghz 5.725 Ghz

928 Mhz 2.4835 Ghz 5.850 Ghz
cordless phones 802.11b+g+n 802.11a+n

baby monitors Bluetooth
WaveLan Microwave oven
Understanding wireless communication
Tx
Rx
• How does signal propagate ?

• How much attenuation take place ?
• How does signal look like at the receiver ?
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Radio Propagation
Three basic propagation mechanisms
Reflection Diffraction Scattering
λ << D λ ≈ D λ >> D
• Propagation effects depend on not only on the specific portion of

spectrum used for transmission, but also on the bandwidth (or
spectral occupancy) of the signal being transmitted
• Spatial separation of Tx-Rx
Propagation in the “Real World”

Rain drop
a wave
can
be absorbed
penetrate
reflect bend
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Propagation
And, the higher frequencies will

usually encounter more “loss”
in “real world” situations
(again, smaller cells?;

more base stations?)
The Cluttered World of

Radio Waves
hills
girders
rain
hallways
windows
vehicles
trees
walls
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Exercise
Selection of the spectrum is one of the important part
of the network design
What are the trade-off factors for the spectrum selection?
If you select lower frequency
– Good for ____(Use case), reason _______
– Bad/Difficult for _____(Use case), reason ______
If you select higher frequency
– Good for ____(Use case), reason _______
– Bad/Difficult for _____(Use case), reason ______
Evaluating Frequencies
50 MHz- Good for range outdoors (antenna size,

bending and penetrating), no foliage problems. “Sees”
metallic building structures, doesn’t pass through
windows or down corridors, needs large antenna (2
meter). TV?
450 MHz to 2 GHz - Good compromise for cellular-
type systems. Antenna small, but big enough for
outdoor range. Minor foliage effects. OK for windows
walls and corridors. (450 might be best, but ...) (Range
issue for 2 GHz systems- more bases)
5-20 GHz- Antenna too small for range. Foliage and
rain effects. Indoor microcells? Point-to-point?
Satellites to ground stations?
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Summary of Path Loss

in Propagation
Understanding RF Propagation
Goals
1. Estimate radio coverage area
2. Estimate link performance
3. Estimate network design parameters
1. Transmitters and their location
2. Transmit power
3. Antenna type
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Interesting Scenarios
At which locations will
correct reception take
place?
D
C
A B
Antenna Basics
Pdirectional
G=
Pisotropic
Isotropic Dipole High gain

directional
0 dBi 2.2 dBi 14 dBi
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Antenna performance
half-power beam width
Beam Width
Sample calculation
Parabolic antenna for sat
com
3dB
70 × λ[m]
BW =
D[m]
Sample calculation
You have 1.8m antenna for satellite communication
The antenna receive and transmit the signal in Ku
band (UL 14GHz, DL 12GHz) and also can be used
in C band (UL 6GHz, DL 4GHz)
Calculate the half beam power width (angle)
Ku band ______ deg
C band ______ deg
Compare with Yagi-antenna BW for terrestrial TV
service
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Free Space Propagation Model

PT Isotropic power
2 density
PR PDi = W / m
d 4πd 2
PT
PG Power density along
PD = T T2 the direction of
4πd maximum radiation
PR = PD Aeff Power received by

Antenna
PG Aeff λ2
PR = T T2 Aeff =
4π
4πd
Predict received signal G
strength when the transmitter
and receiver have a clear
⎛ λ ⎞
2 Also known
line-of-sight path between them
PR = PT GT GR ⎜ ⎟
as Friis free
⎝ 4πd ⎠
space formula
Path Loss (relative measure)

⎛ λ ⎞
2
PR PR
= GT GR ⎜ ⎟
PT ⎝ 4πd ⎠
Pt
PR 0.57 *10 −3 f is in MHz
= GT GR d is in Km
PT (df ) 2
⎛ PR ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = (GT ) dB + (GR ) dB − (32.5 + 20 log10 d + 20 log10 f )
⎝ PT ⎠ dB
Path Loss represents signal attenuation

(measured on dB) between the effective
transmitted power and the receive power
(excluding antenna gains)
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Path Loss (Example)

Assume that antennas are isotropic.
PR Calculate receive power (in dBm) at free
space distance of 100m from the antenna.
Pt What is PR at 10Km?
⎛ PR ⎞
50 W ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = (GT ) dB + (GR ) dB − (32.5 + 20 log10 d + 20 log10 f )
= 47 dBm
⎝ PT ⎠ dB
⎛ PR ⎞ 59
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0 + 0 − (32.5 + 20 log10 0.1 + 20 log10 900)
⎝ PT ⎠ dB
-20 (for d = 0.1) 20 (for d = 10)
⎛ PR ⎞ ⎛ PR ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −71.5dB ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −111.5dB
⎝ PT ⎠ dB ⎝ PT ⎠ dB
( PR ) dBm = 47 − 71.5 = −24.5dBm ( PR ) dBm = 47 − 111.5 = −64.5dBm
Path Loss (another example)

Path Loss Vs. Distance
2.4 GHz 5 GHz
160
140
120
100
Path Loss (dB)
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Distance (Km)
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Path Loss (another example)

Path Loss Vs. Distance
2.4 GHz 5 GHz
150
140
130
120
Path Loss (dB)
110
100
90
80
70
60
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Distance (Km) Log Scale
Radio propagation: path loss
near field path loss in 2.4 Ghz band

Pr
r ≤ 8m r > 8m
Pt
near field far field
r ∝ r2 ∝ r3.3
Pr
path loss = 10 log (4πr2/λ) r ≤ 8m
= 58.3 + 10 log (r3.3 /8) r > 8m
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Basics of Small Scale

Fading: Towards choice
of PHY
Basic Questions
Tx What will happen if the transmitter Transmit power, data rate,
- changes transmit power ?
- changes frequency ? signal bandwidth, frequency
- operates at higher speed ? tradeoff
What will happen if we conduct

this experiment in different types
of environments?
Channel effects
Desert Metro Street Indoor
What will happen if Rx

Effect of mobility
the receiver moves?
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Review of basic concepts

Channel Impulse response
Power delay profile
Inter Symbol Interference
Coherence bandwidth
Coherence time
Channel Impulse Response
x(t ) y (t )
Channel
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Power delay Profile

-90
RMS Delay Spread (στ) = 46.4 ns
-90
Received Signal Level (dBm)
Mean Excess delay (τ) = 45 ns
-95
Maximum Excess delay < 10 dB = 110 ns
-100
Noise threshold
-105
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Excess Delay (ns)
Example (Power delay profile)

Pr(τ) 4.38 µs
1.37 µs
0 dB
-10 dB
-20 dB
-30 dB τ
0 1 2 5 (µs)
τ = (1)(5) + (0.1)(1) + (0.1)(2) + (0.01)(0) = 4.38μs

_
[0.01+ 0.1+ 0.1+1]

_
(1)(5) 2 + (0.1)(1) 2 + (0.1)(2) 2 + (0.01)(0) 2
τ2 = = 21.07μs 2
[0.01+ 0.1+ 0.1+1]
σ τ = 21.07 −(4.38) 2 =1.37μs
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
RMS Delay Spread: Typical values
Delay spread is a good measure of Multipath
Manhattan
San Francisco
Suburban
Office building 2
Office building 1
10ns 50ns 150ns 500ns 1µs 2µs 5µs 10µs 25µs
3m 15m 45m 150m 300m 600m 3Km 7.5Km
Inter Symbol Interference

Symbol time Pr(τ) 4.38 µs
1.37 µs
0 dB
-10 dB
-20 dB
στ -30 dB τ
0 1 2 5 (µs) 0 1 2 5 (µs)
4.38
Symbol time > 10* στ --- No equalization required
Symbol time < 10* στ --- Equalization will be required to

deal with ISI
In the above example, symbol time should be more than 14µs to avoid ISI.
This means that link speed must be less than 70Kbps (approx)
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Coherence Bandwidth
Time domain view Freq. domain view
x(t ) X(f )
Range of freq over

which response is flat
στ delay spread Bc
High correlation of amplitude

between two different freq.
components
Doppler Shift
θ v cosθ
v Doppler shift Δf =
λ
Example
- Carrier frequency fc = 1850 MHz (i.e. λ = 16.2 cm)
- Vehicle speed v = 60 mph = 26.82 m/s
- If the vehicle is moving directly towards the transmitter

26.82
Δf = = 165Hz
0.162
- If the vehicle is moving perpendicular to the angle of arrival of the
transmitted signal
Δf = 0
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Small scale fading
Flat fading
Multi path time delay
Frequency selective fading
fading
Fast fading
Doppler spread
Slow fading
PHY Layer Design Choices ?

Required Data Rates
Determines channel : frequency selective or flat fading; fast
or slow fading
Required QoS at the PHY: bit-error-rate (BER),
packet-error-rate (PER), Frame-error-rate (FER)
May be determined by application needs (higher layers)
Affected by Interference and Noise levels
PHY layer choices include selection of

Modulation/Demodulation
Techniques to mitigate fading: diversity, equalization, OFDM,
MIMO
Techniques to mitigate interference (if necessary)
Error correction Coding
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Exercise
Consider a low earth orbiting satellite network system
design. It would have multipath and Doppler shift
effect
Compare the link environment difference between terrestrial
cellar network and low earth satellite network (e.g. orbit
altitude 100km and 1000km)
Fading, Pass loss, Tracking, Delay, etc.
Hint: you have to consider the relative speed between
satellite and the terminal on the earth
You can set any assumption, such as
Number of the satellite
Terminal size, mobility
Use case
Etc.
Back up
Digital Wireless
Jan 8th, 2008
IV
Path loss in dB
10 W P1
dB = 10 log (----)
101 P2
Power
Path loss from source to d2 = 70dB
10-3 1 mW
10,000 times 1,000 times

40 dB 30 dB 1 μW
10-6
source d1 d2
dBm ( absolute measure of power)

10 W = 40 dBm P1
dBm = 10 log (-------)
101 1mW
+ 10,000 times
Power
10-3 1 mW = 0 dBm
- 1,000 times
1 μW = -30 dBm
10-6
source d1 d2
Digital Wireless

Soiasia 20070044 Takei Day1 Final

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Advanced Internet Technology

Jan 8th, 2008

Wired Vs. Wireless Communication

No interference High interference

2.4 – 2.4835 Ghz

5.725 – 5.785 Ghz

LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 100mm λ

Propagation characteristics are different in each frequency band

Unlicensed Radio Spectrum

26 Mhz 83.5 Mhz 125 Mhz

902 Mhz 2.4 Ghz 5.725 Ghz

cordless phones 802.11b+g+n 802.11a+n

Understanding wireless communication

• How does signal propagate ?

Reflection Diffraction Scattering

• Propagation effects depend on not only on the specific portion of

• Spatial separation of Tx-Rx

Propagation in the “Real World”

And, the higher frequencies will

(again, smaller cells?;

The Cluttered World of

 50 MHz- Good for range outdoors (antenna size,

Summary of Path Loss

Isotropic Dipole High gain

0 dBi 2.2 dBi 14 dBi

Free Space Propagation Model

PR = PD Aeff Power received by

Path Loss (relative measure)

Path Loss represents signal attenuation

Path Loss (Example)

Path Loss (another example)

2.4 GHz 5 GHz

Path Loss (another example)

2.4 GHz 5 GHz

Radio propagation: path loss

near field path loss in 2.4 Ghz band

path loss = 10 log (4πr2/λ) r ≤ 8m

= 58.3 + 10 log (r3.3 /8) r > 8m

Basics of Small Scale

What will happen if we conduct

What will happen if Rx

Review of basic concepts

Channel Impulse Response

Power delay Profile

Mean Excess delay (τ) = 45 ns

Maximum Excess delay < 10 dB = 110 ns

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Excess Delay (ns)

Example (Power delay profile)

τ = (1)(5) + (0.1)(1) + (0.1)(2) + (0.01)(0) = 4.38μs

[0.01+ 0.1+ 0.1+1]

σ τ = 21.07 −(4.38) 2 =1.37μs

RMS Delay Spread: Typical values

Delay spread is a good measure of Multipath

10ns 50ns 150ns 500ns 1µs 2µs 5µs 10µs 25µs

3m 15m 45m 150m 300m 600m 3Km 7.5Km

Inter Symbol Interference

Symbol time > 10* στ --- No equalization required

Symbol time < 10* στ --- Equalization will be required to

Range of freq over

High correlation of amplitude

- If the vehicle is moving directly towards the transmitter

50 MHz- Good for range outdoors (antenna size,

PHY layer choices include selection of