2022 FactsaboutKorea

A revised edition
어제와 오늘
FA C TS AB OUT
KO R EA 한국의
2022
FACT S AB O UT KOREA 한국의 어제와 오늘
www.korea.net
Cover Story
Korean Saekdong Reinterpreted as a Book
Saekdong is a traditional patchwork fabric made using five-colored cloths
and is often used at festive occasions such as weddings and holidays.
This book visualizes the bright energy of saekdong and conveys them FA C T S A B O U T
KO REA
so that you can see and feel Korea’s yesterday and today.
FACTS ABOUT KOREA
Copyright © 1973
Published by
Korean Culture and Information Service
Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism
2022 Edition
408, Galmae-ro, Sejong-si, Government Complex-Sejong,

Republic of Korea
Tel 82.44.203.3300
Fax 82.44.203.3592
All rights reserved
Printed in Seoul
ISBN 978.89.7375. 640.7(03910) 한국의
어제와 오늘
For further information about Korea, please visit:
www.kocis.go.kr ┃ www.korea.net
FACTS ABOUT KOREA Contents 004 005
Contents
160 Economy
006 Society
• The Korean Economy –
• Clothing and Fashion the Miracle on the Hangang River
• Food • Korea’s Open Market Capitalist Economy
• Housing • Industrial Brand Leaders and
• Festivals, Celebrations, and Holidays Korean Industrial Standards
• South Korea – Summary • Efforts to Grow as a Global Power
• Transition to a Multicultural Society • Korea’s Rise to a Developed Country
222 Korean Wave
• K-Pop, Leading the Korean Wave

• K-Drama Opens Up A New Future
038 Culture • K-Movie: Thriving both On-screen
and Online
Korean Literature Spreads
140
•
• UNESCO Heritage in Korea Government Across the World
• Traditional Arts 178 History • K-Wave in the Digital Era:
• Harmony between Tradition
• Constitution K-Webtoon and K-Animation
and Modernity
• Executive, Legislature, • The Beginnings of Korea’s History • K-Food, the Beginning of
• Gourmet Travel
and Judiciary (Prehistoric Period - Gojoseon) a New K-Wave
• Nature and Healing
• Independent Organizations • Three Kingdoms and Other States • Korea, World’s Third Largest
• Travel Activities
• Local Government • Unification of the Three Kingdoms Cosmetic Exporter
• Traditional Attractions and Hot Places
• International Relations under Silla • K-People, leading the Korean Wave
• Local Festivals
• Yoon Suk Yeol Government • Northern and Southern States
• Foundations for Sports Revitalization
and the Yongsan Era Period: Unified Silla and Balhae
• Proud Host of International Competitions
Peace, A New Start: Goryeo Dynasty
248
• •
• Professional Sports;
The Panmunjeom Declaration • Joseon Dynasty
Appendix
History Written in Sweat
• Historical Background • The Fall of Joseon: Imperial Japan’s
• Korea’s Rise in e-Sports
• Inter-Korean Exchanges Annexation of Korea • UNESCO Heritage in Korea
and Cooperation • Independence Movement • National Museums in Korea
• Efforts for Lasting Peace • Transition to a Democracy and • Local Government
• Inter-Korean Policy of Transformation into an Economic • Relevant Websites
the Yoon Suk Yeol Government Powerhouse • Sources of Photos
FACTS ABOUT KOREA Society 006 007
South Korea – Summary︱Transition to a Multicultural Society

Clothing and Fashion︱Food︱Housing︱Festivals, Celebrations, and Holidays
SECTION 01
Korea has four distinct seasons, is surrounded

by the sea on three sides, and has a natural
environment with more mountains than plains.
In this environment, Koreans have developed an
excellent and unique food, clothing, and shelter culture.
To stay well in the cold winter and hot summer,
they developed various clothing materials,
made their own clothes, and made food
with the mindset that “health comes from eating.”
Adapting to the natural environment, they also

developed a unique style of housing called hanok.
Currently, Korea’s unique traditional lifestyle is
rapidly spreading around the world.
Society
Life, lived with values
01. At the Hanbok

Fashion Show held
on Hanbok Day
(October 21),
you can see a variety
of hanbok.
Clothing and Fashion

Hanbok refers to traditional Korean attire. Koreans in the past
used cloth, silk, hemp, ramie, and other materials to make
clothes tailored to the distinct four seasons of the Korean
Peninsula. A complete set of hanbok consists of jeogori, which
covers the arms and the torso, a skirt or a pair of trousers, and
durumagi, which serves as outerwear. With a snug fit and soft
lines, the clothes give an elegant look overall.
Korean people in the past tended to prefer simple, white
clothes, for which they were often referred to as the “white-clad
people.” However, they would wear more ostentatious clothes
with elaborate colors and designs depending on the period,
status, and occasion. The clothes mainly featured five colors:
white, black, blue, red, and yellow, collectively called obangsaek.
01
01. Jangdokdae
Today, hanbok is more often worn for special occasions than as casual clothes, (Soy Jar Terrace)
An area outside the
such as wedding ceremonies, children’s first birthdays, and seasonal holidays
kitchen used to store
including the Lunar New Year’s Day and Chuseok. large brown-glazed
pottery jars containing
Hanbok began to attract global attention with its charm and aesthetics as K-Pop soy paste, soy sauce,
and chili paste.
stars such as BTS and BLACKPINK showed off various styles inspired by the hanbok
Korean pottery jars allow
in their music videos. The interest in hanbok was further boosted by the popularity for proper ventilation,
so they are perfect for
of Korean periodic dramas Kingdom and The King’s Affection, released by global preserving fermented
food. The ideal location
streaming video services. Young Koreans also rediscovered the appeal of hanbok;
for Jangdokdae would
by visiting tourist attractions—ancient palaces in Seoul such as Gyeongbokgung be a well-ventilated area
with sufficient sunlight.
Palace, Changdeokgung Palace, Changgyeonggung Palace, and Deoksugung Palace,
02. Doenjang Jjigae
the Hanok Village in Jeonju, and the Hwangnidan Street in Gyeongju—wearing hanbok (Soybean Paste Stew)
from rental stores has become one of the most popular tourism activities for Korean This stew-like Korean
dish is made by boiling
youths. In addition, numerous fashion brands have released casual outfits designed by an assortment of
ingredients such as
adapting hanbok to fit the modern lifestyle, and some schools chose hanbok–inspired
meat, clams, vegetables,
clothes as their uniforms. mushrooms, chili, tofu,
01 and soy paste.
In July 2022, the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA) of Korea designated the
traditional “hanbok lifestyle” as an intangible cultural heritage representing the
Korean identity and values.
02
K-Food
Food
Korea’s natural environment features mountains, plains, and seas in equal measure,
contributing to the country’s diverse and unique culinary cultures. Korean food, or
hansik, is characterized by a clear distinction between the main dish (rice, noodles,
etc.) and the side dish (called banchan), diverse recipes, a balanced mix of animal
and plant products, and refined fermented foods created with great care over long
periods. The Korean people have also believed that food and medicine share the
same origin, following the adage that “food is the best medicine.”
“K-Food” has been taking the world by storm with its superb taste and benefits to
health. The World Health Organization (WHO) described hansik as a superb culinary
model with nutritional balance, with many researchers reporting that hansik prevents
obesity and cancer.
Doenjang, Ganjang, and Gochujang Bibimbap

Doenjang (soybean paste), ganjang (soy sauce), and gochujang (red chili paste) are Bibimbap is a Korean rice dish topped with an assortment of
three of the most basic condiments and the most widely enjoyed fermented foods in fresh and seasonal vegetables, fried eggs, minced beef, and
Korea. Doenjang and ganjang are made from meju, which refers to soybeans boiled, other ingredients. Along with kimchi and bulgogi, it is one of
pounded into paste, and formed into brick-shaped lumps. These lumps are dried the three most popular Korean foods outside of Korea. There
and fermented, and then kept in large clay pots with salt water for around two to are countless variations of bibimbap depending on what
three months. The resulting solids are made into doenjang, and the liquid is used as ingredients are added to the mix. People outside of Korea
ganjang. These sauces offer a uniquely savory and rich salty taste. have created localized versions of bibimbap by adding their
Gochujang is a traditional Korean food made by fermenting a mixture of soybean own flavors. Every October, a bibimbap-themed festival is held
malt, starch (powdered rice, barley, etc.), and adding chili pepper powder and meju in Jeonju, a UNESCO-designated Creative City of Gastronomy.
powder. Being lovers of spicy foods, Koreans use gochujang in a wide variety of dishes.
Kimchi
Kimchi is a staple side dish that a majority of Koreans can’t go without. To them, no
meal is complete without kimchi. Kimchi is commonly made by fermenting a mixture
03
of salted napa cabbage, radish, and paste made of red chili powder, garlic, spring
03. Bibimbap
onion, salted fish sauce, and other ingredients. Different regions (and different Cooked rice
houses, for that matter) use different ingredients and recipes, resulting in more served with fresh
and seasoned
than a hundred major variations. In recent years, more and more Koreans have started vegetables, minced
beef, and chili paste
eating store-bought kimchi rather than making their own.
Made with more than 15 ingredients, kimchi is a great source of nutrients such
as vitamins A and C, and the fermentation process creates large amounts of lactic
acid bacteria. These nutritional benefits have boosted kimchi’s popularity as an anti-
oxidation and weight-control option across the world, and a large body of research
supports its effectiveness in preventing cancers, hypertension, diabetes, atopic
dermatitis, and other diseases.
Traditionally, Korean families or villages would get together once a year for
“kimjang,” which means a gathering held in late autumn specifically for making a
vast amount of kimchi. The kimchi made during these gatherings, called “kimjang
kimchi,” would sustain the family or the village throughout the coming winter. The
“Kimjang, making and sharing kimch” was inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible
Cultural Heritage in 2013.
04. Bulgogi
Stripped or by the harmony of the chewy texture of glass noodles and the
shredded beef
flavor of various ingredients, and constitutes an essential part
marinated with
soy sauce–based of holiday dinners or banquets in Korea.
condiments and
grilled
Rice Cake
Korean rice cake, or tteok, refers to sticky cakes made by kneading
powdered sweet rice or glutinous rice and steaming the dough
with other ingredients such as beans or red beans. Both chewy
and sweet, tteok is one of the most popular treats in Korea.
05. Sirutteok
Sirutteok (Steamed rice cake) is a type of
small rice cake made by kneading glutinous
rice powder with hot water, shaping the
dough into balls, boiling them in hot water,
and coating them with powder such as bean
or sesame seed powder.
05
04
Bulgogi
Bulgogi, which literally means “fire meat,” refers to a traditional
Korean dish made by grilling thin meat slices marinated with
various condiments such as soy sauce and pear juice. Its
rich and pleasantly salty flavor has made it one of the most
popular Korean foods among foreigners. Bulgogi has been
wildly featured in cross-over foods as well, such as bulgogi
hamburgers and pizzas.
Japchae
Japchae is made by stir-frying boiled glass noodles mixed with
spinach, onions, beef, and soybean sauce. It is characterized
Korean people serve different varieties of traditional rice cakes Liquor

on special occasions. For example, they celebrate the Lunar A wide variety of liquors have been developed across different parts and families
New Year’s Day with tteokguk (sliced rice cake soup) made of of Korea. Currently, some 300 traditional liquors have survived, including Munbaeju
broth and slices of white rice cake called garaetteok. Eating (pear-flavored liquor) and Songjeolju (pine knot liquor) in Seoul; Sanseong Soju
a bowl of tteokguk symbolizes gaining a year’s age. Chuseok (distilled liquor) in Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do; Hongju (red liquor) and Leegangju (distilled
is celebrated with songpyeon, bite-sized half-moon-shaped liquor) in Jeolla-do; Sogokju (rice wine) and Insamju (ginseng liquor) in Chungcheong-
rice cakes stuffed with honey, chestnut, soybean, or sesame do; Kyodong Beopju (rice liquor) and Andong Soju (distilled liquor) in Gyeongsang-do;
mixture, and baekseolgi (snow white rice cake) is served on and Okseonju (distilled liquor) in Gangwon-do.
the first birthday of a baby as a symbol of longevity. Makgeolli (unrefined rice wine) is one of the most popular and affordable
traditional alcoholic beverages in Korea. It is made by fermenting a mixture of rice
and malt along with various other ingredients. It used to be considered a beverage
mainly enjoyed by older generations. However, the beverage has been all the rage
06. Makgeolli among Koreans in their 20s and 30s, with makgeolli ice cream, coffee, and other
Makgeolli is a traditional Korean
rice wine, made by fermenting
flavors spreading across convenience stores around the country. It is also highly
steamed rice, barley, or wheat popular among international tourists visiting Korea.
mixed with nuruk, a traditional
Korean fermentation starter. Soju is a distilled liquor made by boiling alcoholic beverages made with grains
06
or sweet potatoes. This colorless liquor has a significantly higher alcohol content
than makgeolli. Soju was traditionally considered a luxury. However, in the mid-20th
century, a soju made with diluted ethanol emerged as a cheap, people-friendly
alternative.
Housing
Hanok refers to Korea’s unique wooden housing consisting of ondol (floor heating
system), maru (wooden-floored hall), bueok (kitchen), and madang (yard). There are
multiple types of hanok depending on the roof materials: giwajip (tiled roof housing),
chogajip (made of rice straws), neowajip (made of shingles), cheongseokjip (stone
slabs), and gulpijip (tree bark). However, most of the surviving hanok buildings are
giwajip, which came to represent the image of hanok in and outside of Korea. Giwajip
mostly accommodated people of wealth and high stature.
Two of the distinguishing features of hanok are ondol and maru. Ondol refers to
Korea’s traditional heating system, which uses heat from a fireplace in the kitchen
01. Namsangol Hanok Village

This traditional culture
and art space is located
Housing
at the northern foot of
Namsan Mountain in Seoul.
Taking advantage of
the spatial value of hanok,
various events and programs
are held for citizens and tourists
to experience traditional culture.
01
(called agungi) to heat stone slabs (gudeuljang) under the floor, which emit thermal dry and cool during Korea’s hot and humid summer.
radiation that heats the entire room. Whereas a fireplace heats the air and the heat Modernization drastically lowered the percentage of people living in traditional
is lost as soon as the fire is extinguished, ondol can keep a room warm even for houses, and most Koreans prefer modern apartments offering the utmost
days with the heat stored in the stone slabs. While Korean housing has undergone convenience. However, with the widening recognition of its gracious beauty, the
significant changes over time, ondol has been adapted to fit Korea’s modern housing hanok style has been updated to preserve its design framework while replacing its
and remains one of its essential elements. internal elements with their modern-day equivalents. In addition, many tourists visit
Maru is a space that connects the yard (madang) and the rooms, typically floored hanok coffeehouses and stay at hanok guesthouses for the traditional experience.
with wooden planks laid a couple of feet from the ground. The raised floor allows air Popular hanok–themed tourism sites include Bukchon Hanok Village in Seoul and
to flow freely underneath and blocks moisture from the soil, helping residents stay Jeonju Hanok Village.
Festivals
01. Sebae (New Year’s Bow)
Korea has a long
tradition of starting the
New Year (by the lunar
calendar) with the deep
traditional bows made by
children to their elders.
Festivals, Celebrations, and Holidays
Festivals
Until the mid-20th century, Korea was primarily an agricultural
society, whose activities were organized based on the lunar
calendar. As such, numerous lunar calendar-based events were
celebrated in relation to agriculture.
The Lunar New Year’s Day (Seollal) is one of the festivals
that represent Korea. On the Lunar New Year’s Day, families
gather to share special foods such as tteokguk and hold rituals
called charye (a simplified form of an ancestral rite). Children
and sometimes youths wear new clothes (called seolbim) to
bow before their elders (called sebae), wishing them a long
life. After the bow, the elders are customarily expected to give
money gifts (called sebaetdon) to those who bowed.
01
03
Another important seasonal festival is Jeongwol Daeboreum (Greater Full Moon),

celebrated on the 15th day of the lunar January. It is celebrated by eating ogokbap,
a special dish made by steaming a mix of five different grains, served with an
assortment of cooked vegetables. People also play various games and rituals for the
unity of the local community and a good harvest.
Along with the Lunar New Year’s Day, Chuseok, or hangawi, is one of the biggest
and most important holidays in Korea, which is held on the 15th day of lunar August.
On Chuseok, all family members gather around to pay respect to ancestors with
newly harvested crops and fruits, and eat special rice cakes called songpyeon.
02 02-03. Traditional Wedding

The traditional Korean wedding ceremony
largely consists of three stages: Jeonallye,
in which the groom visits the bride’s family
with a wooden goose; Gyobaerye, in which
the bride and groom exchange ceremonious
bows; and Hapgeullye, where the marrying
couple shares a cup of wine.
The photo shows a bride and groom
exchanging ceremonious bows during the
Gyobaerye stage of their wedding ceremony.
Celebrations
Korean parents celebrate the 100th day anniversary (baegil)
and their children’s first birthday (dol) with special celebratory
banquets. A dol banquet typically includes a special event called
doljabi, where the birthday baby is presented with various
objects to choose from; it is said that the object that the baby
chooses foretells her future. For example, a book foretells an
academic career, and money is associated with wealth.
Koreans hold extravagant wedding ceremonies with all
family members, relatives, and friends. In ancient times, on
Jan. 1 Jan. 1
the wedding day, the groom would ride a horse to the bride’s
New Year’s Day (Lunar Calendar)
home, where the bride and groom would bow to each other The first day of the year. Seollal
on either side of a specially prepared banquet table. The The first day of the year
groom would wear samogwandae, which refers to the uniform Public by the lunar calendar.
It is a three-day
of government officials, and the bride would wear luxurious Holidays celebration where people
eat rice cake soup and
clothes such as hwarot (usually worn for important rituals at in Korea make a deep traditional
bow to their elders.
the royal court) and wonsam (female ceremonial topcoat), as
well as a flower headdress or jokduri (a type of coronet) on the
head. Mar. 1 Apr. 8 May. 5
Koreans traditionally celebrated their 61st birthday, called Independence (Lunar Calendar) Children’s Day
Movement Day Designated to raise
hwangap, by gathering all descendants and relatives for a large Buddha’s Birthday
Commemorates the awareness of love for
Celebratesthe birth of
banquet (hwangap janchi). However, with the average life span declaration of the Korean
Shakyamuni Buddha,
children, with various
Independence Movement events held for parents
with a variety of
reaching 80, hwangap banquets have been largely simplified, in 1919, a massive, and their kids to enjoy
celebratory events held
nonviolent public protest together across the
focusing more on chilsun (70th birthday) instead. against Japanese
in Buddhist temples
country.
across the country.
colonial rule.
National Holidays
In Korea, there are five national holidays designated by the Jun. 6 Aug. 15 Aug. 15
government. The March 1st Independence Movement Day Memorial Day Liberation Day (Lunar Calendar)
commemorates the non-violent independence movement Honors and Celebrates the liberation Chuseok
commemorates the of Korea from Japanese
Chuseok, also known as
that swept the Peninsula on March 1, 1919, to resist the achievements of war colonial rule in 1945.
hangawi, is a seasonal
heroes and veterans, Also, on August 15, 1948,
Japanese occupation of Korea. Constitution Day, or Jeheonjeol, with a national memorial the Republic of Korea was
festival. Families gather
together to hold a
is observed on July 17, to celebrate the promulgation of service held at the formally established.
memorial service for their
National Cemetery.
ancestors at home or at
the Korean Constitution on the same day in 1948. National family graves, and they
Liberation Day (Gwangbokjeol), celebrated on August 15, make wishes under the
full moon at night.
commemorates Korea’s liberation from Japanese colonial rule
on August 15, 1945. National Foundation Day (Gaecheonjeol),
celebrated on October 3, marks the foundation of Gojoseon Oct. 3 Oct. 9 Dec. 25
National Hangeul Day Christmas
on October 3, 2333 B.C.E. Gojoseon was the first state ever to
Foundation Day Commemorates King Celebrates the birth of
be founded by the Koreans. Finally, Hangeul Proclamation Day Commemorates the Sejong’s promulgation of Jesus Christ with a great
foundation of Gojoseon, Hunminjeongeum (The variety of religious and
(Hangeul Day), celebrated on October 9, commemorates the the first Korean state, by Hangeul Manuscript) and secular events enjoyed by
invention and proclamation of the Korean writing system on Dangun in 2333 B.C.E.. promote the research all the people regardless
and dissemination of of their religion.
the same day in 1446. hangeul.
Religion
04. Interior of Korea is a country where different religions—Protestantism,
Myeongdong
Cathedral in Seoul Buddhism, Confucianism, Islam, and shamanism—coexist
peacefully. Around 40% of all Koreans have a religion. Protestants
05. Buseoksa Temple
in Yeongju, comprise the largest percentage of religious Koreans, followed
Gyeongsangbuk-do
(Listed as UNESCO by Buddhists and Catholics.
World Heritage in
Protestantism was brought to Korea in the nineteenth
2018)
century and spread rapidly via schools and hospitals.
Even today, there are quite a number of Christian schools,
universities, and hospitals across Korea.
The adoption of Catholicism slightly predates Protestantism.
In the early years since its adoption, Catholicism was regarded
as an academic discipline categorized under Seohak, or
Western ideas. However, those who studied the new ideas
gradually came to accept it as a religion. Many of these believers
04 were martyred because of their beliefs, making Korea a country
with the fourth-largest number of Catholic saints. In addition,
Korea has many schools, universities, and hospitals based on
05 Catholic belief.
Buddhism arrived in the Peninsula during the ancient
Three Kingdom Period, helping these kingdoms overcome the
invasion from other countries. The religion also had a great
effect on the overall aspects of people’s lives, be it architecture,
handicraft, and culture and art.
Confucianism is closer to a set of ethical codes of conduct
focused on loyalty, filial piety, and ancestral worship than
a religion. It served as the national ideology of the Joseon
dynasty (1392–1910), and still exerts a significant impact on
Korean culture, including respect for elders and emphasis on
filial piety.
Russia
South Korea – Summary

China
Geographical and Topological Features

Baekdusan
Located at the center of Northeast Asia, the Korean Peninsula
neighbors China, Russia, and Japan. Under the World Geodetic
System, it lies between 33 and 43 degrees north latitude and
124 and 132 degrees east longitude. The Peninsula (including
both North and South Koreas) is 1,000 km long and 300 km
Myohyangsan
wide on average, and its total land area is 222,000 km2. The
total land area of South Korea (below the Military Demarcation
Line) is around 100,364 km2. Pyongyang
Around 3/4 of the area is covered with mountains. You can East Sea
Geumgangsan
find mountains almost anywhere in the country, but there are
Seoraksan
a few places you can view flat horizons. Topologically, Korea is Gaeseong
Baengnyeongdo
higher in the east and lower in the west. Tall mountains with
Ganghwado Seoul
altitudes exceeding 1,000 m are concentrated in the north and Incheon
Taebaeksan Ulleungdo
Island
the east, forming the topological backbone of the country. The Dokdo
Island
mountainsides are steeper toward the east coast, and less West Sea
Sejong
severe toward the west coast. Daejeon
Korea is surrounded by the sea on three sides, except

Daegu
for the northern side. The total extension of the coastlines is Ulsan
Korea Strait
17,000 km (including islands). The East Sea is characterized Busan
Jirisan
Gwangju
by its deep waters and simpler coastlines, whereas the West Geojedo
and South Seas are shallower, with complicated coastlines and Scale 1:6,000,000 Jindo
more islands. Each of the three seas offers distinctive features

Legend Jeju Strait
and a wide array of oceanic atmospheres: the East Sea with its Demarcation line Hallasan
City Jeju Island Japan
clean and deep water; the West Sea with its mud flats thriving
Mountain
with life; and the South Sea with its numerous islands (which
earned the sea its nickname: Dadohae, or the sea of many islands).
South Korea Overview

(As of 2021-2022)
Capital City President Standard Time Political System

Country Name Seoul National Anthem National Flag Yoon Suk Yeol 9 hours ahead of Population Liberal democracy;
Republic of Korea (since 1394) Aegukga Taegeukgi (since 2022) Greenwich Mean Time 51.63 million presidential system
National Flower Language Official Script Land Size Geographical Location Economic Indicators (As of 2022):
Mugunghwa (Rose Korean Hangeul 100,364 km2 The Korean Peninsula · GDP: USD 1,664.3 billion
of Sharon) (lat. 33˚-43˚; long. 124˚-132˚) · Per Capita GNI: USD 32,661
· GDP Growth Rate: 2.6%
· Currency: Won (USD 1 = KRW 1,318)
Climate
Korea has a mild climate with four distinctive seasons. The migratory anticyclones make gaps exist between seasons, reaching as high as 78 to 79% in July and August and
for sunny and dry spring and autumn, whereas the country’s summer is heavily dropping to 59 to 60% in March and April.
affected by the hot and humid North Pacific anticyclone. During winter, the effect of In recent years, there have been signs that Korea is turning into a subtropical
the continental anticyclone from the north keeps the country dry and cold. country; subtropical squalls can often be observed during summer, farmers can now
The average yearly temperature in Korea ranges between 7 and 15℃. The grow tropical crops such as bananas and apple mangos, and the fields suitable for
average monthly temperature reaches its peak in August between 19.7 and 26.7℃. previous staple crops (rice, apples, etc.) are dwindling.
However, the temperature can exceed 33℃ on certain days. The country is the coldest
in January, with an average monthly temperature ranging between -6.9 and 3.6℃, Population
and snow and ice can be found anywhere across the nation. In spring and autumn, South Korea has the 29th largest population in the world at around 51.63 million as
the weather is mostly sunny and pleasant with the average daytime temperature of 2022. However, 50.49% of the population lives in the Seoul Capital Area (SCA, mainly
between 15 and 18℃, making the seasons perfect for outdoor activities or travels. consisting of Seoul and Gyeonggi-do), indicating severe population gaps among regions.
The annual precipitation stands at around 1,300 mm, 54% of which is concentrated Advancements in medicine and rapid economic growth increased South Koreans’
in summer. In most of the years, it continues to rain for weeks (between 30 and 35 life expectancy by 21.1 years, from 62.3 in 1970 to 83.6 in 2021, which puts South
days) in July and August. This period is called jangma in Korea. Significant humidity Korea in third place.
The Korean government has been actively engaging in a 01. King Sejong the Great
Sejong was the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty.
wide range of efforts to address the country’s low birth rate
He made many great accomplishments in the
and population aging. spheres of science, economy, defense, art, and
culture. One of his greatest accomplishments was
the creation of Hangeul in 1443, an easy-to-learn,
efficient, and scientific writing system.
Language and Letters He is respected as one of the country’s greatest
Korea has a unique language and its own writing system, kings among Koreans.
“Hangeul,” which is based on Hunminjeongeum (The Proper

Sounds for the Instruction of the People) invented by King
Sejong (1397-1450) during the Joseon Dynasty. Hangeul is Hangeul is the only writing system in the world created by
composed of 14 consonant letters and 10 vowel letters, which deliberate efforts. It features highly scientific letter-forming
can be combined into new letter forms. principles, and is capable of expressing the largest scope of
sounds among the writing systems currently in existence. It is
also easy to learn because letters can be formed by following
01
simple rules.
Hangeul (Hunminjeongeum) is the only writing system
inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World List. In
addition, UNESCO also recognizes people who contributed to
fighting illiteracy across the world through the UNESCO King
Sejong Literacy Prize.
In recent years, Hangeul has gained global recognition for
its aesthetics, and its letters are widely adopted in clothing,
designs, paintings, sculpture, and other artistic disciplines.
National Flag (Taegeukgi)

The Taegeukgi was first adopted as the national flag of the
Joseon Dynasty in 1883, and has been used as the national flag
since the foundation of the Korean Empire was proclaimed in
1897. A taegeuk is a circle of red and blue located at the center
against a white background, with four black trigrams (gwae)
placed in the four corners.
The white background symbolizes brightness, purity, and
peace. In contrast, the taegeuk symbolizes harmony between
National Symbol
yin and yang (which, in the Eastern philosophy, represent the
two contrasting aspects of energy that creates all beings in
the universe), and the four trigrams (geon, gon, gam, and ri)
represent the sky, the earth, water, and fire.
National Flower (Mugunghwa)

The Mugunghwa (Rose of Sharon) is the national flower of
Korea. The word “Mugunghwa” means “eternal blossom that
never fades.”
It is deeply associated with what is regarded as the most typical
Korean characteristics: inwardness and tenacity.
Aegukga
National Anthem (Aegukga)
“Patriotic Song” (National Anthem)
Korea’s national anthem is Aegukga (The Patriotic Song). Moderato Ahn Eak-tai
Its lyrics were written by numerous precursors, to which
Until the day when the waters of the East Sea run dry and Baekdusan Mountain is worn away,
02
Geon Gam
(Sky) (Water)
Red: Yang
God protects and preserves our nation; Hurray to Korea
Blue: Yin
Ri Gon
(Fire) (Earth)
03
(Refrain) Three thousand ri of splendid rivers and mountains covered with mugunghwa blossoms.
02. National Flag

Taegeukgi
03. National Flower

Mugunghwa
(Rose of Sharon)
Great Korean people, stay true to the Great Korean way !
04. National Anthem

Aegukga
04
Ahn Eak-tai added a melody in 1935. It was officially adopted with the establishment the Act on the Protection and Promotion of Cultural Diversity in 2014, and designated
of the government of the Republic of Korea in 1948. May 21 as Cultural Diversity Day and the following week as Cultural Diversity Week,
which it celebrates with various programs. Furthermore, in 2021, the government
Political System announced the Framework Plan on the Protection and Promotion of Cultural Diversity
Korea is a democratic republic with a political system consisting of three distinct to address worsening discrimination and hatred during the COVID-19 pandemic and
and independent government branches—the legislative, executive, and judicial ensure that different cultures come together to create even more creative cultures.
branches—according to the principle of separation of powers. The country has
adopted the Presidential system in which the President leads both the government
and the administrative branch. Presidents are elected by national elections, and each
serves a single five-year term. In 2022, Yoon Suk Yeol was inaugurated as the 20th
President of the Republic of Korea.
Transition to a Multicultural Society

Koreans have regarded themselves as a ethnically homogenous country. However,
the rapid growth of foreign workers, international students, and marriage immigrants
has made the acceptance of and coexistence with diverse cultures one of the key
issues of today’s Korean society. As of 2020, foreigners living in Korea made up
around 3.3% of the country’s population, and 46% of them were Chinese. In addition,
the percentage of international marriages drastically increased as well, reaching
7.2% in 2021. As a result, the number of people living in multicultural families (with
members of different nationalities or races) has exceeded 1.09 million.
In 2008, Korea enacted the Multicultural Families Support Act, designed to
support the livelihood of multicultural families. Currently, the country has 230
support centers for multicultural families nationwide. The centers provide marriage
immigrants with Korean language courses, psychological counseling, job-finding
support, and other programs designed to help them adapt to their life in Korea. The
centers also help children from multicultural families succeed in the Korean public
education system and become proud members of society.
After the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity in 2001, understanding
differences in thoughts and expressions and working toward the shared prosperity
of humanity emerged as a global issue. In keeping with the trends, Korea enacted
FACTS ABOUT KOREA Culture 038 039
Professional Sports; History Written in Sweat︱Korea’s Rise in e-Sports

Local Festivals ︱Foundations for Sports Revitalization︱Proud Host of International Competitions
Gourmet Travel ︱Nature and Healing ︱Travel Activities︱Traditional Attractions and Hot Places
UNESCO Heritage in Korea ︱Traditional Arts ︱Harmony between Tradition and Modernity
SECTION 02
Joyful energy runs in the Korean DNA. Koreans

celebrate happy occasions by singing and dancing
and overcome hardships with humor and satire.
This is reflected in their ability to create music,

art, and handicrafts that enrich our lives.
In addition, Korea has captivated the world with
the originality of its traditional music, gugak, and the
deep emotions found in its folk songs, such as Arirang.
That is why many foreigners who found Korea through
K-Pop fall deeper in love with Korean culture as they
learn about the country’s language, music, and art.
Korean shows and films have also created dedicated fans

around the world, such as the film Minari, the Netflix series
Squid Game, and the film Broker, for which Song Kang-ho
won the Best Actor Award at the 75th Cannes Film Festival.
Therefore, a Korean show ranking high in the Netflix viewer
rating is not news anymore.
It should be noted, however, that this artistic excellence
Culture
was not achieved in a day. Koreans’ unique artistic sensibilities
can be traced back to the murals and artifacts from the
Three Kingdoms Period found in ancient tombs, which grew
Diversity, Closer than Ever and deepened throughout the Unified Silla, Goryeo, and
Joseon periods. Today’s Korean creators stand on the artistic
foundation built by their ancestors.
01
Korean culture and art has won global attention in recent 01. Gyeongju
Historic Areas
years. Young Korean musicians have won numerous awards in
Gyeongju was
international classical music competitions. A significant body of the capital of Silla
for about one
Korean literature has been translated into multiple languages and millennium. The
city still contains
captivated readers in other countries. Dansaekhwa (Monochrome a wealth of
Paintings) by Lee Ufan and Park Seo-bo have become some of archaeological
remains from the
the most noteworthy works in the global art scene. kingdom, and hence
is often dubbed as
K-Pop fever rages on, hotter than any other field. The boy “a museum without
band BTS has achieved what was once considered impossible. walls or roof.”
The photo shows
In August 2020, the band’s English single “Dynamite” shocked a scene of the Silla
mound tombs
the world by topping the US Billboard Hot 100 Chart, making located in the city.
BTS the first Asian singer/band to record a top Hot 100 single
since 1963, and the first Korean singer/band ever to achieve
that feat. While it spells a stellar achievement for the band, it
also reflects the popularity of K-Pop that has spread and grown
across Japan, China, and Southeast Asia, and then the United
States, Latin America, and Europe.
Much of Korea’s culture and artistic heritage has been

inscribed on UNESCO heritage lists. As of 2022, Korea has a
total of 53 heritages registered on UNESCO lists: 15 World
Heritages, 16 Memory of the World Heritages, and 22
Intangible Cultural Heritages.
UNESCO Heritage in Korea

World Heritage Sites
Changdeokgung Palace
Changdeokgung Palace, located in Waryong-dong, Jongno-gu, 01. Injeongjeon Hall in
Changdeokgung
Seoul, is one of the five Royal Palaces of the Joseon dynasty Palace
(1392–1910), and still contains the original palace structures Injeongjeon Hall is
the throne hall of 01
and other intact remains. It was built in 1405 as a Royal Villa Changdeokgung
Palace, where
but became the Joseon dynasty’s official Royal Residence important state
after Gyeongbokgung, the original principal palace, was affairs were Injeongjeon Hall, Seonjeongjeon Hall, and a beautiful
conducted, including
destroyed by fire in 1592 when Japanese forces invaded Korea. the coronation traditional garden to the rear of the main buildings. Located
of a new king, an
Thereafter, it maintained its prestigious position until 1867, assembly of officials,
inside Changdeokgung Palace, Nakseonjae is a compound
when Gyeongbokgung was renovated and restored to its and the reception of of exquisite traditional buildings set up as a residence for
foreign envoys.
original status. Changdeokgung was listed as a UNESCO World members of the royal family.
Heritage site in 1997.
Although it was built during the Joseon dynasty, Jongmyo Shrine
Changdeokgung shows traces of the influence of the Jongmyo, located in Hunjeong-dong, Jongno-gu in Seoul, is
architectural tradition of Goryeo, such as its location at the the royal ancestral shrine of the Joseon dynasty (1392–1910).
foot of a mountain. Royal palaces were typically built according It was built to house 83 spirit tablets of the Joseon kings and
to a layout planned to highlight the dignity and authority of their queen consorts, and direct ancestors of the dynasty’s
its occupant, but the layout of Changdeokgung was planned founder who were posthumously invested with royal titles. As
to make the most of the geographical features of Eungbong Joseon was founded on Confucianism, the rulers considered
Peak of the ridge of Bukakdan Mountain. The original palace it very important to put Confucian teachings into practice and
buildings have been preserved intact, including Donhwamun sanctify the institutions where ancestral memorial tablets were
Gate (the main gate at the entrance of Changdeokgung), enshrined.
was begun after the King moved the grave of his father, Crown
Prince Sado, from Yangju in Gyeonggi-do to its current location
near the fortress. The fortification is structured rationally and
practically to effectively perform its function of protecting the
city enclosed within it. The fortress and related facilities are
well-known for having been constructed by means of scientific
devices developed by the distinguished Confucian thinker and
writer Jeong Yak-yong (1762–1836), including the Geojunggi (a
type of crane) and Nongno (pulley wheel) used to lift heavy
building materials such as stones.
03. Hwaseong Fortress
Every year, the Suwon Hwaseong Cultural Festival sheds
This fortification was
built for defensive light on the world envisioned by King Jeongjo with its programs
purposes, based on
military construction
and spectacles. For example, the reenactment of the king’s
techniques from procession to the royal tomb resumed in October 2022 after a
02 both the East and
West, at that time. four-year hiatus.
The two main buildings at the Royal Shrine, Jeongjeon Hall 02. Jongmyo Shrine 03
Central Confucian
and Yeongnyeongjeon Hall, exhibit a fine symmetry, and there shrine of the Joseon
are differences in the height of the raised platform, the height dynasty, which
houses the spirit
of the eaves and the rooftop, and the thickness of the columns tablets of Joseon
kings and their
according to their status. The entire sanctuary retains its queen consorts
original features, including the two shrine halls, which exhibit
the unique architectural style of the 16th century. Seasonal
memorial rites to commemorate the life and achievements of
the royal ancestors of the Joseon dynasty are still performed
at the shrine.
Hwaseong Fortress
Located in today’s Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Hwaseong
Fortress is an impressive structure stretching for 5.7 km and
was built in 1796 during the reign of King Jeongjo (r. 1776–
1800) of the Joseon dynasty. The construction of the fortress
Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple 04. Bulguksa Temple temple’s main prayer hall called Daeungjeon. The two pagodas
This Silla temple
Seokguram, located on the middle slope of Tohamsan Mountain in Gyeongju, are widely regarded as the finest extant Silla pagodas: the
is architecturally
Gyeongsangbuk-do, is the representative stone temple which was completed in 774 known for being former is admired for its elaborately carved details, the latter
one of the finest
to serve as a dharma hall. This grotto is the product of outstanding architectural examples that for its delightfully simple structure.
embody the
techniques. It is placed in such a way that the first rays of the sun rising over the East Dabotap, or the Pagoda of Abundant Treasures, is marked
Buddhism doctrines.
Sea would strike the forehead of the seated Buddha statue in the rotunda. The photo shows by a unique structure built with elaborately carved granite
Cheongungyo (Blue
Completed the same year as Seokguram Grotto, Bulguksa Temple consists Cloud Bridge) and blocks. It also features the face of the Korean 10 won coin. By
Baegungyo (White
of exquisite prayer halls and various monuments, including two stone pagodas, Cloud Bridge).
contrast, Seokgatap, or the Pagoda of Shakyamuni, is better
Dabotap Pagoda and Seokgatap Pagoda, standing in the front courtyard of the known for its delightfully simple structure, which exhibits fine
05. Seokguram Grotto
The principal symmetry and balance. This pagoda is now generally regarded
Buddha seated on a
as the archetype of all the three-story stone pagodas built
lofty lotus pedestal
at the center of the across Korea thereafter.
grotto
Among the other treasures preserved at the temple are the
two exquisite stone bridges, Cheongungyo (Blue Cloud Bridge)
and Baegungyo (White Cloud Bridge), leading to Daeungjeon,
the temple’s principal dharma hall. These bridges symbolize
the journey every Buddhist needs to make to reach the Pure
Land of Bliss.
Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty

The Joseon dynasty (1392–1910) left behind a total of 44
04
tombs of its kings and their queen consorts, most of which are
located in and around the capital area including the cities of
Guri, Goyang, and Namyangju in Gyeonggi-do. Some of these
royal tombs are arranged in small groups in the Donggureung,
Seooreung, Seosamneung, and Hongyureung. Of these, 40
tombs are registered as UNESCO World Heritage sites.
The Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty are highly regarded
as tangible heritage reflecting the value of Joseon funeral
customs, which were derived from Confucianism and geomancy.
It is worth noting that these historical remains have been
05 preserved in their original conditions.
Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon,
Fortress
the Depositories for the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks
The Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana, which was
made during the Goryeo period (918–1392), are housed in the
Janggyeong Panjeon complex specially made for that purpose
in 1488 at Haeinsa Temple. As the oldest remaining buildings
at the temple, the Tripitaka depositories are marked by the
uniquely scientific and highly effective method of controlling
ventilation and moisture to ensure the safe storage of the age-
old woodblocks. The buildings were built side by side at the
highest point (about 700 m above sea level) in the precincts of
Haeinsa Temple, which is located on the mid-slope of Gayasan
Mountain.
What makes these depositories so special is their
unique design, which provides effective natural ventilation
by exploiting the wind blowing in from the valley of Gayasan
Mountain. The open lattice windows of different sizes are
arranged in upper and lower rows on both the front and rear
walls of the depositories to promote the optimum flow of air 06
from the valley. Similarly, the floor, which was built by ramming
layers of charcoal, clay, sand, salt, and lime powder, also help
to control the humidity of the rooms. 06. Namhansanseong height: at least 480 m). The perimeter of its wall is about
A mountain fortress
that served as a
12.3 km. According to a record dating back to the Joseon
Namhansanseong temporary capital period, about 4,000 people lived in the town built inside the
during the Joseon
Namhansanseong, located about 25 km southeast of Seoul, dynasty, showing fortress, which also served as a temporary capital for the
how the techniques
was originally constructed in 672 as Jujangseong Fortress for building a
royal family and military commands to take refuge in during
in the Unified Silla era, and later was restructured in 1626 fortress developed emergencies. Accordingly, temporary palaces, the Jongmyo
during the 7th–19th
during the reign of King Injo of the Joseon dynasty to create centuries. shrine, and Sajikdan Altar were built in the fortress in 1711
a refuge for the King and his people in the event of a national during the reign of King Sukjong of Joseon.
emergency. This fortress is also understood as the important evidence
The defensive position of the fortress was reinforced by of the wide-ranging exchange of architectural techniques used
exploiting the rugged topography of the mountain (average for fortification through wars between Korea (Joseon), Japan
07 08. Royal Tombs in Songsan-ri

The Songsan-ri tombs contain the
graves of kings and royal families
during the Ungjin period (475–538),
seven of which have been restored
including the Tomb of King
Muryeong.
09. Jeongnimsa Temple Site

Located in Dongnam-ri, Buyeo-eup,
the temple site has a five-story
stone pagoda and a stone seated
Buddha from the Baekje period.
(Azuchi-Momoyama Period), and China (Ming and Qing), which 07. Gongsanseong
Fortress
08
lasted during the 16th–18th centuries. The introduction of A fortress, which
was built along the
cannons from western countries brought many changes to
mountain ridge
the weaponry inside the fortress and the way the fortress was and valley near
the Geumgang
built. The fortress is a “living record” that shows the changes in River, initially called
Ungjinseong during
the fortification technique methods by era from the 7th–19th
the Baekje period
centuries. but later renamed
Gongsanseong after
the Goryeo period.
Baekje Historic Areas

Baekje, one of the three ancient kingdoms in the Korean
Peninsula, existed for 700 years from 18 B.C.E. to 660 C.E..
Baekje Historic Areas comprise the eight cultural heritages
located in Gongju-si, Buyeo-gun, and Iksan-si. They are the 09
Gongsanseong Fortress and the Royal Tombs in Songsan-ri

in Gongju-si, Chungcheongnam-do; the Archeological Site
in Gwanbuk-ri, Busosanseong Fortress, the Royal Tombs in
Neungsan-ri, the Jeongnimsa Temple Site, and the Naseong
City Wall in Buyeo-gun, Chungcheongnam-do; and the
Archaeological Site in Wanggung-ri and the Mireuksa Temple
Site in Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do.
These archaeological sites represent the historical
relationships among the East Asian ancient kingdoms of
Korea, China, and Japan from the 5th to the 7th centuries,
and the resulting architectural development and spread of
Buddhism. The Buddhist temples, ancient tombs, architecture,
and stone pagodas are a testament to the culture, religion,
and aesthetics of the Baekje kingdom.
10
Seowon, Korean Neo-Confucian Academies
Seowon were educational institutions intended to teach 10. Dosanseowon
Confucian Academy
Neo-Confucianism, which was introduced from China and Dosanseowon
learning. Learning, veneration, and interaction were the
flourished greatly during the Joseon dynasty. Most were is a Confucian essential functions of the seowon, which are closely reflected
academy, which
established from the mid-16th to 17th centuries. It comprises was built in 1574 to in their design.
commemorate and
nine representative seowon: Sosuseowon, Namgyeseowon, honor the learning
Oksanseowon, Dosanseowon, Piramseowon, Dodongseowon, and virtues of Memory of the World
Yi Hwang (1501-
Byeongsanseowon, Museongseowon, and Donamseowon 1570), a scholar
of the mid-Joseon
Confucian Academies, all of which are located across the dynasty.
Hunminjeongeum
central and southern parts of Korea. They are recognized as (The Proper Sounds for the Instruction of the People)
an exceptional testimony to the excellent Neo-Confucianism Hangeul is the name of the Korean writing system and alphabet,
and educational culture of Korea. which consists of letters inspired by the shapes formed by the
The local literati led seowon and made a significant human vocal organs during a speech, making it very easy to
contribution to the development and prosperity of seowon- learn and use. Hangeul was promulgated in 1446 by King
centered culture in the Joseon dynasty. The local literati at Sejong, who helped devise it and named it Hunminjeongeum,
seowon created educational systems and tangible structures or The Proper Sounds for the Instruction of the People. It
so that their younger scholars could devote themselves to was also in that same year that he ordered his scholars to
publish The Hunminjeongeum Haeryebon (Hunminjeongeum The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
Manuscript) to provide detailed explanations of the purpose The Joseon dynasty left behind a vast collection of annual records of Joseon rulers
and guiding principles of the new writing system. One of these and their officials spanning the 472 years from 1392 to 1863. The records, Joseon
manuscripts is currently in the collection of the Kansong Art wangjo sillok (also known as the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty), consist of a total of
Museum and was included in UNESCO’s Memory of the World 1,893 chapters in 888 books, which are housed by the Kyujanggak Institute for
Register in 1997. Korean Studies at Seoul National University and the Busan Repository under the
The invention of the Hunminjeongeum opened up a broad National Archives of Korea.
new horizon for all the Korean people, even women and those The annals of each Joseon ruler were usually compiled after his death during
in the lowest social class, enabling them to learn to read and the early phase of his successor’s rule based on the daily accounts, called “historical
write and express themselves fully. Hunminjeongeum originally drafts” (sacho), made by historiographers. The annals are regarded as extremely
consisted of 28 letters, but only 24 are used now. valuable historical resources as they contain detailed information about the politics,
economy, culture, and other aspects of Joseon society.
Once the annals had been compiled and placed in the “history depositories”
(sago), they would not be opened to anyone except in special circumstances where
11. Yongjarye in the Hunminjeongeum Manuscript it was necessary to refer to past examples with regard to the formal conduct of
The pages shown here contain the examples of
important state ceremonies such as the memorial rites for royal ancestors or the
the Korean language at that time in 94 words for
the three sounds, first, middle and last, that form reception of foreign envoys.
the sound of a Korean character.
Originally, there were four history depositories, one in the Chunchugwan
(Office of State Records) at the royal court, and three more in the main regional
administrative hubs in the south, namely, Chungju, Jeonju, and Seongju. However,
these were destroyed in 1592 when Japan invaded Korea, and the Joseon dynasty
was compelled to build new depositories on some of the remotest mountains in the
country: Myohyangsan, Taebaeksan, Odaesan, and Manisan Mountains.
Seungjeongwon Ilgi: Diaries of the Royal Secretariat

This collection of documents contains the records of the Joseon rulers’ public life
and their interactions with the bureaucracy; they were made on a daily basis by the
Seungjeongwon, or Royal Secretariat, from the third month of 1623 to the eighth
month of 1910. The records are collected in 3,243 diaries and include the details of
royal edicts, reports, and appeals from ministries and other government agencies.
The diaries are currently kept in the Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies, Seoul
11 National University.
Ilseongnok: Records of Daily Reflections

This vast collection of daily records made by the kings of the late Joseon period (from 12. Ilseongnok 12
(Joseon, 18th–20th Centuries)
1760 to 1910) is compiled in a total of 2,329 volumes. The records provide vivid and
Private journals concerning personal
detailed information on the political situation in and around Korea and the ongoing daily activities and state affairs kept
by the rulers of late Joseon from
cultural exchanges between the East and the West from the 18th to the 20th century. 1760 to 1910.
13. Protocol on the Marriage of

Uigwe: The Royal Protocols of the Joseon Dynasty King Yeongjo and Queen Jeongsun
(Joseon, 18th century)
This collection of beautifully illustrated books contains official manuals recording Garye refers to a royal wedding
the details of court ceremonies or events of national importance for the purpose or enthronement of the king,
and particularly, garye dogam
of future reference. The most frequently treated subjects in these books are royal uigwe refers to records about
a wedding or formal installation
weddings, the investiture of queens and crown princes, state and royal funerals, of a crown prince or his eldest son,
or the prince imperial or his son.
and the construction of royal tombs, although other state or royal occasions such as
This is a manual of the state
13
the “Royal Ploughing,” construction or renovation of palace buildings, are included. ceremony held for the marriage
between King Yeongjo,
As for the latter, those published to mark the construction of Hwaseong Fortress the 21st ruler of Joseon,
and Queen Jeongsun in 1759.
and King Jeongjo’s formal visit to the new walled city in the late 18th century are
particularly famous. These publications were also stored in the history depositories,
sadly resulting in the destruction of early Joseon works by fire during the Japanese
Invasion of Korea in 1592. The remaining 3,895 books of Uigwe were published
after the war, some of which were stolen by the French Army in 1866 and kept in
the Bibliothèque Nationale de France until 2011, when they were returned to Korea
following an agreement between the governments of Korea and France.
Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana and

Miscellaneous Buddhist Scriptures
The collection of Tripitaka woodblocks stored at Haeinsa Temple (established 802)
in Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, was made during the Goryeo period (918–
1392) under a national project that started in 1236 and took 15 years to complete. compared with other Tripitaka editions produced by the
The collection is generally known by the name Palman Daejanggyeong, literally “the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties in China, and has been highly
Tripitaka of 80,000 woodblocks,” as it consists of 81, 258 blocks of wood. praised for its richer and more complete content. The process
The Tripitaka Koreana woodblocks were made by the people of Goryeo who of manufacturing the woodblocks played an important role
sought the Buddha’s magical power to repel the Mongol forces that had invaded in the development of printing and publication techniques in
and devastated their country in the 13th century. The Tripitaka Koreana is often Korea.
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
Royal Ancestral Ritual in the Jongmyo Shrine and Its Music

The Royal ancestral ritual (Jongmyo Jerye) in the Jongmyo shrine
is now held on the first Sunday of May to honor the deceased
Joseon kings and their queen consorts at the Jongmyo shrine
in Seoul. It was the most important state ceremony designed
to maintain the social order and promote solidarity and the
practice of duties as a human after the establishment of Joseon
as a Confucian state in 1392.
This ritual consists of performances of ceremonial
orchestral music (Jerye-ak) and graceful and fancy dance
moves (munmu and mumu) praising the civil and military
14
14. Tripitaka Koreana and Woodblocks achievements of the royal ancestors of Joseon. This age-old
A total of over 80,000 woodblocks Confucian ritual combining splendid performances of music
carved with the entire canon of
Buddhist scriptures, showing the flow and dance is widely admired not only for the preservation of
and aspects of politics, culture, and
philosophy during the Goryeo dynasty.
the original features for over 500 years but also for its unique
syncretic and composite art form.
Human Rights Documentary Heritage 1980 Archives for

15
the May 18th Democratic Uprising against Military Regime, in Gwangju 15. Jongmyo Jeryeak
The May 18 Democratization Movement was a popular uprising that took place (Royal ancestral
ritual music in the
in the city of Gwangju from May 18 to 27, 1980, during which Gwangju’s citizens Jongmyo shrine)
The Royal
made a strong plea for democracy in Korea and actively opposed the then military
ancestral ritual
dictatorship. This pro-democracy struggle in Gwangju ended tragically but exerted held seasonally
at the Jongmyo
a powerful influence on similar democratic movements that spread across East Asia shrine involves the
performance of the
in the 1980s. This UNESCO records consist of the documents, videos, photographs,
civil and military
and other forms of records made about the activities of Gwangju’s citizens during dances munmu and
mumu. The former
the movement, and the subsequent process of compensation for the victims, features quiet and
gentle moves while
as collected by the May 18 Memorial Foundation, the National Archives of Korea,
the latter strong and
Republic of Korea Army Headquarters, the National Assembly Library of Korea, and powerful ones.
various organizations in the United States.

16. Pansori Epic Chant

Pansori Epic Chant
Performance of a solo artist
assisted by a drummer, which Pansori is a genre of musical storytelling performed by a vocalist
symbolically expresses a
and a single drummer in which he or she combines singing
story using chang (traditional
narrative songs), aniri (sori) with gestures (ballim) and narrative (aniri) to present an
(descriptive speech), and
ballim (gesture) epic drama conceived from popular folk tales and well-known
17. Gangneung Danoje Festival

historic events. The art form was established during the 18th
A masked couple dancing century and has generated enthusiastic performers and
at the Gwanno Mask Dance
during the Gangneung audiences ever since.
Danoje Festival, a traditional
local festival held from the
fourth month to the fifth Gangneung Danoje Festival
month of the year according
to the lunar calendar This festival is held in Gangneung, Gangwon-do, for about 30
days until Dano Day on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. It
16
is one of Korea’s oldest folk festivals and has been preserved
more or less in its original form since its emergence many
centuries ago. The festival starts with the traditional ritual of
17
honoring the mountain god of Daegwallyeong and continues
with a great variety of folk games, events, and rituals during
Talchum
which prayers are offered for a good harvest, the peace and
prosperity of villages and individual homes, and communal
unity and solidarity.
The first event of the Danoje Festival is related to the
preparation of ‘divine drinks’ (sinju) to be offered to gods and
goddesses, thus linking the human world with the divine
world. This is followed by a variety of festive events such as the
Gwanno Mask Dance (Korea’s unique nonverbal performance
by masked players), swing riding, ssireum (Korean wrestling),
nongak (traditional Korean music performed by farmers)
contests, changpo (iris) hair-washing, and surichwi rice cake
eating. Of these, the changpo hair-washing event is particularly
widely practiced by women who believe that the extract
of changpo will give them glossier hair and repel the evil spirits
that are thought to bear diseases.
Ganggangsullae Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut

This traditional event combining a circle dance with singing and folk games was This age-old shamanic ritual was at one time performed in almost all the towns and
performed by women around the coastal areas of Jeollanam-do during traditional villages in Jeju Island, with worshippers praying for a good catch and the safety of
holidays such as Chuseok (Harvest Moon Festival/Thanksgiving) and Jeongwol fishermen working at sea. According to the traditional folk belief of Jeju islanders,
Daeboreum (the first full moon of the New Year on the lunar calendar), in particular. the second lunar month is the month of Yeongdeung, during which Grandma
While today, the dance part is selected to be performed by professional dancers, Yeongdeung, a wind deity, visits all the villages, farming fields, and homes across Jeju
the original performance included several different folk games such as Namsaengi Island, bearing tidings about the harvest in the oncoming autumn.
nori (Namsadang vagabond clowns’ play), deokseok mori (straw mat rolling), and gosari
kkeokgi (bracken shoot picking). The performers sing the Song of Ganggangsullae as Taekkyeon, A Traditional Korean Martial Art
they dance, and the singing is done alternately by the lead singer and the rest with One of the surviving traditional martial arts developed in Korea, Taekkyeon, which is
the tempo of the song and dance movements becoming faster and faster toward different from taekwondo historically and technically, used to be known by several
the end. different names such as Gakhui (“sport of legs”) and Bigaksul (“art of flying legs”).
Such names suggest that it is related with the movement of kicking. Like most
Namsadang Nori other martial arts in which weapons are not used, Taekkyeon is aimed at improving
Namsadang nori, generally performed by an itinerant troupe of male performers, consists one’s self-defense techniques and promoting physical and mental health through
of several distinct parts including pungmul nori (music and dance), jultagi (tightrope the practice of orchestrated dance-like bodily movements, using the feet and legs
walking), daejeop dolligi (plate spinning), gamyeongeuk (mask theater), and kkokdugaksi in particular. Compared to other martial arts, Taekkyeon focuses more on defensive
noreum (puppet theater). The performers also played instruments while they dance, such techniques than on offensive ones, characterized by fluid, dynamic foot movement.
as the barrel buk (drum), janggu (hourglass-shaped drum), kkwaenggwari (small metal The way of playing the match is simple. To be a winner, the fighters knock the
gong), jing (large metal gong), and two wind instruments called nabal and taepyeongso. opponent down with their hands and feet or jump up and kick the other on the face,
It was intended to reduce fatigue and increase cooperation during hard work such while maintaining a stance where one foot is placed in front of the other, pointing to
as weeding, weeding a rice paddy, rice planting, etc. the opponent.
Yeongsanjae Jultagi, Tightrope Walking

Yeongsanjae is a Korean Buddhist ritual performed on the 49th day after one’s death, In the traditional Korean art of jultagi (tightrope walking), a tightrope walker
which is to guide the soul of the deceased to the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss (Buddhist performs a variety of acrobatic movements, as well as singing and comic storytelling,
paradise). The ritual, known to have been performed since the Goryeo dynasty (918– as he walks on a tight rope. He is generally assisted by an eorit gwangdae (clown)
1392), aims to enlighten both the dead and the living about Buddha’s teachings so on the ground who responds to his words and movements with witty remarks and
that they can be freed from all defilement and suffering. Its value as a Buddhist ritual comic actions intended to elicit an amused response from the spectators. Tightrope
lies in the engagement of the public rather than a unilateral performance. It is also walking was formally performed at the royal court to celebrate special occasions
performed as a Buddhist ceremony to pray for the peace of the country and the well- such as the (Lunar) New Year’s Day or to entertain special guests such as foreign
being of the people. envoys. However, the aspiration of Joseon’s rulers toward a more austere lifestyle
18. Taekkyeon
A traditional Korean Falconry, A Living Human Heritage
martial art marked by
Korea has a long tradition of keeping and training falcons and
elegant yet powerful
physical movements. other raptors to hunt wild pheasants or hares. Archaeological
19. Jultagi and historical evidence shows that falconry in the Korean
Traditional Korean Peninsula started several thousand years ago and was widely
performance of
tightrope walking practiced during the Goryeo period (918–1392) in particular.
combined with jokes,
mimicry, songs, and The sport was more popular in the north than in the south,
dance along with and usually conducted during the winter when farmers were
acrobatic movements.
available. Falconers would tie a leather string around the ankle
18 of their bird and an identification tag and a bell to its tail. The
Korean falconry was inscribed on the Representative List of the
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010 jointly with
falconry preserved in 11 other countries around the world,
including the Czech Republic, France, Mongolia, Spain, and Syria.
Arirang, Lyrical Folk Song in the Republic of Korea

Arirang is a Korean folk song that represents Korean culture.
It is not a single song but has been handed down in different
versions by region. At present, there are an estimated 3,600
variations of 60 different versions of “Arirang.”
Arirang has been created together by people over several
19
generations. As anyone can create new lyrics and melodies,
it has been handed down in various versions tailored to local
characteristics. The most famous Arirang versions include
“Jeongseon Arirang” originating in Gangwon-do, “Jindo Arirang”
gradually pushed it toward villages and markets, and it in Jeollanam-do, and “Miryang Arirang” in Gyeongsangnam-
ultimately became entertainment for the common people. do. Although the melodies and lyrics vary in each region, all of
While tightrope walking in other countries tends to focus on them include a refrain similar to “arirang” or “arari” in common.
the walking techniques alone, Korean tightrope walkers are The contents of the song are as diverse as the versions.
interested in songs and comedy as well as acrobatic stunts, They are sung in different situations and for purposes. In other
thereby involving the spectators more intimately in the words, they can be sung to soothe the difficulties of farming,
performance. to confess one’s true heart to one’s beloved, to pray for an
Kimjang
affluent and peaceful life, and to entertain people gathered for and communities alike gather together on a mutually agreed
a celebration. One thing in common is that the song embodies date to make kimchi in sufficient quantities to sustain families
the emotions of joy, anger, sorrow, and pleasure that people with fresh food through the long, harsh winter.
feel in their daily lives. The lyrics and melodies of Arirang Kimjang refers to a collective practice of making and sharing
depend on a singer’s situations, and this characteristic has large quantities of kimchi, thus closely associated with the
provided a catalyst for enriching the diversity of Korean culture. communal culture of Korea. Kimjang, therefore, is meaningful
Today, Arirang is sung at important national events, playing as the age-old tradition is still maintained as a collective cultural
a role in unifying the Korean people. For example, the Korean event, strengthening solidarity and reaffirming Korean identity
national team sang the song when they entered the stadium at among today’s Korean people even in the modern society
the 27th Olympic Summer Games: Sydney 2000. Also, during where individualism is prevalent. In addition, the tradition is
the 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan, Red Devils, the official significant in the sense that it symbolizes the sharing culture of
supporting group for the Korean Republic national football Korea that has been passed down through generations.
team, sang Arirang to cheer up their national football team. Recognized for such contribution by UNESCO, “Kimjang:
Making and Sharing Kimchi” was inscribed on the Representative
Kimjang, Making and Sharing Kimchi List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity on
Kimjang is the activity of making kimchi that is conducted all December 5, 2013.
over Korea during late autumn as part of the preparations to
secure fresh, healthy food for the winter season. Now gaining 20
a worldwide reputation as a representative Korean food,

kimchi has always been one of the key side dishes required to
complete the everyday meals eaten by Korean people since
olden times. That is why kimjang has long been an annual event
of paramount importance for entire families and communities 20. Kimjang is a
traditional custom of
across Korea. making and storing
It takes a whole year to make preparations for kimjang. In a lot of kimchi in
the early winter
spring, households procure a selection of seafood including in preparation for
the winter when it
shrimps and anchovies, in particular, which they salt and is difficult to find
leave to ferment until they are ready for use in the kimchi- fresh vegetables.
Depending on
making season. They then obtain fine-quality, sun-dried sea the region, the
ingredients and
salt in summer and prepare red chili powder and the main recipes differ, so the
ingredients, kimchi cabbage and Korean white radish, in taste and nutritional
value are also
autumn. Then, with winter approaching, members of families slightly different.
Traditional Arts
Gugak
Gugak refers to Korea’s traditional music and dance. While gugak has existed as long the Jongmyo—inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural
as Koreans have lived in the Peninsula, its foundation was established in the early Heritage of Humanity in 2001—and Yeomillak, or “Joy of the People.” The term gugak
15th century when King Sejong reorganized the royal court music using jeongganbo, was first used by the Jangagwon, a government agency of late Joseon responsible for
Asia’s first sheet music capable of denoting the pitch and length of notes. music, to distinguish traditional Korean music from foreign music.
King Sejong’s efforts to reform the court music led not only to the creation of Traditional Korean music is typically classified into several types: the “legitimate
Korea’s own notation system but also to the composition of special ritual music called music” (called jeongak or jeongga) enjoyed by the royalty and aristocracy of Joseon;
Jongmyo Jeryeak to be performed during the royal ancestral ritual (Jongmyo Jerye) in folk music including pansori, sanjo, and japga; jeongjae (court music and dance)
01
Music
01. Performance of Yeomillak

(“Joy of the People”) court
music composed during
the reign of King Sejong
in the 15th century
performed for the King at celebratory state events; music and

dance connected with shamanic and Buddhist traditions such
as salpuri, seungmu, and beompae; and poetic songs beloved
of the literati elite such as gagok and sijo. Of the numerous folk
songs, Arirang—inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List
of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2012—is
particularly cherished by the common people and there exist
many variations with special lyrics and melodies unique to
each region such as Miryang, Jeongseon, and Jindo.
Gugak instruments are similarly diverse. These traditional
musical instruments are generally divided into three
categories: wind instruments such as the piri, daegeum,
danso, and taepyeongso; stringed instruments such as the
gayageum, geomungo, haegeum, ajaeng, and bipa; and
percussion instruments such as the buk, janggu, pyeonjong,
pyeongyeong, kkwaenggwari, and jing.
Folk Dance
Korean people have inherited a great variety of folk dances 02. Buchaechum
(Fan Dance)
such as salpurichum (spiritual purification dance), gutchum A traditional form 02
(shamanic ritual dance), taepyeongmu (dance of peace), of Korean dance

usually performed
hallyangchum (idler’s dance), buchaechum (fan dance), by groups of female
dancers
geommu (sword dance), and seungmu (monk’s dance). Of
these, talchum (mask dance) and pungmul nori (play with Painting and Calligraphy
musical instruments) are known for their satirical targeting of Painting has always been a major genre of Korean art since
the corrupt aristocracy of Joseon and their close connection ancient times. The art of ancient Korea is represented by the
with rural communities, which had long been the bedrock tomb murals of Goguryeo (37 B.C.E.–668), which contain valuable
of Korean culture and tradition. Most performances are clues to the beliefs of the early Korean people about humanity
presented in a marketplace or on the fields and involve and the universe, as well as to their artistic sensibilities and
drumming, dancing, and singing, all of which are used to techniques. Their art had been influenced by China and
create a highly elated atmosphere. disseminated to Japan. The artists of Goryeo (918–1392) were
interested in capturing Buddhist icons and bequeathed some
great masterpieces, while the literati elite of Joseon was more everyday life, whereas Sin Yun-bok, for his part, devoted
attracted not only to idealized landscapes but also to the his efforts to capturing erotic moments in works that were
symbolism of plants and animals, such as the Four Noble Lords surprisingly voyeuristic for the period.
(Sagunja, namely, the orchid, chrysanthemum, bamboo, and Calligraphy, which developed in Korea under the influence
plum tree) and the Ten Creatures of Longevity (Sipjangsaeng), of China, is the art of handwriting in which the beauty of
including crane, tigers, and deer. the lines and forms of characters and the energy contained
Korea in the 18th century saw the arrival of two great in brush strokes and subtle shades of ink are appreciated.
artists, Kim Hong-do and Sin Yun-bok, both of whom developed While calligraphy is an independent genre of art, it has
a passionate interest in depicting the daily activities of ordinary been closely related to ink and wash painting because these
people in their work. Kim Hong-do preferred to depict the forms use similar techniques and tools commonly called
kaleidoscope of people in various situations and scenes of the “Four Treasures of the study” (i.e., paper, brush, ink
stick, and inkstone). Korea has produced an abundance of
master calligraphers, of whom Kim Jeong-hui (1786–1856)
03. “Myeong-Seon (Meditation with Tea)” by Kim Jeong-hui
is particularly famous for developing his own style known
(pen-name: Chusa, 1786–1856) (Joseon, 19th century)
as Chusache or Chusa Style (Chusa was his pen name). His
04. “Ssireum (Korean wrestling)” by Kim Hong-do (pen-
name: Danwon, 1745–1806) (Joseon, 18th century)
calligraphic works are still widely admired for their remarkably
This genre painting by Kim Hong-do, one of the greatest modern artistic beauty.
painters of the late Joseon period, vividly captures a scene
of traditional Korean wrestling where two competing
wrestlers are surrounded by engrossed spectators.
Pottery
Korean pottery, which nowadays attracts the highest praise
from international collectors, is typically divided into three
groups: Cheongja (blue-green celadon), Buncheong (slip-coated
stoneware), and Baekja (white porcelain). Celadon refers to
Korean stoneware, which underwent major development in
the hands of Goryeo potters some 700 to 1,000 years ago.
Celadon pottery is marked by an attractive jade blue surface
and the unique Korean inlay technique used to decorate it.
Gangjin of Jeollanam-do and Buan of Jeollabuk-do were the
two main producers during the Goryeo period (918–1392).
100 to 600 years ago, white porcelain ware was the main
representation of Korean ceramic art. While some of these
porcelain wares display a milky white surface, many are
03 04
06. Celadon Jar with

decorated with a great variety of designs painted in oxidized Peony Design
(Goryeo, 12th
iron, copper, or the priceless cobalt blue pigment imported century)
from Persia via China. The Royal Court of Joseon ran its own kilns
07. Celadon
in Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do, producing products of the highest Melon-Shaped
Bottle (Goryeo,
quality. The advanced techniques used in the production of 12th century)
white porcelain wares were introduced to Japan by Joseon
08. Buncheong
potters kidnapped during the Imjin Waeran (Japanese invasion Bottle with Lotus
and Vine Design
of Korea 1592–1598). (Joseon, 15th
The third main group of Korean pottery is Buncheong century)
ware, which was independently made by Goryeo potters 500 09. White Porcelain
06 07
Bottle with
to 600 years ago after the fall of their Kingdom. String Design in
Underglaze Iron
(Joseon, 16th
05. Kiln Site in Gangjin, Jeollanam-do century)
The remains of ancient kilns can
be seen in Gangjin, the largest
production site of celadon during
the Goryeo period.
05
08 09
Today, traditional artworks such as paintings, calligraphy

works, and pottery are widely traded through auctions in
galleries and antique shops in Insa-dong, Seoul.
Handicrafts
In the past, Korean craftsmen and women developed a
wide range of techniques to produce the items they needed
at home. They made pieces of wooden furniture such as
10. Two-Tier Chest

This durable and practical wooden
chest used for storing clothes is
lavishly decorated with a mother-of-
pearl inlay design.
11. Women’s toiletry cases
12. Naturally dyed fabrics with

different colors
Naturally Dyed 12
10 11
wardrobes, cabinets, and tables marked by a keen eye for balance and symmetry,
and wove beautiful baskets, boxes, and mats with bamboo, wisteria, or lespedeza.
They used Korean mulberry paper to make masks, dolls, and ceremonial ornaments,
and decorated diverse household objects with black and red lacquer harvested from
nature to make them stronger and more beautiful.
Later, they developed the art of using beautifully dyed ox-horn strips, and
iridescent mother-of-pearl and abalone shell to decorate furniture. Embroidery,
decorative knot making (maedeup), and natural dyeing were also important elements
of traditional Korean arts and crafts, which were widely exploited by women to make
attractive garments, household objects, and personal fashion ornaments.
Harmony between Tradition and Modernity

01
Joseon Royal Tombs Festival

01. The Moonlight Tour Seoul has numerous palaces and royal tombs preserving
at Gyeongbokgung
Palace is one of the history and culture of the Joseon dynasty. These palaces
the most popular
now serve as a place where citizens can enjoy various cultural
tour programs in
Korea. programs or simply enjoy the atmosphere. In autumn, these
02. At night, palaces hold diverse festivals to enjoy the atmosphere and
Changdeokgung
beauty of the Korean autumn.
Palace becomes
far more colorful In Seoul and the SCA, there are around 40 royal tombs
and magical under
the moonlight and of kings who ruled Joseon throughout its 500-year history. In
lighting.
recognition of their superb historical value, these tombs made
it into the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage list in 2009.
The Cultural Heritage Administration Royal Palaces and
Tombs Center and the Korea Cultural Heritage Foundation
opened nine royal tombs to the public in October (Donggureung,
Seooreung, Seonjeongneung, Sejongdaewangneung, Yungneung
02 and Geolleung, Uireung, Taegangneung, Heolleung and

Illeung, and Hongyureung) for the Joseon Royal Tombs Festival.
The festival offers information on Joseon’s royal tombs, as well
as various programs and activities to revisit the meaning of
royal tombs for us, including projection mapping, drone
performance, and multidisciplinary concerts inspired by the
kings of Joseon.
Moonlight Tour at Palaces

A royal palace, which is an indispensable destination for Korean
tourism, features distinctly different sentiments between
day and night. Tourists flock to the palace during the day to
experience a tranquil and relaxed atmosphere. When covered
with a veil of darkness, the palace boasts of a different mood.
The subtle lighting and mysterious acoustic effects add up
different charms. As those attractive features are known through social networking in Gangneung, Gangwon-do is a good place to experience
services, royal palaces have recently emerged as new night attractions. Korea’s traditional housing. The 300-year-old house is still
Among royal palaces that open at night are the four major palaces in Seoul in good shape. It once belonged to a prestigious noble clan
(Gyeongbokgung Palace, Changdeok Palace, Changgyeong Palace, and Deoksugung (called “sadaebu” in Korean), and their descendants still live in
Palace) and Hwaseong Haenggung Palace in Suwon. Whether tour programs are the house to this day.
available depends on each royal palace, but if it is, reservations must be made on
the website. Sungnyemun Gate and Namdaemun Market
Sungnyemun Gate, unofficially known as Namdaemun Gate,
Pungsokdo for All was the gate on the south side of the Fortress Wall of Seoul
Experience the royal palaces virtually through a “metaverse.” “Pungsokdo for All” is
a metaverse program where participants can create their own characters and visit
03
a virtual royal palace, in the way the MZ generation enjoys metaverse activities. The
program was a huge hit among the MZ generation, reaching 330,000 participants just
a year after its 2021 launch. The program offers participants a chance to overcome
the confines of time and space, explore the ancient palace, and channel their inner
creativity into creating unique characters.
Hanok Village
Korea boasts of different types of hanok villages. Located in the heart of Seoul, teeming
with high-rise buildings, Bukchon Hanok Village and Namsangol Hanok Village allow
visitors to feel the coexistence of the past and the present. In collaboration with the
National Trust of Korea, the Simsimheon House in Bukchon is open to the public only 04
on weekends. The “L”-shaped traditional house offers a chance to experience Korea’s 03. Sungnyemun Gate
Seoul, the capital of the
traditional maru (wooden-floored hall) and a sweeping view of the Jongno area. With Joseon dynasty, was protected
625 traditional tile-roof houses and modern adaptations of traditional hanok houses, by a long stone wall with
eight gates. Sungnyemun
Jeonju Hanok Village is the largest of its kind in Korea. It is widely loved not only for (Namdaemun or South Gate),
literally meaning the “Gate of
its spectacle but also its wide selection of activities such as tea rituals and traditional Exalted Ceremonies,” is the
paper making, all provided in traditional spaces. Korean National Treasure No. 1.
While smaller in size, other hanok villages (Gongju Hanok Village in 04. Heunginjimun Gate
Heunginjimun (Dongdaemun
Chungcheongnam-do, Gangneung Ojuk Hanok Village in Gangwon-do, and Gurim or East Gate) is the only one
Hanok Village in Yeongam, Jeollanam-do) also provide more than ample opportunities of the eight fortress gates
protected by a semicircular
to experience Korean culture. While it is not a hanok village, the Seongyojang House gate-guard wall.
among eight gates. As Korea’s National Treasure No. 1, it is Gwanghwamun Square

the largest extant castle gate stone structure. The ancient gate 05. Gwanghwamun In August 2022, Gwanghwamun Square once again welcomed
Square
was destroyed in an arson attack in 2008. Following several citizens after a renovation project. The vehicle lanes on the
The road in front
years of restorative work, Sungnyemun Gate can now be of Gwanghwamun Sejong Art Center side have been blocked to free up space
Gate is the central
enjoyed in all its glory. space in Korea for pedestrians, opening up a route filled with history from
and is the most
Namdaemun Market is a large traditional market located the Statue of Admiral Yi Sun-sin to the Statue of King Sejong,
important place
on the east side of Sungnyemun Gate. Teeming with things to for people to gather, Gwanghwamun Gate, Gyeongbokgung Palace, and Bugaksan
meet, and share
see, shop, and eat, this popular attraction is always crowded news and opinions. Mountain.
with shoppers and tourists. It features not only diverse
products such as clothes, kitchenware, home appliances, and
daily miscellaneous goods, all of which are available at low
prices, but also well-known food alleys such as Galchi Jorim 05
(stewed beltfish) Alley and Kalguksu (noodle soup) Alley.
Heunginjimun Gate and Dongdaemun Market

Heunginjimun Gate, unofficially known as Dongdaemun Gate,
was the gate on the east side of the Fortress Wall of Seoul
among eight gates. Near the gate is a massive commercial
district, commonly referred to as Dongdaemun Market.
Dongdaemun Market encompasses Gwangjang Market,
Pyeonghwa Market, Sinpyeonghwa Market, and Dongdaemun
Shopping Complex. The term “Dongdaemun fashion” was
coined because most of these markets deal with the sale of
clothes. In addition, they operate in the form of wholesale
markets at night and thus create new clothing culture and
consumption, contributing greatly to market revitalization.
In 2014, Dongdaemun Design Plaza (DDP), the world’s
largest irregular architectural structure, opened in the vicinity
of Dongdaemun Market. The futuristic design has somewhat
changed the simple and common-class atmosphere of
Dongdaemun Market into a modern one, expanding the main
consumer base to young people and foreigners.
Before the renovation, Gwanghwamun Square was a narrow strip flanked by Museums and Art Museums
traffic on either side, which restricted people’s access to the square. Blocking the Museums and Art Museums represent the culture and history of a country. Therefore,
lanes on the Sejong Art Center side freed up space for pedestrians between the they also serve as measures for assessing the level of its cultural maturity. That is why
lanes and the square. people visiting other countries tend to visit museums and art museums first.
The change was found to increase the time that visitors spend in the square. Korea’s national museums and art museums are also designed to educate people
Many visitors rest their legs sitting on the stone stairs in front of the art center, or about the country’s history and offer a chance to enjoy culture and art.
talk with friends sitting on chairs placed across the square. In addition, many visitors As of 2022, Korea has a total of 1,171 museums and art museums across its 17
from outside the country begin their Seoul tour at the square, as it offers easy access major cities and provinces (52 national museums, 462 public museums, 537 private
to various tourist attractions. For these reasons and others, Gwanghwamun Square museums, and 120 university museums).
is set to become a new landmark for the capital city. Each of the museums and art museums offers different artifacts and exhibits,
widening the scope of cultural enjoyment available.
Songhyeon-dong Site
The Songhyeon-dong Site in Jongno-gu, Seoul, returns to citizens after 100 years. National Museum of Korea
The Songhyeon-dong Site is three times larger than Seoul Plaza (37,117 m ). Once
2
Launched in October 2005 at Seobinggo-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, the National
belonging to an accommodation facility for the United States Embassy in Korea after Museum of Korea (NMK) has around 300,000 relics in a 300,000 m2 area.
the 1945 Liberation of Korea, the site used to be surrounded by high walls blocking The main building (1 basement and 6 stories) includes a storage facility to
the view from the outside. It had been left empty since the facility was relocated in preserve relics, exhibition halls, and research spaces.
the late 1990s. In October 2022, the 4-meter walls were lowered to 1.2 meters, giving The first exhibits that welcome visitors into the museum are the Ten-Story Stone
citizens a full view of the old site. Pagoda from Gyeongcheonsa Temple Site and the Twin Lion Stone Lantern from
Godalsa Temple Site. The Ten-Story Stone Pagoda from Gyeongcheonsa Temple Site
Culture Station Seoul 284 & Seoullo 7017 was built at the temple in 1348 (4th Year of King Chungmok’s reign, Goryeo Period).
Culture Station Seoul 284 is a culture and art space built by repurposing the old The use of grey marble indicates influence from the Yuan Dynasty. It was taken by
Seoul Station building. To preserve its historical significance as the oldest railroad Japan in 1909 and subsequently returned to Korea. It was placed at Gyeongbokgung
building in Korea, the place was redesigned into a public culture and art space while Palace in 1960 before its relocation to the NMK. The Twin Lion Stone Lantern was
maintaining the look it had at the time of its first opening in 1925. originally found at the Godalsa Temple Site in Sanggyo-ri, Yeoju, Gyeonggi-do. It
Seoullo 7017 is a walking trail repurposed from an old overpass connecting to was moved to Gyeongbokgung Palace in 1959 before being relocated to its current
the Seoul Station. The 1.5 km pass from Malli-dong 1-ga to the Hoehyeon Station is position at the NMK.
now a trail decorated with trees and flowers. “70” in “7017” refers to 1970, the year The museum’s central lobby is surrounded by the Prehistory and Ancient History
when the overpass was built, and “17” means 2017, the year when Seoullo officially Gallery, Medieval and Early Modern History Gallery, Donations Gallery, Calligraphy
opened. The trail offers a view of major historical sites in Seoul, including the old and Painting Gallery, World Art Gallery, and Sculptures and Crafts Gallery, each
station, the Namdaemun Gate, and the new Seoul Station. featuring a vast collection of exhibits. It takes around seven days to appreciate them
in full. Therefore, it would be wiser to plan which halls to visit in advance.
06
National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea

The National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art
(MMCA) archives works of Korean artists and organizes
permanent and special exhibitions that indicate the current
status of Korean art.
Since its initial grand opening of MMCA Gwancheon in
Gyeonggi-do, the museum added three more locations:
06. National Museum
MMCA Seoul, MMCA Deoksugung, and MMCA Cheongju in
of Korea
You can fully enjoy six Chungcheongbuk-do.
permanent exhibition
halls presented by era MMCA Gwacheon hosts The More, The Better, a video
and theme, a special artwork by the globally renowned media artist Paik Nam June.
07 exhibition hall that
features a variety of The More, The Better was originally created in 1988 with 1,003
content, a children’s
museum where you TV monitors donated by Samsung Electronics. The piece went
can enjoy and learn through repeated maintenance for three decades to replace
with all five senses, and
immersive content using dilapidated monitors. Unfortunately, the piece was deactivated
cutting-edge technology.
altogether in 2018 due to fire concerns. After three years of
07. National Hangeul
restoration, the piece was reactivated on September 15, 2022,
Museum
The museum provides and revealed to the public. In celebration of the reactivation,
exhibitions, experiences,
and learning
MMCA held the special archival exhibition Merry Mix: The More,
opportunities to awaken The Better, along with an academic symposium to revisit the art
the history, values, and
excellence of Hangeul, of Paik Nam June.
Korea’s system of writing.
National Hangeul Museum

Hangeul has recently become one of the most beloved writing
systems in the world. People worldwide take Hangeul and
Korean language courses to learn the language, and many
The main features of the museum include the Gilt-bronze foreigners come all the way to the country to enroll in Korean
Pensive Maitreya Bodhisattva; earthenware from the Bronze language institutes.
Era; tomb murals of Goguryeo, the Gangseodaemyo Tomb; The National Hangeul Museum (NHM) is committed to
Baekje artifacts from the Gongju Suchon-ri Burial Site and the helping visitors experience the excellence, significance, and
Tomb of King Muryeong; Gold Crown and Gold Waist Belt from aesthetics of Hangeul.
Silla; and the Gilt-bronze Standing Buddha Triad. Located in Yongsan-gu, Seoul, the NHM organizes and
offers various exhibitions that shed light on Hangeul from diverse perspectives. In appreciate a wide range of exhibits, from ancient artifacts from the Bronze Era and
addition, the museum works with visual artists, crafters, fashion designers, musicians, the Three Kingdoms Period, Goryeo celadons, Buddhist paintings, and other ancient
and other artists to create content highlighting the excellence and beauty of Hangeul. artworks, to the works of contemporary giants such as Park Seo-bo, Anish Kapoor,
The museum also maintains a vast collection of important pieces of Hangeul’s and Damien Hirst.
history, including the manuscript of Malmoi, the first Korean dictionary written by Ju
Si-gyeong; Sound of Words, a Korean grammar book; Ahakpyeon, a foreign language Lee Ufan Museum
textbook written by Ji Seok-yeong; and Dongnip sinmun (The Independent), which In the 20th century, the video artist Paik Nam June was one of the most well-known
adopted the modern spacing system for Korean writing. Korean artists. He carved out his presence in the world history of art by creating a
new genre, video art, based on his unique philosophy.
Seoul Museum of Craft Art In the 21st century, Dansaekhwa emerged as artworks representing Korea.
“Craft (gongye in Korean)” means the art of making various objects used in daily Abstract works by Park Seo-bo, Ha Chong Hyun, Lee Ufan, and others have been
routines. However, today, it is considered a genre of art as it involves both the widely loved by art enthusiasts across the world.
instrumental and aesthetic aspects of objects. In April 2022, Lee Ufan Museum opened in Arles, France. Located in a repurposed
Seoul Museum of Craft Art (SeMoCA), which opened in July 2021 in Anguk-dong, mansion built between the 16th and 18th centuries, the museum displays Lee’s major
Jongno-gu, Seoul, provides a glimpse into Korean aesthetics as represented in their works for European visitors. This is the second Lee Ufan Museum to be founded
craftworks. From objects containing uniquely Korean elements such as mother- outside of Korea, after the foundation of the Lee Ufan Museum in Naoshima in 2010.
of-pearl (jagae), quilt (jogakbo), bamboo, and knots to the works of contemporary The museum in Naoshima was designed by the renowned Japanese architect Ando
crafters, the museum holds around 20,000 craftworks. It also manages an archive of Tadao. Then, in 2015, the Space Lee Ufan was created inside the Busan Museum of
materials and documents to promote an understanding of Korea’s traditional crafts. Art.
In addition to its free, permanent exhibitions, SeMoCA offers a wide selection
of craft activity programs offering more hands-on experience. Details about the Frieze Art Fair Comes to Korea
programs can be found on the museum website. With the growing popularity of Korean art, or K-art, the Korean art market also drew
attention from music market players across the world in terms of its purchasing
Leeum Museum of Art power and influence.
Leeum Museum of Art is a private art museum run by Samsung Foundation of The growth of the Korean art market is evidenced by the collaboration between
Culture. The name “Leeum” combines “Lee” from the founder of Samsung Group, Frieze, one of the largest art fairs in the world, and the major Korean art fair KIAF in
Lee Byung-chul, and “um” from the word “museum.” Seoul in September 2022. Furthermore, the fact that Frieze chose Seoul over Hong
The museum preserves the traces of the founder and the late Chairman Lee Kun- Kong or Japan proves the rise of the Korean art market as a hub for Asian art markets.
hee, who were well-known for their deep love for art. The museum holds 36 National
Treasures and 96 Treasures, and the buildings were designed by world-renowned Lim Yunchan, the Renaissance of K-Classic
architects Rem Koolhaas, Mario Botta, and Jean Nouvel. The three buildings are On June 18, 2022, Pianist Lim Yunchan won gold at the Van Cliburn International
organically interconnected, and feature exhibition spaces where visitors can Piano Competition at the age of 18. He became the youngest winner in the 60-year
Competition (male vocal category) and the 2019 Operalia competition (The World
Opera Competition).
Broadcast live by BBC Television, BBC Cardiff Singer of the World is a major vocal
competition won by great vocalists such as Bryn Terfel and Dmitri Hvorostovsky.
Hangeul Power - King Sejong Institute

The global popularity of Korean content has meant an increase in people interested
in learning Korean. According to a survey by the King Sejong Institute Foundation,
the number of students learning Korean at King Sejong Institutes across the world
has been on a steady rise, from 72,713 in 2019 to 76,528 in 2020 and 81,476 in 2021.
The number of the institutes also increased, from 180 locations across 60 countries
08 in 2019 to 213 locations across 78 countries in 2020, and 234 locations across 82
countries in 2021. The King Sejong Institute Foundation attributes this growth to the
global popularity of Korean content, saying that the positive experience provided
history of the competition, surpassing the previous records 08. Pianist Lim Yunchan by K-content translates into new demand for learning Hangeul and the Korean
Lim Yunchan
held by Zhang Haochen in 2009 and Cristina Ortiz in 1969, was given the
language.
both of whom won the competition at 19. opportunity to tour In 2022, new King Sejong Institutes were founded in seven countries, including
the world for three
The largest music competition in North America, the Van years by winning South Africa, Luxembourg, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Tunisia, and Finland,
the Van Cliburn
Cliburn Competition produced some of the world’s greatest International Piano
increasing the total number of overseas locations to 244 across 84 countries.
pianists, such as Radu Lupu (winner in 1966), Alexei Sultanov Competition.
In 2023, he will tour
(1989), and Olga Kern (2001). the U.S. and Europe,
including New York,
Along with Cho Seong-jin, who has been actively performing London, and Paris. Gourmet Travel
across the world after winning the 17th International Chopin Korea is a paradise for the gastronomically inclined. The country’s rice paddies, crop
Piano Competition in 2015, the success of Lim Yunchan made fields, mountains, and seas are rich sources of diverse food ingredients, which led to
Korea one of the key powers in the global classical scene. the creation of vastly diverse dishes. While doenjang, ganjang, gochujang, and other
basic condiments keep the balance at the center, ingredients are steamed, grilled,
Baritone Kim Gihoon deep-fried, and prepared in various other ways that Koreans have developed to keep
Baritone Kim Gihoon proved his vocal prowess on the global them fresh across its distinct four seasons.
stage. In June 2021, Kim won the BBC Cardiff Singer of the These foods consoled the souls of Koreans who had to do anything to survive
World competition (aria category). The win came after a the Peninsula’s turbulent modern history. In fact, the significance of meals in Korea
series of stellar performances at international competitions, is reflected in the percentage of Korean greetings related to meals. In this sense, a
including second place at the 2019 International Tchaikovsky culinary journey across Korea also provides insight into Korea’s local cultures.
Gwangjang Market Tongin Market

To experience Korean food culture properly, one should visit Located in Jongno-gu, Seoul, Tongin Market provides people with a unique experience
traditional markets. Then, in a cozy atmosphere, visitors feel that can’t be done anywhere while tasting various dishes. This is because of
free to enjoy the Korean food the locals love. “yeopjeon dosirak.”
Gwangjang Market in Jongno, Seoul, is historically meaningful Dosirak literally means a lunch box. Yeopjeon is a Korean brass coin with a square
as it is Korea’s first permanent market with over 100 years cut in the middle and was used during the Joseon dynasty. The coin is not used in
of history. The taste of finger-sized mini gimbap dipped in Korea, but can be used as currency in Tongin Market. When the customer purchases
mustard sauce is very addictive, attracting people with its yeopjeon, a lunch box is provided, which serves as a kind of wallet, and people can
strong magnetism. Other famous dishes include beef tartare enjoy the different experience of exchanging yeopjeon for the food they want to buy
and mung bean pancakes. while looking around the market.
Recently, a fresh wind of change blew across the market. The market offers different kinds of simple and plain food. They include rice and
“365 Iljang (365 Days Open),” a grocery store that opened a soup, the staple food of the Korean people, as well as side dishes such as spicy rice
business in the market in October 2021, has been attracting cakes, grilled rib patties, rice balls, and omelet rolls.
customers with its young sensibilities. The store sells wine,
craft beer, cheese, butter, and even merchandise themed after Jeonju Food Tour
the market. In particular, the craft beer Gwangjangsijang 1905, Jeonju is a city Koreans are also willing to visit to taste its dishes. This city has long
created in collaboration with a craft brewery, is only available developed its food culture thanks to fresh seafood acquired from the West and South
in the store. Seas and crops harvested from the fertile land.
Jeonju-style bibimbap is a must-eat food in Jeonju. It is made by first cooking
rice with Jeonju bean sprouts and then mixing the cooked rice with each handful
01
01. Gwangjang Market

of fresh ingredients, including egg yolk, gingko nut, pine nut, chestnut, walnut, and
Gwangjang Market, vegetables.
Korea’s first
permanent market, Jeonju Hanjeongsik (Korean table d’hote) is a menu with more than 30 side dishes,
is a paradise for
including soup, stew, seasoned vegetables, and salted seafood, all of which are set on
people to enjoy
ordinary food such a single table. This represents the generous hearts and minds of the Korean people.
as gimbap and mung
bean pancakes. Located in Samcheon-dong, Seosin-dong, and Gyeongwon-dong, Jeonju
Makgeolli Alleys are waiting for their visitors to feel free to enjoy makgeolli (rice wine).
Each order of a makgeolli kettle is served with 20 kinds of dishes and nibbles.
In addition, Jeonju also has its unique food culture called “gamaek,” which is a
shorthand for “gagae (corner store) maekju (beer).” Jeonju is famous for small corner
stores or kiosks equipped with several tables, where people can buy cold beer and
drink it with some nibbles such as grilled dried squid, dried pollack fillet, and snacks
In addition, visitors can enjoy diverse dishes such as sliced raw squid, stuffed
squid, moray soup, spicy red snow crab, and grilled fish in the vicinity of Sokcho
Tourist Fish Market, the dock for a raft-like platform boat called “gaetbae,” Daepohang
Port, and Dongmyeonghang Port.
Although not seafood, glazed fried chicken bites called dak gangjeong are also
a representative food in Sokcho. This crispy and crunch dish is made by deep-frying
bite-sized chicken, which is then smothered in a sweet or spicy sauce that has been
boiled down to a thick consistency.
Busan Food Tour

Busan is an optimized city for gourmet travel because of convenient public
transportation and plenty of food everywhere.
Jagalchi Market, well-known for its catchphrase, “Oiso (Come), Boiso (See), and
Saiso (Buy),” is the largest fish market in Korea. It teems with sliced raw fish, crabs,
02 lobsters, shrimp, shellfish, grilled fish, and other seafood. Its signature dishes, which are
02. Jeonju Makgeolli difficult to taste elsewhere, include hagfish grilled over a briquette.
Jeonju Makgeolli Alleys are famous
The Busan International Film Festival (BIFF) Square, the Gourmand Alley in
for the rich table setting, which
allows visitors to experience Nampo-dong, and Gukje Market are street food paradises. It is recommended to try
the tastes of Jeonju and feel the
warmth of Koreans. sugar-filled seeded griddlecake, fish cake skewers dipped in soup, and spicy glass
noodles mixed with fresh vegetables.
served with Jeonju’s unique seasoning. Thanks to the growing Traditional Jeju Food
popularity of gamaek, the Gamaek Festival has been held Jeju Island, one of the most beloved destinations for Koreans, has developed unique
every year since 2015. local dishes because of its geographical condition—being far from the mainland.
Rather than cooking with various ingredients or adding various spices, most of
Sokcho, Seafood Heaven dishes are simply cooked to preserve the original flavors of the ingredients.
As a bustling port city on the east coast, Sokcho, Gangwon-do boasts Typical folk foods include black pork grilled on charcoal to a chewy texture,
of abundant seafood acquired from the East Sea, thus providing a oozing with juices; gulfweed soup made from pork broth and meat, gulfweed, and
variety of dishes made of fish, squid, and shrimp, and more. buckwheat flour; and omegi rice cake and omegi liquor made from glutinous millet,
The deep-fried shrimp alley near Daepohang Port is a which used to be the staple food of Jeju people in the past.
must-see in Sokcho for tourists. Fresh shrimp are fried on the Udo peanuts grown in the sea breeze of Udo Island are delicious even if eaten
spot, and thus, the crispy taste is excellent. with the skin and also enjoyed as Udo peanut ice cream or Udo peanut makegolli.
Tea Plantations in Boseong

Boseong is the largest tea-producing area in Korea, boasting of 4,000 tea plantations,
and it is a perfect place for tea lovers or those interested in traditional Korean tea
culture. Most tea plantations host tea-related programs so that visitors can enjoy
diverse experiences such as tasting green tea, picking tea leaves, and making green
tea, including the Korean Tea Ceremony.
Otherwise, just savoring tea at a tea café inside the tea plantation and appreciating
the beautiful scenery is sufficient to make a satisfying trip.
Service Area Food Court

Express service areas in Korea are much loved as multipurpose spaces that provide
more than just a short break on the road. Each service area reflects the unique
culture depending on locations, serving as new tourist destinations.
For example, Andong Service Area in Andong, famous for its traditional crafts, has
Andong Cultural Experience Center designed to display crafts. Yeoju Service Area in
Yeoju, well-known for ceramics, has a pottery experience center where tourists are
allowed to fire pottery. The food court is not just a place for satisfying one’s hunger,
but it provides a variety of dishes intended to introduce the representative local food 03
culture. This allows tourists to enjoy tasting the local specialties with comfort and ease.
Gangneung Coffee Street

04
There is a cluster of about 30 coffee shops called Gangneung Coffee Street or Anmok
03. Green Tea Plantations
Coffee Street near Anmok Beach in Gangneung. Since 2000, Gangneung has become in Boseong
The tea plantations
a mecca of coffee as the first generation of baristas who had led the Korean coffee in Boseong provide
scene began to settle in Gangneung. Most of them are roastery cafés. They directly opportunities for visitors
to taste green tea and
roast beans, offering a variety of the aroma and tastes of fresh coffee differentiated experience Korean tea
culture.
from franchise coffee shops. As this is on everyone’s tongue, Gangneung has been
truly recognized as a coffee city. 04. Gangneung Coffee
Street
In addition to Gangneung Coffee Street, Gangneung has been developing a wide A number of distinctive
cafés are lined up
range of coffee-related content, including a coffee museum, a coffee factory, and a
along Anmok Beach in
barista academy. Gangneung.
environment. Ulleungdo Island and Dokdo Island appeal to

the sense of patriotism in Koreans. Downtown Seoul is also
dotted with places that preserve beautiful nature, such as
Namsan Park, Seoul Forest, and Olympic Park.
National Parks
Korea has designated and operated national parks to preserve
the natural ecosystems and natural and cultural wonders.
As the designation requirements are demanding, the
national park is an assorted gift set of healing benefits that
allow visitors to enjoy natural ecosystems, natural landscapes,
and cultural wonders at once. National parks are a repository
of natural ecosystems, home to 45% of Korean native species
and 65% of endangered species. In addition, they are
tourist destinations for 733 designated cultural properties
representing Korea, including scenic points and prestigious
temples.
A total of 22 national parks across the country are loved
Nature
by the Korean people as spaces for relaxation, including
Naejangsan National Park, Odaesan National Park, Jirisan
National Park, and Hallasan National Park.
01 Recreational Forests
Recreational forests are optimized places for people to heal
their bodies and minds in a clean nature. There are 170
recreational forests across the country. They are popular
Nature and Healing among summer vacationers because of diverse valleys. They
70% of the Korean territory is covered with mountains, and many of them are 01. The sunrise at Jirisan are also well-equipped with facilities such as forest parks,
National Park
well-known for their beautiful scenery. National parks and recreational forests are hiking trails, walking trails, auto campgrounds, and water
located across the country, encouraging people to visit and experience the untainted parks. Thus, people can enjoy a comfortable overnight stay.
beauty of nature. Jeju Island, Korea’s southernmost island, is the number one travel Located in Gapyeong, Gyeonggi-do, Yumyeongsan
destination for Koreans in no small part thanks to its warm climate and exotic Recreational Forest is the first recreational forest in Korea
and has contributed to people’s physical or psychological revitalization for 30 years. sits Namsan Seoul Tower (Seoul’s landmark) and an octagonal
With easy access from the Seoul metropolitan area and well-equipped facilities, it pavilion. The National Theater of Korea, the Seoul Metropolitan
has the largest number of visitors among the national recreational forests. A forest Library, and Namsangol Hanok Village are located at the foot
commentary program is operated to provide visitors with knowledge of forests and of the mountain, so people can get some rest if they feel tired
the natural environment and to guide them to the right experience in forests. while taking a leisurely walk. One of the easy and fast ways to
Located in Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi-do, Jungmisan Recreational Forest is also go up to the area nearby the summit is to take an eco-friendly
accessible to the Seoul metropolitan area and has well-established trails. Jungmisan circulation bus or cable car.
Observatory, located within the Jungmisan Recreational Forest, allows visitors to
enjoy the stars at night.
Located in Hoengseong, Gangwon-do, Cheongtaesan Recreational Forest is a
forest park packed with large conifers such as nut pine trees. Along with a leisurely
forest bathing trip while breathing in phytoncide released by these trees, people can
appreciate the beautiful snowy landscape in winter.
02. Namsan Seoul Tower
Located in Namhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, Namhae Recreational Cypress Forest (Seoul’s landmark) sits
a top Namsan Park.
is a lush forest with hinoki cypress trees. Overlooking the southern coastal waters, it 02
allows visitors to enjoy the beautiful surrounding scenery and observe rare animals
and plants.
Located in Chungju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Gyemyeongsan Recreational Forest is
at the northern foot of Gyemyeongsan Mountain. It is also located east of Chungju
Lake, which includes Woraksan National Park. No wonder these recreational forests
are very popular as tourist destinations.
Namsan Park
Located in Jung-gu, Seoul, Namsan Park is considered a must-see in Seoul for tourists
along with Myeong-dong, but it is more like a neighborhood park for Seoul citizens
and nearby office workers. This is because the park is a recreation area where people
can take a walk during their free time such as weekends and lunchtime to relax or
stay healthy. Recently, it has been designated as an urban forest park, so its value is
further increasing as a green area and recreation area as well.
Namsan Park allows visitors to realize the importance of nature and the delight
of walking. Namsan Mountain stands 265 m above sea level, and it takes one hour to
reach its top on foot along the trail from the entrance to the park. A top the mountain
Experience Park, Eco-forest Park, and Riverside Park, and more.

The experience programs, such as feeding roe deer along
with amusement facilities, attract a large number of family
visitors, while well-managed trails are also popular among
couples. There are many groups of bikers riding on the road
in spring and fall.
Jeju Island
Jeju Island is the most beloved destination and largest island
in Korea. It is about 90 km south of the southwestern tip of
the Korean Peninsula, offering different views of nature from
those on land. Its attractive features are largely caused by
natural factors, including the clear and transparent emerald
sea, Hallasan Mountain with scenic beauty, parasitic cones
produced by volcanic eruptions, strange rocks and bizarre
stones created by wind and waves, and tangerine farms.
03. Seoul Forest is a
large urban park Thanks to those charms, this island has recently become
where people can
feel the breath of
popular as a global recreation area for foreign tourists from
nature in the heart China, Japan, and others.
of the city.
03 Jeju Island, which was formed through volcanic activity,
boasts of so diverse and unique volcanic landforms that the
entire island can be called a huge volcano museum. There are
368 large and small parasitic cones on the ground, and 160
lava caves below the land are scattered all over the island.
Seoul Forest Recognized for such geographical features and value, Jeju
Just as there is Central Park in New York and Hyde Park in London, there is Seoul Island was designated as a biosphere reserve in 2002. It was
Forest in Seoul. Seoul Forest, formerly an amusement park, was reborn as an listed as a World Natural Heritage site in 2007 and certified as
enormous forest and theme park for the citizens in 2005 through a redevelopment a UNESCO Global Geopark in 2010.
project. Consequently, Seoul citizens have a greener space and thus can enjoy nature Hallasan Mountain is the representative tourist destination
downtown without having to go far away. of Jeju Island. This is because it is the highest mountain in Korea
As seen through its massive area of 430,000 m2, this forest consists of various and allows people to heal their bodies and minds while feeling
spaces by theme, such as Seoul Forest Plaza, Culture and Art Park, Educational the breath of nature. In addition, this mountain has a variety of
volcanic landforms such as steep rocks including Yeongsil Rocks, 40 parasitic cones, of walking trails that are 425 km long in total with 26 routes.
and Baengnokdam Crater Lake, a crater lake that sits on top of Hallasan Mountain. Although the routes can be freely chosen depending on the
The mountain is mostly covered with basalt rocks. walkers’ physical strength and preferences, it is recommended
In addition, Halla Mountain shows a unique ecosystem and biodiversity. to select one route a day. Jeju Olle consists of walking along the
Depending on the elevations, various plants are distributed from plants of warm beach, climbing up parasitic cones, passing by falls, farms, and
climates at low elevations to alpine plants at high elevations. Another representative salterns, and more. Depending on the routes, there are also
tourist destination is Seongsan Ilchulbong Tuff Cone. Located east of Jeju Island, this wheelchair accessible areas.
182 m–high tuff cone crater was designated as a natural monument in 2000. At the
top of it, people can enjoy the spacious crater and a magnificent panoramic view of 04
the sea unfolded before their eyes. This bowl-like crater is home to more than 200
species of plants and animals including silver grass. Sunrise from the summit is so
spectacular that it is called Sunrise Peak. In addition, the Seongsan Sunrise Festival is
held on December 31 every year.
There is an island seen south of Seongsan Ilchulbong Tuff Cone. It is another
volcanic island, Udo, which is also called a small Jeju island. Its numerous sensuous
charms allow visitors to feel the wonders of nature, such as Seobinbaeksa Beach, a
white pebble beach with dazzling beauty, sea caves around the rocks, and the Udo
coastal road, well-known for a scooter tour among tourists.
Lava tubes is one of the unique tourist attractions of Jeju Island. There are more
than 160 lava tubes formed by flowing lava beneath the surface of a lava flow. Many
tourists visit Manjanggul Cave, Gimnyeonggul Cave, Bengdwigul Cave, and more to 05
04. Seongsan
experience the mystery of nature. The 2.5 km–long Yongcheon Cave is considered an Ilchulbong Tuff
unprecedented rare cave in the world as it has the characteristics of lava tubes and Cone on Jeju Island
A parasitic
limestone caves together. Unfortunately, the lava tube cannot be accessed by the cone formed by
hydrovolcanic
public to prevent any damage.
activity upon a
Gotjawal, meaning a forest in Jeju language, is nicknamed “Fantasy Forest.” It has shallow seabed
a unique, bumpy terrain formed by the split of lava emitted by volcanic eruptions into 05. Baengnokdam
Crater Lake of
large and small lumps of rock. Most of all, the Gotjawal is a rare forest in the world
Hallasan Mountain
where the tropical northern limit plants and the polar southern limit plants coexist. A cauldron-shaped
volcanic crater
It is also called the lungs of Jeju Island because of the dense primeval forests and (108 m in depth
and 1,720 m in
well-preserved ecosystems.
circumference) atop
Designed to explore pristine nature and cultural properties, Jeju Olle is a series Hallasan Mountain
07
06. Dokdo Island

(Ulleung-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do)
Dokdo Island consists of two rocky islets,
Dongdo and Seodo, situated about 150 m
apart, and 89 rocky islets around them.
07. Dodong Port of Ulleungdo

A volcanic island in the East Sea
worth noting. The valleys run down in different directions from

Seonginbong Peak. Because of the rugged terrain, straight
roads are rare, and villages are formed around the island.
Dokdo Island
Located 87.4 km to the southeast of Ulleungdo Island,
Dokdo is an island located in the far east of Korea. As seen by
the fact that Dokdo Island Natural Reserve is designated as
06
Natural Monument No. 336, it boasts magnificent views and
unique natural scenery such as columnar joints. At present,
Ulleungdo Island and Dokdo Island around 25 people inhabit the island, including guards,
Ulleungdo Island is a volcanic island that represents Korea along with Jeju Island. lighthouse staff, and other residents.
Ulleungdo Island neighbors Dokdo Island, Jukdo Island, and currently uninhabited
Gwaneumdo Island. DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)
Ulleungdo Island is 130 km east of land, where nature has been kept intact from The Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) is a symbol of a cease-fire on
time immemorial. As a result, it is filled with natural wonders that cannot be seen the Korean Peninsula. As the Korean Armistice Agreement was
on the land, such as the clean sea, superb coastal scenery created by sheer cliffs, signed in 1953 to end the Korean War, the Military Demarcation
Naribunji Basin, and the unique primeval forest. The distinct village structure is also Line (DML) was drawn between the two Koreas. A 4 km–wide
In terms of nature and ecology, the DMZ is largely divided into three zones: a
mountainous zone composed of high mountains and dense forests, an inland zone
encompassing plains and rivers, and a brackish water zone with large wetlands
and mudflats. These three forms of nature reveal ever-changing primordial energy,
and the zones adjacent to the DMZ incorporate excellent vegetation and rare plant
habitats. A total of 30% of the animals and plants on the Korean Peninsula live here,
including 82 species of endangered species.
Suncheonman Bay Area

Suncheonman Bay is a coastal wetland located on the south coast of Korea. This
bay includes natural mudflats, salt marshes, natural levees, floodplains, and back
marshes. It is well-known for the picturesque views of its S-shaped waterway and the
vast reed field on the endless mudflat.
The 5.4 km2 reed field is the widest and best-preserved one in Korea. In autumn,
many tourists come to see the reed beds in autumn colors swaying in the wind.
Suncheonman National Garden is the first national garden in Korea. It was created
08 in 2013 when Suncheonman International Garden Expo was held. It consists of
08. The DMZ has various themes, such as an arboretum, the Water Garden, and a medicinal herb
pristine, primeval
forests. garden. Suncheonman National Garden and the Suncheon area will be hosting the
Suncheonman International Garden Expo 2023 from April to October 2023, serving
as the venue for the international event for the second time since 2013.
strip of land, extending 2 km north and 2 km south of the
MDL, was designated as the DMZ. There is a village called Tae Hwadam Botanic Garden
Sung Freedom Village inhabited by civilians, which lies within Hwadam Botanic Garden, located in Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do, has recently emerged
the Korean DMZ. Public access is usually prohibited but only as a new natural and ecological tourist destination. Opened in 2013 with the aim of
allowed with permission from the military authorities. Foreign protecting the ecosystem, this garden is intended to collect and exhibit 4,000 species
tourists can also visit there. The natural environment of the of endangered animals and plants.
Korean DMZ is perfectly preserved, as human access to the area The forest of pine trees and maple trees in harmony continues along the valleys
has been strictly restricted for more than six decades since the and the foot of the mountain, and low-slope trails run gently around it. This allows
end of the war. It is in the spotlight as an ecological axis of the visitors to enjoy a leisurely stroll. The largest Pine Tree Garden and the unique Moss
Korean Peninsula and a repository of animal diversity. It is also Garden are the pride of Hwadam Botanic Garden. Riding an electrically powered eco-
now an important subject of academic research worldwide. friendly monorail helps visitors reach the top more easily.
Travel Activities
01
Riding a bicycle
Bicycle paths are well maintained throughout the country. Each
city is well equipped with public bicycles, so there is no problem
enjoying riding a bicycle. Although rental charges vary slightly
depending on regions, public bicycles can be easily used at an
affordable price of around KRW 1,000 per hour. A number of
cities operate public bicycles under different name: Ttareungi
in Seoul, Fifteen in Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Tashu in Daejeon,
and Eoulling in Sejong.
The Hangang Bike Path is a typical riding route, stretching
almost along the riverside of the Hangang River in Seoul.
Starting from Nanji Hangang Park (Nanji Camping Site), this
path is the longest riding route that runs through Mapo Bridge,
Banpo Bridge, and Seoul Forest to Gwangjin Bridge. It is loved
by many Seoul citizens and tourists because it connects Seoul
to satellite cities and is also located adjacent to Hangang Park. 02
Thanks to the recent “Newtro” craze, the riding path within

the Gyeongchun Line Forest Park is drawing attention from
young people. This park was once an unused railway line,
but through a major restoration project, the sections of the
Gyeongchun Railway and all 12 of the original bridges have
been restored. A well-paved bicycle path stretches out along
the railway.
01. The Hangang Bike
The Bukhangang Bike Path connecting Seoul to Chuncheon Path adjacent to the
Hangang Park
passes through beautiful lakes and mountains such as
02. Hangang Park
Cheongpyeong Lake and Uiam Lake. Cyclists can enjoy
Campground
beautiful landscapes while cycling comfortably. Campgrounds,
including Nanji
Gyeongin Ara Waterway is the first canal in Korea connecting Campground,
the Hangang River to the waters off Incheon. The bike paths located in Hangang
Park are always
on both sides of the waterway are connected to the Hangang popular.
Bike Path, which allows cyclists to ride their bikes from Seoul surfing. Others include Songjeong Beach in Busan, Jungmun
to the West Sea. Saekdal Beach on Jeju Island, and Mallipo Beach in Taean,
Chungcheongnam-do.
Auto Camping Canoeing and kayaking are activities that allow people to
Camping has consolidated itself as one of the main leisure savor nature at leisure. Recently, the “clear kayak” tour has
activities in Korea as the number of campers exceeded seven become more popular. The experience consists of riding
million in 2021. As a result, the country’s camping market was a kayak with a clear or transparent bottom or hull, allowing
worth KRW 6.3 trillion in 2021, recording an 8.2% increase participants to see underwater. Kayaking is available in most
from KRW 5.8 trillion in the previous year (2020). parts of Jeju Island. Popular locations include Pyoseon Beach,
The exponentially increased demand has resulted in an Handam Beach, Woljeong-ri Beach, and Soesokkak Estuary,
increasing number of campgrounds, with camping experiences where the freshwater meets the ocean.
becoming diversified. In Korea, camping can be enjoyed in Located in Samcheok, Gangwon-do, Jangho Port is called
diverse ways depending on individual preferences, such as the Naples of Korea because of its magnificent scenery,
auto camping, glamping, caravanning, car camping, and
backpacking.
There is also intense competition for reserving campgrounds
located in the city. Examples include Nanji Campground and
Noeul Campground in Seoul, and Jaraseom Auto Campground in
Gapyeong, Gyeonggi-do. Recently, more and more campgrounds
have been operating activity zones such as water parks and
03
leisure parks. 03. Yangyang,
Gangwon-do
Many surfers flock
Water Activities to Yangyang to
enjoy surfing.
The number of surfers is on the rise in Korea as an increasing
number of Koreans see surfing as a leisure activity that allows
them to appreciate the beautiful sea while enjoying the thrill
and sense of freedom given by the sea. The top three surfing
destinations in Korea include Yangyang in Gangwon-do, Busan,
and Jeju Island. Well-equipped with surfing environments, all
of them attract many surfers, from beginners to masters.
Surfyy Beach and Jukdo Beach in Yangyang are surfing
meccas featuring a low depth of water and waves suitable for
including strange rocks, bizarre stones, and the emerald

ocean. It features the development of marine activities such
as kayaking with a clear kayak and snorkeling thanks to the
clean and shallow waters. Cheongpung Lake in Jecheon,
Chungcheongbuk-do, is another destination for kayaking.
Activities intended to explore the sea, such as snorkeling
and scuba diving, are consistently popular. The representative
snorkeling destinations include Panpo Port on Jeju Island,
Bongpo Beach in Goseong, Gangwon-do, and Namae Beach in
Yangyang, Gangwon-do.
You can enjoy the luxury of yacht riding in Jeju, Gangneung,
Busan, and Tongyeong.
01
04. Soesokkak Estuary, Jeju Island

Soesokkak Estuary allows
people to enjoy a clear kayak tour
while appreciating the natural Traditional Attractions and Hot Places
beauty of Jeju Island.
04
Ikseon-dong Hanok Street

In recent years, Ikseon-dong Hanok Street has been in the 01. Ikseon-dong
consists of maze-like
spotlight as a popular place favored by young Koreans. Most alleys lined with
modernized hanoks
of the alleys are so narrow that it is difficult to park or walk
which have been
with more than three people side by side. This space, which renovated into cafés
and restaurants
was for working or living, has been reconstructed with modern with a unique
atmosphere.
elements into a space for new cultural consumption, providing
unique enjoyment.
Located in Jongno-gu, Seoul, Ikseon-dong Hanok Street has
been designated as the oldest hanok village district in Seoul. In
recent years, old hanoks have been renovated into restaurants,
cafés, and cute prop shops throughout the maze-like alleys. As
this hanok village is widely publicized through social media,
it is a must-visit attraction in Seoul.
Seongsu-dong Street more design offices and pop-up stores opening. Seongsu-
Seongsu-dong, located in Seongdong-gu, Seoul, has been dong Street is rapidly emerging as a mecca of fashion and culture.
home to an industrial district with a high concentration of Cultural spaces created by adding artistic touches to
handmade shoe factories since the 1970s. Since the 2010s, a remodeled factory buildings are the very definition of a hip
series of cafés with unique atmospheres and trendy fashion place. Factory buildings neighboring exhibition halls, cafés,
shops have opened in this neighborhood, with more and more and workshops make for a pleasantly peculiar cityscape.
digital nomads and couples visiting here for working and dating, Visitors are recommended to use the Seoul Bike (Ttareungi)
respectively. Now it is recognized as a popular attraction. service to cover the vast area in a single day; you can rent one
Today, leading entertainment companies and large firms of the shared bikes and experience the nooks and crannies of
build their headquarters and art museums in the area, with the area with ease.
Mullae-dong, Art Meets Factory Area
02-03. Seongsu-dong, a handmade

Mullae-dong was originally home to a cluster of steel
shoe factory zone in the past, has workshops. While many are still in business, some workshops
been transformed into a popular
cultural space for young artists. have been remodeled into coffeehouses, restaurants, galleries,
02
and workshops for artists and crafters in recent years, forming
what Koreans currently know as the Mullae Art Village.
The area has consolidated itself as a major art-producing
area represented by the Mullae Art Village, Mullae Art Fair,
Mullae Art Festival, and Mullae Metal City Festival.
Nopo or Old Stores: Co-existence of the Old and New

Seoul is a history book in itself. It is a colorful tapestry preserving
the 5000-year history of the Peninsula, including the Joseon
03
and Goryeo dynasties. In the city, each and every alleyway and
even trees on the street carry historical significance.
Such significance is exemplified by old stores (called “nopo”
in Korean), as they are living proof of the turbulent history of
the city. The old patrons of these stores, which have served
customers at the same locations for over five decades, return
to these places with their sons and daughters.
Eulji-ro, or “Hip-jiro”
Eulji-ro Street, located in Jung-gu, Seoul, was thought of as a
desolate neighborhood a few years ago. This is because it was
packed with shabby shops, such as print shops and hardware
stores, which are symbols of the old industry. Recently, however,
this street has emerged as a new cultural space. In particular,
the desolateness of Eulji-ro, where time seems to stand still,
has rather stimulated analog sentiments and memories due
to the recent “Newtro” craze. This serves as a driving force for
the transformation of the obsolete space into a new cultural
product. Cafés, pubs, and culture complexes targeting young
people’s tastes are combined with the old print shops and
hardware stores, creating a heterogeneous but unique aura.
Myeong-dong Returns as the Leading Commercial District

Myeong-dong is regaining its reputation as the leading 04. Myeong-dong, the
Center of Tourism
commercial district of Seoul. International travelers visiting and Shopping
Korea flock to Myeong-dong for a simple reason; the area Myeong-dong
has been Seoul’s
offers hotels over a wide price range, as well as convenient cultural, financial,
and tourist center in
access to restaurants, stores, and tourist attractions. modern times as a 04
Another distinctive feature of Myeong-dong is the food special tourist zone.
stalls on the streets. Dalgona (a sugar-based snack featured

in the Netflix series Squid Games), fruits in cups, egg bread, other high-end fashion brands have prepared flashy spectacles
and other easily accessible stall snacks add to the atmosphere for shoppers, with other brands such as Dolce & Gabbana
of the area as the No. 1 tourist stop in Seoul. In fact, travelers opening shops in the area.
from other countries enjoying dalgona on the street have Cheongdam-dong has been revitalized as a commercial
become quite a common sight. area along with the “Apgujeong Rodeo” area.
Luxury Fashion Street, Cheongdam-dong Hwangnidan Street, Gyeongju

The Luxury Fashion Street in Cheongdam-dong is reclaiming Hwangnidan Street is located in Gyeongju, a city that served
its renown as the mecca of high-end shopping, attracting as Silla’s capital for a thousand years. Formed in 2015,
designer item enthusiasts. Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Dior, and Hwangnidan Street changed the face of tourism in Gyeongju
as a place where visitors can enjoy the past and the present
in one place. In fact, the street has succeeded in taking the
tourism leader status from the Bomun Tourist Complex.
The street is home to numerous hanok accommodations,
coffeehouses and restaurants, souvenir stores, and
hanbok rental shops. It is also within walking distance from
Daereungwon Ancient Tomb Complex (Cheonmachong),
Cheomseongdae Observatory (Archaeological Area in Eastern
Gyeongju), Donggung Palace, Wolji Pond, and Gyocheon
Village.
The street has also been set up with vibrant nightlife for
tourists looking for places to enjoy Gyeongju and good photo
spots. In fact, some say that Cheomseongdae Observatory
05 looks more beautiful at night when it is surrounded by light
from the night lights. The view reflected on the Wolji Pond
shows a beauty that transcends time and space.
06
Coin Karaoke
For Koreans, karaoke (or noraebang in Korean) has been a
place for workers to unwind and consolidate bonds among
colleagues by singing at the top of their lungs after office
dinners. In addition, more and more people visit karaoke
parlors when they simply want to sing and take some time for
themselves.
Coin karaoke is a special type of karaoke parlor where
you can sing as much as you want as long as you have coins
to spare. Unlike conventional Korean karaoke, you are not
required to rent the booth for an entire hour. Instead, you can
05-06. Hwangnidan Street, Gyeongju just sing a song or two for a very low price.
Hwangnidan Street, where old
buildings were located,
The increased number of people “soloing” at karaoke
has become a hot spot that boasts parlors has also led to the development of karaoke programs
the unique attraction of Gyeongju
through a regeneration project. equipped with more fun features.
“PC Bangs” Transformation to Multi-Purpose Cultural Facilities

According to various statistics, Korea is one of the top-ranked countries in terms of 07. Temple Stay: an bands based in Hongdae clubs also contributed to the unique
Experience of
internet penetration. In addition, Koreans are known for their love of doing things Tranquility and Rest atmosphere of the area.
fast. In the same spirit, Korean consumers focus on speed when choosing their This representative Many travelers from other countries also put Hongdae
traditional culture
internet and mobile provider, with a large percentage of Koreans already using 5G experience program clubs in their itineraries. On weekends, Hongdae streets are
offers the historical
services. Given this information, it may seem strange that PC bangs (Korean-style and cultural
busy with people enjoying the area’s club culture all night, and
internet cafés) are still popular among Koreans when they can always play games experience of 1,700 a large percentage of them are foreigners.
years of Korean
at home. The main benefits of PC bangs include 24/7 access to high-end PCs and Buddhism in a
mountain temple.
hyper-speed internet. Temple Stay
The PC bang has become a multi-purpose cultural facility that offers not only Temple stay is a cultural tourism program where visitors stay
games but also entertainment, rest, and a wide selection of other services. Many at traditional temples and experience Korea's Buddhist and
Koreans visit a PC bang with friends to play games and deepen their bond, and order traditional cultures. In addition, temples run temple stay
food to enjoy while playing games using food delivery apps.
Baseball Stadiums in Korea 07
Koreans go to baseball stadiums not only for the games but also for the famous
chicken-beer combo. A baseball game consists of nine innings, which can be quite
long. As such, rather than concentrating on every second of the game, spectators
have grown accustomed to sharing conversations with friends over chicken and beer.
In fact, the chicken-beer combo (or chimaek) is one of the foods that represent
Korean culture. Therefore, people enjoying the games and the chicken-beer combo
(which also serves as supper on many occasions) have become quite a common sight
at baseball stadiums.
The stadiums also offer various snacks to fill visitors’ mouths and stomachs.
Clubs in Hongdae
Clubs in the Hongdae area are popular among young Koreans as places to enjoy
dance and music. These clubs symbolize the free underground subculture of the area.
In the mid and late 1990s, DJs, hip-hop artists, and b-boys led the club culture in
the area, and youngsters used to drink beer and watch their performances in the clubs.
This subculture used to be confined to a relatively small number of enthusiasts.
However, into the 2000s, it expanded to cover a larger fan base. The independent
programs for foreigners, offering easier access to Korea’s 08. Seoul International Launched in 2000, Seoul International Fireworks Festival
Fireworks Festival
Buddhist culture. This is the best
has seen artists from across the country showcasing their
Starting with the Jikjisa Temple in 2002, around 120 leading fireworks show in firework pieces.
Asia, where world-
temples around the country have launched their own temple class fireworks Among the numerous fireworks with vastly diverse colors
companies are
stay programs. Choose the temple to stay in and book a invited every year to
and striking patterns, the Korean team captivated audiences
program, and you are all set to go. show off fantastic with unique shapes, colors, and movements. In addition, the
fireworks in the
night sky of Yeouido. fireworks are accompanied by laser shows and music, creating
Taekwondowon, Muju musical-like scenes that deeply resonate with people’s hearts.
On September 4, 2014, Taekwondowon began its operation
in Muju, Jeollabuk-do, to uphold the status of Korea as the
originator of Taekwondo.
Built on a 2,314 m2 area, the center consists of sections 08
with different themes: activity spaces (Challenge), training

facilities (Growth), and exhibition halls (Attainment). It also has
an observatory with a panoramic view of the facility.
Taekwondowon offers Taekwondo programs and
performances as well as accommodations. It is conveniently
located around tourist attractions featuring Korean cultural
activities, such as Hanok Villages in Jeonju and Cheonghak-
dong.
The facility is visited by Taekwondo associations and
trainees across the world, for which it has been lauded as
having succeeded in catching two birds with one stone:
elevating Korea’s standing on the global stage and attracting
tourists to the country.
Seoul International Fireworks Festival

One of the perks of living in Seoul is the chance to see the
beautiful fireworks over the Hangang River at night. After a
long hiatus due to COVID-19, Seoul International Fireworks
Festival returned on October 8, 2022, at the Yeouido Hangang
Park in Seoul with more than a million visitors.
Medical Tourism
Korea boasts world-class medical services. Gangnam in Seoul is a mecca of medical also recognized as the largest foreigner-participating festival. The Andong Mask
tourism, with the number of medical tourists reaching more than 130,000 (as of Dance Festival is a famous autumn festival, which is an exciting dance festival mainly
2019). Based on excellent medical technology, manpower, and high-tech facilities, focusing on various masks from around the world. It is held every September in
Gangnam provides the best medical services, featuring an even distribution of Andong, Gyeongsangbuk-do. When it comes to the winter festival, the Hwacheon
medical institutions such as general hospitals, medical centers, clinics, and others, Sancheoneo Ice Festival is a well-known festival, which is held every January.
all of which are engaged in a wide range of disciplines such as cosmetic surgery and To experience traditional Korean culture, it is recommended to participate in the
dermatology. Jeonju Hanji Culture Festival, Jeonju Bibimbap Festival, and Jinju Namgang Yudeung
The street from Apgujeong Station to Eulji Hospital Sageori (intersection) Festival. Recently, other different festivals combined with modern culture are also
intensively consists of a cluster of medical institutions involved in cosmetic surgery gaining popularity, including Jarasum Jazz Festival, Jecheon International Music and
and dermatology. The growing interest in K-beauty, as well as in the Korean Wave, Film Festival, Chuncheon International Mime Festival, and more.
has contributed to the increasing number of medical tourists who visit this zone for
plastic surgery and cosmetic procedures.
Daegu has been a hub of the distribution of medicinal herbs around the world
for over 300 years. In recent years, it has been visited by more tourists from China
and Southeast Asia to be treated for respiratory diseases caused by fine dust. The
Herbal Medical Experience Town operates different experience programs, through
which people can experience not only oriental medicine through the acupoints
acupressure thermotherapy bed and body composition analysis, but also aesthetic
medicine through diagnoses of skin aging and scalp conditions and other services.
Local Festivals
Each region of Korea has its own unique identity. This is because they have different
traditions, specialties, and natural environments. To further strengthen and widely
promote regional content, its local festivals are revitalized. Therefore, one of the
effective ways to learn Korean culture and enjoy sightseeing at once is to participate
in local festivals.
Festivals are held all year round due to the climatic characteristics for each season.
The most famous spring festival is the Jinhae Gunhangje Festival, which is held every
April in Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do when cherry blossoms are in bloom. Held
in Boryeong, Chungcheongnam-do, the Boryeong Mud Festival is a summer festival,
For further information on

Korea’s diverse tourism, please
visit the Korea Tourism Organization
website at www.visitkorea.or.kr.
Major Local Festivals in Korea
Seoul· Gyeonggi-do Gangwon-do Busan·Gyeongsangnam-do Jeollabuk-do
01. Seoul International 05. Hwacheon Sancheoneo 09. Busan International 12. Gimje Horizon Festival
Fireworks Festival Ice Festival Fireworks Festival The Gimje Horizon Festival is designed
The Seoul International Fireworks Festival Held on the frozen Hwacheoncheon Stream, The Busan International Fireworks Festi- to introduce the local culture of Gimje
takes place in Yeouido, Seoul. Along with the Hwacheon Sancheoneo Ice Festival val is one of the largest fireworks festivals derived from the farming culture, thus
the Busan International Fireworks Festival, features various hands-on events includ- in Asia, held along Gwangalli Beach and allowing visitors to experience the most
the event is one of the biggest fireworks ing ice fishing, bare-handed fishing, and Gwangandaegyo Bridge. More than 1 mil- Korean-style traditions and culture.
displays in Korea. Around 1 million people lure fishing. lion local and international visitors flock to Period: Late September – Early October
enjoy the festival every year. Period: January Gwangalli Beach to enjoy this annual occa- www.gimje.go.kr/festival
Period: Late September – Early October www.narafestival.com/01_icenara sion of great festivity.
www.hanwhafireworks.com Period: Late October
06. Chuncheon International www.bfo.or.kr
02. Jarasum Jazz Festival Mime Festival Jeollanam-do
(Gapyeong-gun) This Chuncheon International Mime Fes- 10. Hadong Wild
The Jarasum Jazz Festival is the biggest tival is designed to present a variety of Tea Cultural Festival 13. Hampyeong Butterfly Festival
jazz festival in Korea, which takes place ev- performing arts and merrymaking events The Hadong Wild Tea Cultural Festival al- The Hampyeong Butterfly Festival holds
ery October on Jarasum Island. The event highlighting the human body as a power- lows visitors to experience Korean tea cul- diverse exhibitions, cultural events, and
brings together variety of musicians from ful artistic medium. ture and the excellence of wild green tea experience programs centered on flowers
home and abroad. Period: May from Jirisan Mountain, the first tea-farm- and butterflies.
Period: October www.mimefestival.com ing site of Korea. Period: Late April – Early May
www.jarasumjazz.com Period: May www.hampyeong.go.kr/butterfly/
07. Gangneung Coffee Festival www.hadong.go.kr/tour.web
The Gangneung Coffee Festival consists of 14. Gangjin Celadon Festival

small indie music concerts and experience 11. Jinju Namgang Yudeung Festival
Chungcheongnam-do The Gangjin Celadon Festival is designed
programs for roasting and brewing coffee Jinju Namgang Yudeung Festival is the as an arts and cultural festival to showcase
and other ones hosted by coffee experts. largest lantern festival of Korea, featuring the excellence of Goryeo celadon, also op-
03. Cheonan World Dance Festival Period: October events such as Hanging the Wishing Lan- erating diverse celadon-related programs.
The Cheonan World Dance Festival com- www.coffeefestival.net terns, the exhibition of world traditional Period: Late July – Early August
prises street parades, dance performanc- lanterns and Korean lanterns, and water www.gangjin.go.kr/culture/festival/
es and an international folk-dance contest, fireworks. celadon_porcelain
thus entertaining visitors with exciting fes- Period: October
tive events related to folk dances of the Gyeongsangbuk-do www.jinju.go.kr/tour.web
world.
Period: September 08. Pohang International
www.cheonanfestival.com Fireworks Festival
Held in Pohang, the Pohang Internation-
Festivals
04. Geumsan Insam Festival al Fireworks Festival comprises various
Focused on health and wellbeing, the events, such as an international fireworks
Geumsan Insam Festival holds an array show, a busking festival, and a music fire-
of experience-based events and competi- works show.
tions related with Korean ginseng grown Period: July
in Geumsan, whose efficacy has been sci- www.phcf.or.kr
entifically proven.
Period: October
www.insamfestival.co.kr
Foundations for Sports Revitalization popular rock-climbing spots.

Many Korean athletes have taken the world by storm, as In recent years, the hilly trails of Jeju Island (Jeju Olle
exemplified by Kim Yuna, Son Heung-min, Kim Yeon-koung, Trail) have emerged as favorite destinations for hikers. Amid
and Ko Jin-young. These globally beloved sports stars have the new hiking boom, local government have vied with each
made their home country proud at numerous international other in their efforts to establish good and picturesque
sports events. trails. Bike riding has also become the focus of attention as
The continued success of Korean athletes can be attributed an environmentally friendly sport, and the number of cycling
to the passion and determination of the Korean people, the clubs has increased accordingly. A vast network of bicycle
country’s systemic support for its athletes, and a loyal fan base paths has been established across the country, and many
rooting for them. people now enjoy cycling along the country’s major rivers such
as Hangang River, Nakdonggang River, Geumgang River, and
Koreans Passionate about Sports Yeongsangang River on weekends.
Korea has a wider foundation for sports, as elite sports and 01. Taekwondo athletes
competing in the
sports for all are closely connected with each other. Poomsae division in
Football is one of Korea’s most popular sports. The K League the training facility
of Jincheon National
(Korea Professional Football League) runs from March Training Center.
01
to November each year, with fierce competition among
12 regional teams. It’s well worth seeing the enthusiastic
cheering by the Red Devils, the official supporting group for
the Korea Republic national football team. There are a number
of Korean footballers who have succeeded on the global stage
including Park Ji-sung, who played for Manchester United, and
Tottenham Hotspur forward Son Heung-min.
Koreans also love playing soccer as sports for all. Many
Korean soccer lovers gather together early in the morning of
a holiday to enjoy the sport. The number of people who have
joined grassroots football teams stands at around 600,000
nationwide, forming regional football clubs.
As a mountainous country, Korea has an ideal environment
for mountain climbers and hikers. There are many mountains
near large cities, enabling city dwellers to enjoy mountain
climbing and hiking conveniently. The country also has many
01. Emblem of the 1988 Summer Olympics 01
The background to such revitalization of Korean sports for all lies not merely (Games of the XXIV Olympiad)
The emblem was designed based on
in the rapid economic growth, improved living conditions, and increasing amounts
the triple taegeuk, a traditional pattern
of leisure time. It also includes the dramatic change of people’s involvement from handed down among Koreans for many
generations. The pattern has been widely
indirect spectators just watching sports to direct engagement in sports since the used in entrances to private houses and
handicrafts. It was used to symbolize a
1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul.
wish for the promotion of peace through
In addition, as some suggested a need for the revitalization of sports for all as the Olympics.
a basic prerequisite for the development of professional sports, sports for all have
rapidly grown quantitatively. Accordingly, the Korean government regularly identifies
the people’s demand for sporting activities and is promoting a variety of relevant
policies to promote sports for all.
Proud Host of International Competitions

The Korean sports community has achieved stellar results over the years. Since the
country ranked 19th by winning a gold medal, a silver medal, and four bronze medals
at the 21st Montreal Olympic Games in 1976, Korea has cemented its status as a
sports powerhouse by remaining in the top ten list at all Summer Olympic games
that followed. Korea also hosted major sports events such as the Summer Olympics venue for reconciliation between the Western and Eastern Blocs, after the Western
and Paralympics, the Winter Olympics and Paralympics, the World Cup, the World Bloc’s boycotting of the 1980 Moscow Summer Olympics (Games of the XXII Olympiad)
Track and Field Championship, and the World Aquatics Championship, as well as the and the Eastern Bloc’s retaliatory boycotting of the 1984 Los Angeles Summer
Asian Games and Universiade. Olympics (Games of the XXIII Olympiad). The event in Seoul transcended ideological
conflict and racial discrimination pursuant to the Olympic Charter, and served as
1988 Seoul Summer Olympics (Games of the XXIV Olympiad) an occasion for publicizing the status of the country’s economic development and
The 1988 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, traditional culture, and the potential of Koreans worldwide.
were held in Seoul in 1988, marking a record number of athletes ever: 13,304 athletes
from 160 countries. With the slogan: “Harmony and Progress,” the organizing 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan (17th FIFA World Cup)
committee set up the following objectives: participation of the largest number of Held for 31 days (May 31 to June 30), the 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan (17th FIFA
athletes, worldwide harmony, best results, safety, and cost saving. Korea became World Cup) was the first World Cup to be jointly hosted by two countries. It was also
the 16th country (and only the 2nd in Asia) to host the Summer Olympic Games. The the first World Cup Tournament to be held outside Europe and the Americas. The
competitions were held in 23 formal disciplines and 2 demonstration sports. Korea event produced a series of unexpected results. In particular, Korea astonished the
ranked 4th overall, winning 12 gold medals, 10 silver medals, and 11 bronze medals. whole world by achieving remarkable success, namely, by reaching the semi-finals.
The 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics were very significant in that they served as a Also, the enthusiastic cheering of soccer fans in red t-shirts, called the Red Devils,
2011 World Championships in Athletics

The 13th IAAF World Championships in Athletics was held
in Daegu, the country’s third-largest city, from August 27 to
September 4, 2011. Located in Daegu, an international city
that modern technology merges into history, Daegu Stadium,
also known as the Blue Arc, is a sports stadium where big
international sports events were successfully held, such as
the 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan (17th FIFA World Cup
in 2002) and the 2003 Summer Universiade. It has presented
vivid impressions of track and field events to the fans around
the world through high-definition electronic scoreboards
combined with cutting-edge ICT technology.
2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics
02 Held from February 9 to 25, 2018, the 2018 Winter Olympics,

02. Koreans supporting the national team in front commonly known as PyeongChang 2018, achieved new
of Seoul City Hall during the 2002 FIFA World
Cup Korea/Japan (17th FIFA World Cup). Many records in the history of winter sports. A total of 2,920 athletes
foreigners said that they were deeply impressed
by the fans’ enthusiasm and unity. Still, the Red
Devils continue to cheer for the national team in
03
major tournaments.
03. Joint inter-Korean women’s ice hockey team

Korea’s unified women’s ice hockey team at the
2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics.
also served as an opportunity to promote another aspect of

Korea to people around the world. This led to massive crowds
to gather for street cheering nationwide. Tens of thousands
of fans fervently cheering on their team in the dead of night
created quite a sight. During the Korean team’s match against
Germany for 4th place, a total of 6.5 million people filled the
streets nationwide to cheer on their national team.
from 92 countries participated in this international winter multi-sport event, the World Baseball Classic (WBC), and won the title in the WBSC
largest ever. Among the participating countries were six countries taking part in the Premier12 in 2015. In addition, the national women’s volleyball
Winter Olympics for the first time: Nigeria, Eritrea, Malaysia, Singapore, Ecuador, and team, led by such star athletes as the “Volleyball Empress” Kim
Kosovo. This in turn expanded the base of winter sports. The excellent ice quality led Yeon-koung, made it to the semi-finals at the London Summer
to three world records and 25 Olympic records, and 1.08 million tickets were sold, Olympic Games in 2012 and Tokyo Summer Olympic Games
making a big hit. in 2020, and won a gold medal at the 2014 Incheon Asian
Games. These achievements have steadily increased people’s
2019 Gwangju World Aquatics Championship interest in Korean professional sports.
The 2019 World Aquatics Championship was held in Gwangju from July 12 to 28,
2019. A total of 7,507 athletes and staff members from 194 countries came to the city
for 76 events across six categories: swimming, diving, high diving, artistic swimming,
open water swimming, and water polo. The events were joined by 2,639 athletes
from 194 countries, which was the largest in the history of the championship. China
ranked first with 16 gold medals, and Korea ranked 23rd with one bronze medal. 01. Jamsil Baseball
With the successful completion of the World Aquatics Championship, Korea became Stadium is packed with
baseball fans cheering
the fourth country to hold all of the world’s five mega sports events after Germany, enthusiastically.
Italy, and Japan.

01
Professional Sports; History Written in Sweat

Korea has professional leagues in sports: football, baseball, basketball, volleyball, golf,
billiard, table tennis, and Go (baduk). Korean professional sports began to develop in
1982 when six professional baseball teams were created. Subsequently, the Korean
football league started in 1983, followed by professional basketball in 1997 and
professional volleyball in 2005. At present, professional sports are actively developed,
centered on four professional sports leagues: football, baseball, basketball, and
volleyball.
The Korean national football team advanced to the semifinals at the 2002 FIFA
World Cup Korea/Japan, advanced to the round of 16 at the 2010 FIFA World Cup
South Africa, and won the bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.
The Korean national baseball team won the gold medal in the final victory at the
2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing Olympics in 2008, came in second in the 2009
01
e-sports
01. An e-sports stadium filled

with excitement
Korea’s Rise in e-Sports

In the 21st century, e-sports are rapidly spreading as attractive cultural content. (KeSPA) has systematized athlete management, rules, and competition methods,
E-sports have been gradually recognized as official sports since 2018, when it was leading to the popularization of e-sports. Currently, Korea has the largest number of
adopted as a demonstration sport for the 18th Asian Games, also known as Jakarta– world-class e-sports players and is recognized as home to e-sports. Korea accounts
Palembang 2018. Korea is one of the most advanced IT country in the world due to for just 13.1% of the global e-sports industry. However, it has world-class players, so
the fastest digitalization since the IT industry was promoted in 1998. Now, its e-sports e-sports players in Korea are globally recognized for their e-sports prowess.
industry has also developed rapidly. Founded In 2001, the Korea e-Sports Association
FACTS ABOUT KOREA Government 140 141
Inter-Korean Policy of the Yoon Suk Yeol Government

Inter-Korean Exchanges and Cooperation︱Efforts for Lasting Peace
Peace, A New Start: The Panmunjeom Declaration︱Historical Background
Local Government︱International Relations︱Yoon Suk Yeol Government and the Yongsan Era
Constitution︱Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary︱Independent Organizations
SECTION 03
Korea is a democratic republic located on the Korean

Peninsula in East Asia. The national flag is Taegeukgi,
the national anthem is Aegukga, the national flower
is Mugunghwa, and the official language is Korean.
About half of the total population lives in Seoul and its
surrounding metropolitan areas.
Korea has achieved economic growth since

the latter half of the 20th century,
becoming a trading powerhouse. In July 2021,
the UN Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) reclassified Korea as a developed economy,
putting it on par with the United States, Germany,
the United Kingdom, and Japan.
Republic of Korea
Government
Value, Analyzing Social Phenomena
01. The national

flag, Taegeukgi,
embodied in a
pinwheel shape
The government of the Republic of Korea was formed on

August 15, 1948. Three months earlier, the first 198 members
of the National Assembly had been elected in the country’s
first general election held under UN supervision. On July 17
of the same year, the first National Assembly promulgated the
Constitution. Its members elected Syngman Rhee as the first
President on July 20, 1948. The 3rd UN General Assembly held
in Paris in December of that year passed a resolution that the
government established in the south of the 38th parallel was
the only legitimate government on the Korean Peninsula.
01
Korea
Presidents of
Constitution 2022– 2017–2022 2013–2017
Korea’s Constitution was promulgated on July 17, 1948, after a month and a half
of work for its enactment. The Korean government celebrates July 17 as a national
holiday. The first amendment to the Constitution was made in July 1952, and the
9th and last amendment was passed by referendum on October 27, 1987. The
country’s Constitution adopts liberal democracy as the basic principle of governance.
The Constitution guarantees the people’s freedom and rights under various laws.
It also guarantees equal opportunities in all sectors, including politics, economy,
Yoon Suk Yeol Moon Jae-in Park Geun-hye
society, and culture, and recognizes the necessity of establishing a welfare state. 20th President 19th President 18th President
The Constitution also stipulates that all people have an obligation to pay taxes,
engage in national defense, educate their children, and work. The Constitution
states that the country should endeavor to maintain international peace. It stipulates
2008–2013 2003–2008 1998–2003 1993–1998 1988–1993
that international treaties signed and promulgated by the country and generally
accepted international laws have the same effects as domestic laws. According to
the Constitution, the status of aliens is guaranteed in accordance with international
laws and treaties.
Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary

Lee Myung-bak Roh Moo-hyun Kim Dae-jung Kim Young-sam Roh Tae-woo
The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea is the unicameral national legislature 17th President 16th President 15th President 14th President 13th President
of Korea that represents the people’s opinions. The National Assembly makes all the
laws of the country. At present, the assembly consists of 300 members serving four-
year terms. The first National Assembly was launched on May 31, 1948. The 21st
1980–1988 1979–1980 1963–1979 1960–1962 1948–1960
National Assembly was formed through the legislative elections on April 15, 2020.
The Korea National Assembly Proceeding Hall is located in Yeouido near the Hangang
River that flows through Seoul. The National Assembly comprises 253 members
elected in local constituencies and 47 elected through proportional representation.
The proportional representation members represent different professions.
The executive power is vested in the Executive Branch headed by the President.
Under the Constitution, the President shall be elected by universal, equal, direct,
Chun Doo-hwan Choi Kyu-hah Park Chung-hee Yun Bo-seon Rhee Syngman
and secret ballot by the people. The President’s term of office is five years, and 11th and 10th President 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 4th President 1st, 2nd and
the President cannot be reelected. President Yoon Suk Yeol was elected President 12th President and 9th President 3rd President
through the presidential election on March 9, 2022, and was inaugurated on May 10 The commission was launched in November 2001 to reflect the people’s earnest
of the same year. desire for the improvement of the country’s human rights conditions revealed during
The State Council, usually referred to as the ‘Cabinet Meeting’ shall deliberate on the past democratization process. It also deals with human rights violations and
important policies that fall within the power of the Executive. The Prime Minister, who discriminatory acts received by foreigners residing or working in Korea.
is appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly, supervises
the government ministries. The Judiciary of the government is composed of the
Supreme Court, appellate courts, district courts, family courts, administrative courts, Local Government
and the patent court, among others. The Supreme Court Chief Justice is appointed Korea adopted the local autonomous system in June 1995. The Local Autonomy
by the President with the consent of the National Assembly, and other Supreme Act was enacted in 1949, but the act ceased to have effect or the election was
Court justices are appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Chief postponed through political upheavals including the Korean War, the April 19
Justice. The term for the Chief Justice and justices is six years. Revolution, and the May 16 military coup d’état.
Local Government is divided into high-level and low-level local governments.
With the inclusion of the Sejong Special Self-Governing City in July 2012, the
Independent Organizations number of high-level local governments increased to 17 (i.e. Seoul Special City, six
Besides the Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary of the government, a number of metropolises, eight provinces, and Jeju Special Self-Governing Province). The number
other agencies carry out their respective independent functions. For example, of low-level local governments stands at 226 (75 cities (si), 82 counties (gun), and 69
the Constitutional Court of Korea has the power to review the constitutionality of districts (gu)).
legislation, give final decisions on impeachments, and make judgments on the Local government heads and local council members are elected by direct popular
dissolution of political parties. vote for a four-year term. The head of the local government can be reelected for up
Nine Justices serve on the court. Three of the positions are appointed directly by to three terms. There is no limit on how many terms a local councilor may serve.
the President. Of the remaining six positions, three are appointed by the Chief Justice The local autonomous system is very significant as a means of realizing the goal of
of the Supreme Court, and three elected by the National Assembly. The President grassroots democracy through local residents’ participation.
of the Constitutional Court is appointed by the President with the consent of the
National Assembly.
The National Election Commission an independent constitutional body, whose
main tasks are managing elections for public office and affairs related to political
parties and political funds. The term of office of the members of the Commission
shall be six years, and they shall not join political parties, nor shall they participate in
Sejong Special Self-Governing City *
political activities. The chairman is elected from among the members. This is the country’s 17th high-level local government. It was launched in July 2012 for the purpose of
The National Human Rights Commission of Korea (NHRCK) the independent resolving overpopulation in the Seoul Capital Area by distributing the Seoul-centered functions nationwide
as well as of promoting the balanced development of national land and the decentralization system.
commission intended to realize the dignity and value of human beings as sovereign As of the end of 2021, 23 central administrative bodies, including the Office for Government Policy
Coordination, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, and the Ministry of Health and Welfare,
individuals by protecting, advocating and promoting their fundamental human rights. and 24 subsidiary institutions, including the Tax Tribunal, have relocated to Sejong City.
International Relations
Korea strives to promote friendly and cooperative relations
with other countries in accordance with the principle of
international pacifism. As of June 2020, Korea maintains
diplomatic relations with a total of 191 countries. Among
them, the government manages resident embassies in 115
countries, 46 consulate generals to provide consular services
in countries with Korean embassies, and five permanent
missions to international organizations. In addition, 42 Korean
Cultural Centers are operating in 32 countries to promote
Korean culture.
In keeping with its higher international standing, Korea
is committed to carrying out positive activities as a member
of diverse international organizations such as the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC), International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA), International Labour Organization (ILO), World
Health Organization (WHO), and World Tourism Organization
(UNWTO). Korea became a member of the United Nations
(UN) in 1991 and joined the Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD) in 1996. The country
has also engaged in various activities as a member of the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) since 1947.
01
International Cooperation
Korea does its best in the sector of international cooperation
in keeping with its enhanced economic strength. The country
01. Korea serves as a member of the
takes part in programs designed to provide support for international community through
international cooperation carried out at the
impoverished countries through the World Bank, the IMF, and government level and through voluntary
the OECD. Recently, the country has also joined worldwide activities by private organizations.
(Photo: Korean COPION volunteers with
efforts for peacekeeping, global economic stabilization, locals in Kathmandu, Nepal)
environmental conservation in response to global warming, peacekeeping budget. Currently, Korean troops are stationed
etc. in seven countries including Lebanon, South Sudan, India,
Korea is enhancing its reputation in the international Pakistan, and Western Sahara, where they are tasked with
community by achieving notable results in the green growth maintaining order, rehabilitation, medical services, and other
sector. The country has hosted the UN Green Climate Fund activities.
(GCF) designed to limit or reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions in developing countries, and to help vulnerable
societies adapt to the unavoidable impacts of climate change. Yoon Suk Yeol Government and the Yongsan Era
In addition, the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) is also 01. Office of the In his inauguration ceremony, Korea’s 20th President Yoon Suk
President in Yongsan
headquartered in Seoul. Yeol, stated his commitment to rebuilding Korea into a country
where people are truly sovereign, based on the principle
Provision of Support for Developing Countries of free democracy and a market economy. He also kept his
The 4th High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, the largest-scale
international meeting in the development and cooperation
sector, was held in November 2011 in Busan, the second
largest city of Korea. This showed the phenomenal success 01
story of Korea which transformed itself in only half a century

from one of the most impoverished countries in the world into
a donor capable of providing aid to other countries.
Korea’s foreign aid programs are coordinated by the
Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA). Since its
establishment in 1991, this agency has fulfilled a variety of
programs designed to provide support for developing countries,
thereby increasing global understanding and awareness of
Korea. KOICA provides ODA (Official Development Assistance)
of USD 400-500 million annually for developing countries in
Asia and Africa; these funds contribute to numerous areas
including education, health, agriculture/forestry/fisheries,
public administration, and industrial energy, among others.
Korea is also willing to make a great contribution to world
peace and security through participation in a wide range
of UN peacekeeping operations and support for the UN
word to relocate the Presidential office from Cheongwadae to the former Ministry Peace, A New Start: The Panmunjeom Declaration
of National Defense (MND) building in Yongsan, and return the former Presidential South Korea has ceaselessly made efforts to relieve tensions on the Korean Peninsula
building to the people. The relocation of the Presidential Bonghwang emblem to and open up a new path toward peace.
Yongsan marked the beginning of the “Yongsan Era.” President Yoon expects that, As a result, the inter-Korean summit that took place in 2018 for the first time in 11
by frequently communicating with his staff in a single building, the government will years since 2007 laid the foundation for the groundbreaking improvement in inter-
be able to address the adverse side effects of the “Imperial Presidential System.” The Korean relations and the advancement of permanent peace on the Korean Peninsula.
MND building already has a built-in bunker, which is required for security purposes. On April 27, 2018, Chairman of the State Affairs Commission Kim Jong Un crossed
With the scheduled return of the former US military campsite to Korea and the the border into South Korea for an inter-Korean summit held at the Peace House on
subsequent construction of a park, the relocation is further expected to expand the the southern side of the border village of Panmunjeom, becoming the first North
contact points between the President and the people. Korean leader to set foot on South Korean soil. During the historic summit, President
In addition to opening up the Yongsan Era, President Yoon announced the new Moon Jae-in and Chairman Kim Jong Un agreed to facilitate groundbreaking
government’s six goals, 23 promises, and 120 policy tasks aligned with his vision of “A advancements in inter-Korean relations, and to establish a permanent and solid
Republic of Korea that leaps anew, a people’s nation of co-prosperity.” The six goals peace regime on the Korean Peninsula by signing the Panmunjeom Declaration for
are: an upright country where common sense is restored; a dynamic economy led Peace, Prosperity and Unification of the Korean Peninsula.
by the people and backed by the government; a society where everyone is happy,
in warm company; a bold future created through freedom and creativity; a global
nation that contributes to freedom, peace, and prosperity; and an era of regions that Historical Background
makes it good to live anywhere in the Republic of Korea. With Japan’s surrender in the Pacific War in August 15, 1945, four decades of Japanese
To achieve these goals, the president plans to abolish the previous administration’s colonial rule ended and U.S. and Soviet troops came to be stationed on the Korean
nuclear power phase-out policy, innovate public institutions, support private-led Peninsula south and north of the 38th parallel, respectively. This resulted in the
growth, consolidate sound fiscal practices, elevate the standing of K-content, become division of Korea into two separate countries.
a space powerhouse, and provide support tailored to young workers.
To restore the nuclear powerplant ecosystem, the Yoon Suk Yeol government 01
established a goal of launching and executing nuclear powerplant projects worth

KRW 130 billion in 2022, and additional projects worth KRW 1 trillion or more by
2025. The government also announced a roadmap for developing small modular
reactors and exporting ten nuclear powerplants by 2030. The positive signs for the
new government include the inclusion of nuclear power generation in the Korean
Taxonomy (K-Taxonomy).
01. July 27, 1953

The signing of the
Armistice Agreement
On June 25, 1950, North Korea attacked the South on all fronts, igniting a three- Such assistance was later suspended due to North Korea’s nuclear tests and other
year internecine war. The tragic war was stopped with the signing of the Korean provocations, but humanitarian aid through private organizations resumed in 2015.
Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953. The peninsula has remained divided ever The supply of fertilizer was also an effective way to help starving North Koreans,
since, but a mood for peace has recently developed after years of tension. considering that the North’s food shortage is not a temporary phenomenon but is
attributable to the inefficient farming system and a lack of fertilizers and pesticides.
The Inter-Korean Summits held in 2000 and 2007 provided the momentum for
Inter-Korean Exchanges and Cooperation a dramatic invigoration of dialogue, exchange, and cooperation between the two
Between September 1990 and October 1992, the two Koreas engaged in a total of sides. However, the South temporarily suspended the supply of food and fertilizers
eight bilateral meetings, including the first high-level talks held in Seoul. In December after the North’s continuing series of provocative actions culminated in the launch
1991, the two sides signed the Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-aggression, and of long-range missiles and nuclear tests, but did not stop providing humanitarian
Exchanges and Cooperation between the South and the North (also called the Inter- support for children or emergency relief aid.
Korean Basic Agreement). The agreement focused on mutual respect between the two The deployment of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system in
nations, the renunciation of armed aggression, exchange and cooperation in many South Korea has led to some instability in the relations between neighboring powers
sectors, and the guarantee of free exchange of people between the two countries. (United States, China, Japan, and Russia). However, the Moon Jae-in administration
From the mid-1990s onward, the South’s government continued to provide support made concerted efforts toward peace. In September 2017, the Moon government
for the North, which was continuing to experience serious economic difficulties. deliberated and approved a plan to send humanitarian aid worth USD 8 million
In the period 1999-2007, the South supplied a total of 2.55 million tons of fertilizers to North Korea at the request of an international organization under the United
to the North in an effort to help the North Korean people who were suffering from Nations. The South Korean government also induced North Korea to participate in
a food shortage. the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics. Such a reconciliatory mood led to the 2018
Inter-Korean Summit.
Reunion of Dispersed Family Members

As of April 2022, a total of 133,636 dispersed family members are registered in the
Integrated Information System for Separated Families, of which only 44,842 survive
to this day. Since the 1970s, South Korea and North Korea have attempted to hold
reunions for war-torn families through inter-Korean Red Cross meetings to ensure
humanitarian resolution of the issues caused by the division of Korea. The two
Koreas held Red Cross talks intermittently, including the first meeting in Pyongyang
Simultaneous Admission of the two Koreas to the UN *
South Korea and North Korea have held five inter-Korean summits as of 2020. Even before that, an
in August 1972, followed by intermittent negotiations, including the 2nd meeting
atmosphere of reconciliation emerged as the former administration of the South adopted the Northern in Seoul in September that year, but ended up suspending such talks in 1978 after
Policy. As a result, the two Koreas agreed to join the United Nations simultaneously at the 46th UN General
Assembly in September 1991. continuing controversy.
Two Koreas’ simultaneous joining of the UN is of historical significance as it ended the debate on
authenticity and legitimacy on the Korean Peninsula and opened an era of reconciliation and coexistence. The two sides resumed meetings in the 1980s and finally reached an agreement
on reciprocal visits. As a result, a group of 30 people from the North paid a visit to the
South, while a group of 35 people from the South paid a visit to the North for four
days beginning on September 20, 1985. It was a truly significant event after 40 years
of division. The two sides also allowed exchanges between groups of artists during
the event.
The 2000 Inter-Korean Summit paved the way for reunions of separated family
1972.11.30. 1985.9.20.~23. 1998.11.18.
members in the two Koreas. Since then, a total of 20 inter-Korean family reunions
The first meeting of The first reunion of Commencement of
have been held until 2015. Furthermore, a family reunion center was set up in the South-North dispersed family members South Koreans’ visit to
the Mount Geumgang resort for inter-Korean reunions of dispersed families. In Coordinating Committee Geumgangsan Mountain
addition, the two sides separately held seven rounds of video reunions between
2005 and 2007.
Unfortunately, those reunions have not taken place since the last event at Mount
Geumgang in 2015. However, the two Koreas are now considering holding various
exchanges among divided families, including the resumption of the August 15 family
reunions as agreed in the Panmunjeom Declaration.
Kaesong Industrial Complex 2000.6.13.~15. 2004.12.15. 2007.10.2.~4.

Kaesong is the third largest city in North Korea along with Pyongyang and Nampo. 2000 Inter-Korean Summit: Opening of the Kaesong 2007 Inter-Korean Summit:
Adoption of the “June 15 Industrial Complex Adoption of the “Declaration
The city offers clear advantages to businesses from South Korea, including the
South-North Joint Declaration” on the Advancement of
geographical proximity to the South. Kaesong is just 8 km away from Panmunjeom. South-North Relations, Peace
and Prosperity”
The Kaesong Industrial Complex, the signature project of South Korea’s Sunshine
Policy, allowed private businesses from South Korea to build factories on land leased
by North Korea for 50 years for the production of goods by domestic and foreign
ration
Coope-
firms. Construction began in 2000, and companies started their operations in earnest
in 2005. At one point, more than 120 manufacturers from South Korea employed
over 50,000 North Korean workers. The project was regarded as a good example of
inter-Korean economic cooperation as the complex was operated with the capital
and technology of South Korea, and the labor force of North Korea.
Afterward, North Korea’s continued nuclear tests frayed bilateral ties, leading to 2007.12.5. 2018.2.9.
the withdrawal of South Korean companies in February 2016. Commencement of South South Korea and North Korea
Koreans’ visit to Kaesong marched together
Concerning the Kaesong Industrial Complex, the two sides have signed four at the opening ceremony
of the PyeongChang Winter
agreements. One is on the normalization of the complex, and the other three on Olympics
communications/customs clearance/quarantine, access, and a stay. In his celebratory speech for Liberation Day on August 15, President Yoon Suk
Since the July 4th South–North Joint Statement, the two Koreas have made efforts Yeol proposed an ambitious and comprehensive initiative encompassing political,
to improve relations by signing different agreements including the Agreement on economic, and military support in case North Korea discontinues its nuclear
Reconciliation, Non-Aggression, and Exchanges and Cooperation between South programs. The President’s government also announced a comprehensive plan to
and North Korea (Inter-Korean Basic Agreement); the Joint Declaration of the normalize the US-North Korea relationship through diplomatic support, discussion on
Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula; the June 15 South-North Joint Declaration; the reduction of conventional weapon systems, provision of food stuffs, agricultural
the Agreement on the Creation and Operation of a Joint Military Commission; and technologies, medical services, and infrastructure, and financial and investment
the Agreement on the Establishment and Operation of the South–North Liaison support. The government stressed that it would protect people’s lives and properties
Office. As the confrontational relationship came to an end with the Panmunjeom by maintaining an impeccable security posture. Rather than focusing on short-term
Declaration, the two Koreas are mapping out new economic plans for the Korean successes, the new government plans to normalize the inter-Korean relationship
Peninsula through various inter-Korean exchanges including the opening of the based on principles and common sense, and spare no effort in ensuring the safe
second Kaesong Industrial Complex. co-existence of people on either side.
Efforts for Lasting Peace

The government of the South has made efforts for a permanent settlement of peace
on the Korean Peninsula and the development of good relations with the North
through dialogue, exchange, and cooperation. It has stuck to its basic stance that it
will continue to strive to improve its relations with the North through dialogue and
cooperation even during periods of extreme tension such as that occasioned by the
North’s temporary closure of the Kaesong Industrial Complex. Generally speaking,
the government of the South and the South Korean people have succeeded in
maintaining a calm and stable social atmosphere. The South copes flexibly with
all outbreaks of tension on the Korean Peninsula by continuing dialogue and
cooperation to maintain peace with neighboring countries. As such, South Korea can
claim to be one of the safest countries in the world.
Inter-Korean Policy of the Yoon Suk Yeol Government

Upon its inauguration in 2022, the Yoon Suk Yeol government included “pursuing
North Korea’s complete and verifiable denuclearization” to achieve sustainable peace
in the Peninsula as one of its policy tasks.
FACTS ABOUT KOREA Economy 160 161
Korea’s Rise to a Developed Country

Industrial Brand Leaders and Korean Industrial Standards︱Efforts to Grow as a Global Power
The Korean Economy – the Miracle on the Hangang River︱Korea’s Open Market Capitalist Economy
SECTION 04
Korea overcame the devastation of the Korean War

and achieved stellar economic growth.
Today, it is one of the ten largest economies in the
world. The country holds a global competitive edge
across multiple industries, such as semiconductors,
automobiles, chemicals, and steel. In recent years,
cultural industries such as music, films,
and web comics (“webtoons”) have emerged
as the main drivers of the Korean economy.
As a result, Korea is now regarded as a developed

country in the global community, and one of the seven
leading countries in the space industry.
Growth
Economy
Future, Widening the Scope
01. The cars produced

at Hyundai Mortor’s
Ulsan factory which
are shipped from
the export dock and
storage yard are one
of Korea’s flagship
export items.
The Korean Economy –
the Miracle on the Hangang River
Korea has achieved economic growth at an unprecedented
speed. Observers refer to what it has accomplished the ‘Miracle
on the Hangang River,’ as most of its industrial facilities were
destroyed during the three-year-long Korean War, and it was
devoid of capital and natural resources.
In the early 1960s, South Korea launched export—oriented
economic development plans. Initially, the country‘s primary
exports consisted of light industrial products manufactured in
small—scale factories or raw materials. However, in the 1970s,
Korea shifted its focus to investing in heavy chemical facilities,
which formed the foundation for the export of heavy industrial
products.
01
The 1988 Summer Olympic Games, also known as Seoul 1988, provided the steady sovereign credit rating.
momentum for South Korea to become a semi-advanced country. As a result, Korea
was recognized alongside Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong as one of the ‘four
Asian tigers’ by the international media. In December 1996, Korea join the OECD as Korea’s Open Market Capitalist Economy
its 29th member, which is largely composed of advanced countries. This confirmed Korea strives toward a completely open market by removing trade barriers through
the rise of Korea from an Asian tiger to a major economic power. free trade agreements (FTAs). In 2015, the country opened its rice market, thus
Korea’s exports, which amounted to only USD 32.82 million in 1960, surpassed completely opening up its agricultural sector to full international competition.
the USD 10 billion mark in 1977 and soared to USD 644.5 billion in 2021. The country’s Under the slogan “Small National Territory, Big Economic Territory,” Korea has
GNI per capita was a paltry USD 67 in 1953 around when the government was plans to sign FTAs with most countries across the world. As of 2017, Korea signed
established, yet it rapidly increased to USD 35,373 in 2021. In response to the scarcity FTAs with 52 countries, including Chile, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA),
of capital and resources, Korea established an export-oriented economic structure the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), India, the European Union (EU),
centered around large conglomerates. However, this heavy reliance on exports and Peru, the United States, Türkiye, Australia, Canada, China, New Zealand, Vietnam, and
imports has made the country susceptible to external economic conditions. Colombia. In addition, in 2017, the country initiated an FTA with five Central American
In November 1997, a foreign exchange crisis hit the country, forcing it to turn countries—Costa Rica, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Panama.
to the IMF for a bailout. The country took drastic steps such as driving insolvent In addition to opening its markets, Korea encourages foreign direct investments
businesses out of the market and undergoing industrial restructuring. In only two (FDIs). To that end, the country enacted the Foreign Investment Promotion Act. In
years, Korea regained its previous growth rate and price levels and even achieved a Korea, FDI refers to a foreign entity acquiring 10% or more equity share of a domestic
current account balance surplus. In the process, some 3.5 million people joined in business through an investment of not less than KRW 100 million, or a foreign—
the campaign to collect gold to help the government repay the funds borrowed from based business borrowing of a long—term (5 years or longer) loan from its parent
the IMF. A total of 227 tons of gold were collected. The world marveled at the Korean business located in a foreign country.
people’s voluntary participation in the determined effort to repay their national Under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act, the government guarantees the
debts. In addition to this, the country also benefited from certain ancillary effects, profits earned by foreign investors and offers them a variety of benefits such as tax
such as the adoption of globalized economic and financial systems. incentives, cash support, and mitigation of land—related regulations. In addition, the
After overcoming the economic crisis, the Korea’s economy continued to record country also has mechanisms to protect their intellectual property rights and foreign
solid growth. Its GDP more than tripled from USD 504.6 billion in 2001 to USD 1,664.3 exchange transactions. Thus, the Act ensures that foreign investors are allowed to
billion in 2022. By 2010, Korea had emerged as the world’s 7th largest exporter. From take the profits they earn in Korea out of the country, on the basis of creative and
2011 to 2014, the country’s trade performance amounted to over USD 1 trillion for efficient operation.
four consecutive years. The trade volume retreated slightly in 2015 and 2016 but Specifically, foreign investors are eligible for support from the Korean government
rebounded to USD 1 trillion in 2017, reaching a record high of USD 1,810.2 billion in concerning the land required for the establishment of factory or research facilities,
2021. In addition, Korea’s foreign currency reserves amounted to USD 463.1 billion the purchase or lease or construction of a building, or the installation of electric or
in 2021, deemed a sturdy shield against external shocks. This economic success communication facilities. Furthermore, they may be eligible for installment payments
has been recognized by the international community as well, as reflected in Korea’s for up to 20 years in cases of purchasing land owned by either the central or local
01. Incheon Airport as a Hub Airport to establish the criteria for the recognition of headquarters
Incheon Airport is a regional hub airport,
where all airplanes around the world can and R&D facilities of global enterprises. In 2016, the country
be operated for 24 hours without worrying amended the Foreign Investment Promotion Act to streamline
about weather condition. In Northeast Asia,
the main regional hub airports include the registration procedures for foreign investments, which had
Kansai Airport in Osaka, Chek Lap Kok Airport
in Hong Kong, Pudong Airport in Shanghai, previously differed depending on the type of investment. The
and Incheon Airport in Korea. government plans to adjust its policies in support of foreign
01
government.
In addition, the Korean government also provides cash
support based on the amount of FDI and the number of
local employees to be hired. The government is ready and
willing to provide both land and capital if a foreign business
displays excellent technological prowess and maintains a
certain number of local employees. FDI serves as an indicator
representing a country’s standing in the international finance
and commerce arena.
The profits earned by foreigners investing in Korea are
used as a metric to predict the country’s economic potential
going forward. FDI in Korea surged right after the foreign
exchange crisis in 1998, with the increasing trend continuing.
The reported amount of FDI as of 2021 stood at USD 29.5
billion. The government continues to improve the system
for the provision of support to foreign investors. In October
2010, the government lowered the thresholds for cash
support for foreign investors and expanded the scope of
state/municipality-owned land eligible for private contracts in
a bid to foster favorable conditions for FDIs. In 2014, Korea
amended the Enforcement Rules of the Foreign Investment
Promotion Act and the Enforcement Decree of the said Act
investors and Korean companies that are shifting their investment focus back to Industrial Revolution Committee focused on creating an ecosystem that facilitates
Korea, known as ‘U-turn companies,’ in order to promote job creation. market access through new ICT technologies and services. The committee also
serves as a strategic platform that prepares for the nation’s future through regulatory
reform, basic research, human resources development, and strategic investment in
Industrial Brand Leaders future industries. As a result, Korea secured the second spot in the 2020 Bloomberg
and Korean Industrial Standards Global Innovation Index, maintaining its position in the top three for nine consecutive
The government is committed to diversifying export items and enhancing their years since 2012.
quality through the annual selection of first—rate quality goods. The project, which
began in 2001 with 120 items and 140 companies, expanded to 817 items and 917
companies in 2019 and 913 items and 1,027 companies in 2021. The proportion of Efforts to Grow as a Global Power
small and medium-sized businesses increased from 37% in 2001 to 76% in 2021, At present, Korea is putting every effort into transforming itself into a global
which contributes to enhancing their brand images and facilitating their entry into economic system. Although the country accomplished rapid growth within a short
the global market. period of time, this led to an imbalance in the development between large businesses
Information technology (IT) is the strongest element of the country’s economy, and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) due to the economic policy that
and a significant contributor to Korea’s elevated standing on the global scene. was heavily dependent on the export led by large enterprises. As such, the need
The IT sector encompasses a wide range of skills from management innovation for shared growth was identified as a potential solution to the problem. This was
and administrative reform to computer software, the Internet, multimedia, and recognized as a global issue amid the global economic crisis in 2008.
communication devices. The country’s well-established communication infrastructure In 2010, the Presidential Commission for Shared Growth for Large and Small
was further enhanced with a 4G nationwide network; 5G (fifth-generation wireless Companies was established to address conflicts between large-sized businesses and
technology) mobile internet services were already on offer in April 2019. The nation SMEs. The commission has been assigned with the duties of fostering a conductive
hyper-speed internet networks, which are the envy of many developed countries play atmosphere for shared growth in industries, monitoring and announcing large
a pivotal role in ensuring faster distribution of knowledge and information in Korea. businesses’ shared growth indices, designating sectors and items suitable for
Furthermore, its globally competitive memory and semiconductor sectors, led by SMEs, and resolving conflicts between large businesses and SMEs based on a social
Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix, serve as a sturdy pillar for the country’s economy, consensus.
even amid the global economic and security crises. Korea is also renowned for its The 2010 G20 Seoul Summit was convened under the theme of “Shared Growth
automobile production capabilities. Beyond Crisis”. The G20 Summit was established in response to the global economic
In 2021, the country ranked 5th in the world, with the number of cars produced crisis of 2008, based on the view that it was necessary to have major emerging
reaching 3.46 million. Additionally, the country boasts global competitiveness in countries take part in international economic discussions, as the G7 Summit inevitably
other industries, such as steel, chemicals, and shipbuilding. had certain limitations in this respect. It was pointed out that the international
The government proposed a blueprint to position itself as a leading country in financial system had failed to reflect the fact that the share and role of emerging
the Fourth Industrial Revolution through the policy task, “A Nation with Innovative countries had expanded to a considerable extent over the previous three decades.
Startups Leading the Fourth Industrial Revolution.” As part of such efforts, the Fourth At the 2010 G20 Seoul Summit, Korea assumed the position of Chair, a clear
indication of the country’s active participation and leadership The Seoul Summit Leaders’ Declaration emphasized
in the international economic order. the role of developing and emerging countries in ending
The summit leaders adopted the G20 Seoul Summit the foreign exchange war between major countries and in
Leaders’ Declaration along with the Seoul Summit Document, reforming the IMF, which used to be centered on industrialized
which laid out a framework for promoting strong, sustainable countries. It also focused on the pressing need to stabilize
and balanced growth. They also announced three annexes: global financial markets and provide support for impoverished
Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth, the countries striving for economic development. This declaration
Multiyear Action Plan, and the Anti-Corruption Action Plan. went a long way towards enhancing the status of Korea in the
global economic and financial arenas.
01. Video Games, Leading Cultural Content

Korea’s Rise to a Developed Country
Korea has emerged as a leading exporter
of cultural content, such as K-Pop, The international community has certified Korea as a
broadcast programs, and video games,
in addition to cars and electronic goods. developed country, consolidating its position as an economic
The photo shows visitors enjoying diverse
powerhouse. In July 2021, the United Nations Conference on
games at G-Star 2022 held in Busan.
01 Trade and Development (UNCTAD) upgraded Korea from a
developing country to a developed country, 56 years after it
joined the organization. This makes it the first country to move
from developing to developed status since the founding of the
UNCTAD in 1964. It reflects the country’s elevated standing,
boosted by its economic growth and participation in the G7
Summit. With the addition of Korea, the group of developed
countries currently comprises 32 countries, including the US,
Germany, the UK, and Japan.
Korea also successfully launched the Nuri space rocket,
which puts the country among the leaders in the space
sector. A launch vehicle developed with Korean technologies,
Nuri reached an altitude of 700 km on June 21, 2022. Korea’s
second attempt at launching a rocket into orbit succeeded,
after the first attempt failed in October 2021. This achievement
demonstrated the country‘s independent space transportation
capabilities and earned recognition from the global community.
With the successful launch of Nuri, Korea became the seventh

country with the capability to launch a commercial satellite
Space Industry
weighing a ton or more joining the ranks of the US, Russia, the
EU, Japan, China, and India.
On August 5, 2022, Korea launched its first lunar orbiter,
Danuri, making it the seventh country send an exploration
mission to the Moon, following Russia, the US, China, Japan,
the EU, and India. With Danuri, Korea became the seventh
country to do so.
Korea ranked 7th in the number of space technology
patent applications filed between 1990 and 2020. According to
the Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO), the US topped
the list with 6,226 applications, followed by China, France,
Japan, Russia, and Germany, and Korea came in seventh with
840 applications.
01. Launch of the Korean

Space Rocket, Nuri
With the successful launch
of Nuri in June 2022, Korea
has secured its own space
transportation capability
and is fully equipped with
independent national space
development capabilities.
01
5 Top Exports and Export Volumes Korea’s Economic Growth Rates

[unit: USD million / source: Korea Customs Service] [unit: % / source: Bank of Korea, year-over-year rate]
Petroleum 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021

Cars
products
46,465 38,121
2.8 % 2.9% 3.2% 2.9% 2.2% 4.1%
-0.7%
Semiconductor Synthetic Auto
127,980
resin parts
29,144 22,776 2020
GDP by Year Exports by Destination Country

[unit: KRW trillion / source: Bank of Korea, nominal GDP] [unit: USD million / source: Korea International Trade Association, as of 2021]
China 3,368,232
2,072 US 1,758,586
1,924 1,941
1,836 1,898
1,741 Germany 1,631,654
1,658
Netherlands 836,312
Japan 756,166
Hong Kong 671,993
South Korea 644,400
Italy 610,284
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 France 585,036
Korea’s Foreign Exchange Reserves Number of First-Rate Quality Goods by Year

[unit: USD 100 million / source: Bank of Korea] [unit: No. of goods / source: Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy]
3,680 3,711 3,893 4,037 4,088 4,431 4,631 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
120 739 783 784 817 874 913

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
FDI Volume by Year No. of International Patent Applications for Space Technologies
[unit: USD million / source: Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy] [unit: No. of applications / source: KIPO, between 1990 and 2020]
29,514 US 6,226
26,900 China 4,330
23,329 France 3,409
21,299 22,943 20,747
20,910
Japan 2,669
Russia 2,084
Germany 953
South Korea 840
UK 258
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
FACTS ABOUT KOREA History 178 179
Transition to a Democracy and Transformation into an Economic Powerhouse

The Fall of Joseon: Imperial Japan’s Annexation of Korea︱Independence Movement
Goryeo Dynasty︱Joseon Dynasty
Northern and Southern States Period: Unified Silla and Balhae
Three Kingdoms and Other States︱Unification of the Three Kingdoms under Silla
The Beginnings of Korea’s History (Prehistoric Period - Gojoseon)
SECTION 05
The history of the Korean nation began

in Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula when
people started settling there 700,000 years ago.
Representative historic sites associated with the

Paleolithic Age, when people made tools of animal
horns and chipped stone tools, include the Komun
Moru ruins in Sangwon, Pyeongannam-do,
the Jeongok-ri Site in Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi-do,
the Seokjang-ri Prehistory Site in Gongju,
Chungcheongnam-do, and the Durubong Cave Site
in Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do.
The early inhabitants of the peninsula
survived by hunting animals and collecting
edible plants in groups.
01. Hand Axe

This multifunctional
tool dates back to
the Paleolithic period,
which was discovered in
Jeongok-ri, Yeoncheon-
gun, Gyeonggi-do.
02. Comb-pattern Pottery

This comb-pattern
vessel with a pointy
bottom was discovered
History
in Amsa-dong, Seoul, a
representative historic
site of the Neolithic Age.
Foundation, Exploring Existence

01
The Beginnings of Korea’s History (Prehistoric Period – Gojoseon)

The history of the Korean nation began in Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula
when people started settling there 700,000 years ago. Representative historic sites
associated with the Paleolithic Age, when people made tools of animal horns and
chipped stone tools, include the Komun Moru ruins in Sangwon, Pyeongannam-
do, the Jeongok-ri Site in Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi-do, the Seokjang-ri Prehistory
Site in Gongju, Chungcheongnam-do, and the Durubong Cave Site in Cheongju,
Chungcheongbuk-do.
In Korea, the Neolithic Age began around 8,000 B.C.E.. People started farming,
cultivating cereals such as millet, and used polished stone tools. They started
settling down permanently in places and formed clan societies. One of the most
representative features of the Neolithic Age is comb-patterned pottery, examples
of which have been found all across the Korean Peninsula, including in Amsa-dong,
Seoul, in Namgyeong, Pyongyang, and in Suga-ri, Gimhae.
The Bronze Age started around the 10th century B.C.E. on the Korean Peninsula and 02
the 15th century B.C.E. in Manchuria. Historic sites associated

with the Bronze Age are found in Liaoning and Jilin provinces,
China and across the Korean Peninsula. With the development
of the Bronze Age culture, a society emerged in which the head
of a clan exercised great influence. The strongest clan leaders
started merging many clans into one, and these groups very
gradually developed into early states.
The tribes that played a central role in the establishment of
Gojoseon, which emerged as the first recognizable state of the
Korean people, believed in the King of Heaven and worshipped
bears, respectively. The two factions jointly upheld Dangun
Wanggeom as their chief priest and political leader. Gojoseon
fostered an independent culture in Liaoning, China and along
the Daedonggang River. By the 3rd century B.C.E., kings such as
03
King Bu and King Jun had become powerful and bequeathed
03. Table-type dolmen
the throne to their sons. They established a solid system of in Bugeun-ri,
Ganghwa
rule, backed by high-ranking retainers and military officers.
Towards the end of the 3rd century, the Qin dynasty was
replaced by the Han dynasty in China, creating a period of Dolmens
social upheaval. Many people moved southward to Gojoseon. The Seven Wonders of the World include sites such as
Their leader, Wiman, acceded to the throne in 194 B.C.E. and the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Great Wall of China, and
Gojoseon expanded its territory under his rule. By this time, Stonehenge among others. However, Korea’s dolmens are no
Gojoseon had adopted Iron Age culture, developed agriculture less mysterious. About half of all the dolmens in the world —
and various handicrafts, and increased its military strength. It or around 40,000 dolmens — have been found on the Korea
tried to monopolize profits, while serving as an intermediate in the Peninsula.
trade between the Korean Peninsula and China, taking advantage Diverse artifacts, including human bones, stone objects,
of its geographical proximity to China. This led to confrontation and jade and bronze artifacts, have been unearthed from the
between Gojoseon and the Han dynasty. Han attacked Gojoseon dolmens. The construction methods are hard to guess, and the
with a large number of ground and naval forces. Gojoseon existence itself still remains a mystery.
defiantly resisted the attack and won a great victory in the early The dolmens are classified into table-type and go-board
stage of the war, but its capital at Wanggeomseong Fortress fell dolmens, depending on their shape. The former, mainly found
after a year of war, and Gojoseon collapsed in 108 B.C.E.. in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, was made by
positioning four stones to make the walls of a box, which

were then capped by a stone lying on top of the supports. The
latter is characterized by underground burial with stones that
supported the capstone. They are often seen in the southern
part of the Korean Peninsula.
Dolmens are often referred to as tombs, but it is difficult
to conclude that they are. Yi Gyu-bo, a great scholar of Goryeo
in the 12th century, left the following remarks about dolmens:
“People say that the saints put the dolmens there in the olden
days. It is indeed a wonderful technique (that enabled men to
position such huge rocks in that way).”
In the early 20th century, American missionary Horace Grant
Underwood claimed that dolmens were not tombs but rather
that they were put there for sacrificial rituals offered to the gods
of the earth. Korean folklorist Son Jin-tae claimed it was an altar
04
pointing to a folktale in which dolmens were believed to be the
04. Dolmen Park
houses of witches (Mago halmeoni in local legends). in Suncheon,
Jeollanam-do
Dolmens are rarely found in China, except for Manchuria,
or Japan, yet many thousands of them can be seen across the
Korean Peninsula. They were erected over many thousands of
years, but this process stopped sometime before the Common
Era. Three Kingdoms and Other States
As this became known, scholars around the world are Towards the end of the Gojoseon Period, tribal states came
paying attention to the importance of Korean dolmens in into being one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean
terms of the whole cultural history of mankind. Dolmens in Peninsula. Buyeo was established in the plains along the
Ganghwa (Incheon), Hwasun (Jeollanam-do), and Gochang Songhua River in Manchuria and Jilin. The people of Buyeo
(Jeollabuk-do) were listed as UNESCO World Heritage sites grew crops and raised livestock, including horses. They also
in 2000. In addition, many experts have been studying the made furs. By the early 1st century C.E., they started calling
correlation between dolmens in Korea and ones in Europe and their main leader a king and actively engaged with other
India, other than the reasons why dolmens are concentrated countries, even entering into diplomatic relations with China.
on the Korean Peninsula. By the end of the 3rd century, Buyeo had been incorporated
into Goguryeo. The people of Buyeo held an annual festival
called Yeonggo in December. During the festival, they held

The Three
a sacrificial rite for heaven, sang and danced together, and
Kingdoms
released prisoners. and Gaya
(5th Century CE)
Buyeo fell apart during the establishment of the regional
confederation, but the factions that founded Goguryeo
Goguryeo
and Baekje took pride in their status as the inheritors of
Buyeo. Samguk sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms) states that
Gojumong, who founded Goguryeo in 37 B.C.E., was originally
from Buyeo. Goguryeo prospered greatly through victorious
wars in areas close to Baekdusan Mountain and along the
Amnokgang (Yalu) River. Right after its foundation, Goguryeo
conquered a number of small states in the area and moved
its capital to Gungnaeseong (Tonggu) near the Amnokgang
River. Through many wars, it drove away the factions loyal to
the Han dynasty and expanded its territory as far as Liaodong
East Sea
in the west and to the northeast of the Korean Peninsula. It Pyongyang
became a powerful state, exerting control over Manchuria and

the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.
There were also a number of small states, such as Okjeo
Usanguk
and Dongye, in present-day Hamgyeong-do and the northern
parts of Gangwon-do along the east coast of the Korean West Sea
Dokdo
Peninsula. Located in outlying areas, they did not develop very
Silla
Ungjin
rapidly. Okjeo offered tribute such as salt and fish to Goguryeo. Sabi
Dongye held a sacrificial rite for heaven called Mucheon

Geumseong
in October to build a spirit of collaboration by singing and Gaya
dancing together. Its specialties included dangung (an archery Baekje
bow) and gwahama (a horse small enough to pass unhindered

beneath fruit trees). These two states were also incorporated
into Goguryeo.
Tamna
The area south of Gojoseon was occupied by a large group
of small states including Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan. Mahan
was a confederacy of 54 small states (composed of 100,000
01. Stele for Great King

households in total) located in present-day Gyeonggi-do, Gwanggaeto (Goguryeo,
5th Century)
Chungcheong-do, and Jeolla-do. Byeonhan was located in
King Gwanggaeto
present-day Gimhae and Masan while Jinhan was located in the Great, the 19th king of
Goguryeo, expanded the
present-day Daegu and Gyeongju. Each of the latter two was territory of his Kingdom into
Manchuria and the Maritime
composed of 40,000 – 50,000 households. The three mini-
Provinces of Siberia.
states were collectively known as Samhan (Three Han States). In 414, his son King Jangsu
set up a stele (6.39 m high,
The people of Samhan held rites of sacrifice for heaven in May 37 tons) in present-day
Ji’an, Jilin province, China to
and October. On such occasions, they gathered together to
commemorate his father’s
enjoy liquor, food, singing and dancing. great achievements.
The inscription, comprising
1,775 characters, explains
how Goguryeo was founded
and how it expanded its
territory.
02. Gold Crown of Gaya

01
(Gaya, 6th Century) 02
Territory
This crown was unearthed
in Goryeong,
Gyeongsangbuk-do.
It features upright
decorations and curved
jade pendants.
Along with the spread of Iron Age culture and the development
of farming skills, powerful states such as Goguryeo, Baekje
and Silla gradually were established in Manchuria and on the
Korean Peninsula.
Goguryeo was the first of the three Kingdoms to firmly
establish itself as a sovereign country. It started expanding
its territory in the late 1st century and strengthened a king-
centered ruling system by the late 2nd century. By the early 4th
century, King Micheon of Goguryeo had driven away factions
loyal to the Han dynasty from the Korean Peninsula.
In 372 (the 2nd year of King Sosurim’s reign), Goguryeo
adopted Buddhism and promulgated a code of law in
an effort to establish a proper governing system. It also
established Taehak, a Confucian educational institute. King
accommodating the advanced culture of China. By the mid-4th

century, King Geunchogo occupied Mahan and expanded the
territory as far as the south coast of present-day Jeollanam-
do. Along the northern border, Baekje confronted Goguryeo
in a bid to take control of present-day Hwanghae-do. It also
exerted control over Gaya in the south. At that time, Baekje’s
territory included present-day Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-
do, Jeolla-do, the middle reaches of the Nakdonggang River,
Gangwon-do, and Hwanghae-do.
Silla originated in Saroguk, one of the mini states of Jinhan.
It was established as a kingdom in 57 B.C.E. by the natives
of present-day Gyeongju and people from other regions.
Those with the family names Park, Seok, and Kim acceded to
the throne in turn. By around the 4th century, the Kingdom
occupied most of the areas east of the Nakdonggang River.
03
During the reign of King Naemul, Silla allowed Goguryeo
03. A Painting of Hunting
Scenes in the Tomb of troops to remain within the Kingdom to help drive away Wako
the Dancers (Goguryeo,
5th Century) invaders. It also adopted Chinese culture and civilization
Dynamic hunting through Goguryeo.
activities of the people of
Goguryeo In Byeonhan, located along the lower reaches of the
Nakdonggang River, the Gaya Confederation emerged, with
Geumgwan Gaya playing a leading role. The confederation
Gwanggaeto the Great, drove away the Khitan, Sushen, and developed an Iron Age culture and exerted considerable
Dongbuyeo and expanded his territory into Manchuria. He influence on areas along the Nakdonggang River. Gaya
also captured many of Baekje’s fortresses in the south and states started rice farming early on, thus its farming culture
helped Silla overcome a crisis by driving away Wako invaders. flourishing. It also traded actively with Wa (Japan) and Lelang,
Baekje was established in 18 B.C.E. jointly by the people taking advantage of an abundance of iron and convenient sea
who lived along the Hangang River, people originating from routes.
Buyeo and Goguryeo, and migrants from elsewhere. By the
mid-3rd century, during the reign of King Goi, Baekje had
seized complete control over the areas along the Hangang
River and established a solid system of political governance by
04. Great Gilt-bronze Unification of the Three Kingdoms under Silla

Incense Burner
of Baekje (6th By the 5th century, each of the three Kingdoms (Goguryeo,
Century) Baekje, and Silla) on the Korean Peninsula was committed to
This precious
object has helped a policy for territorial expansion under a firmly established
researchers
broaden their
governing apparatus centered on the King. In Goguryeo,
understanding of King Jangsu, a son of King Gwanggaeto, moved the capital
the production skills,
handicrafts, artistic to Pyongyang in 427. He occupied Hanseong (present-day
culture, religion,
and philosophy of
Seoul), the capital of Baekje, and areas along the Hangang
Baekje. River, expanding his territory down to present-day Jungnyeong
Pass (Danyang and Yeongju) and Namyang-myeon, Gyeonggi-
do. Thanks to this territorial expansion, Goguryeo established
a colossal empire in Manchuria and on the Korean Peninsula,
dominating as a power in Northeast Asia.
After yielding the areas along the Hangang River to
Goguryeo, Baekje moved its capital to Ungjin (present-day
Gongju) in 475. It strived to rebuild its strength to regain
the lost territory. King Dongseong confronted Goguryeo by
reinforcing the alliance with Silla. King Muryeong strengthened
local control in order to lay a solid foundation for prosperity.
King Seong, a son of King Muryeong, relocated the Baekje
capital to Sabi (present-day Buyeo), strove to reform the ruling
system, and regained control over areas along the Hangang
River in an alliance with Silla.
As for Silla, Saroguk changed its name to Silla in the early
6th century, reformed its political system, and reorganized the
administrative zones, including the capital, during the reign of
King Jijeung. King Jijeung incorporated Usanguk (composed of
present-day Ulleungdo and Dokdo Islands) into the territory
of Silla in 512. King Beopheung stabilized the ruling system
as a centralized state by promulgating a code of law, setting
up rules about official robes, and adopting Buddhism as the
official state religion. He also incorporated Geumgwan Gaya
04
in a drive to expand his territory. King Jinheung reorganized even in Silla. Silla waged a war against Tang, defeated its navy
the Hwarangdo into a national organization and expanded in Gibeolpo near the estuary of the Geumgang River, and drove
the territory considerably. He seized lands along the Hangang all of Tang’s forces out of the peninsula, thus accomplishing
River from Baekje, conquered Daegaya in Goryeong, wrested the important feat of unifying the Korean Peninsula in 676.
areas along the Nakdonggang River, and expanded the
territory as far as to Hamheung along the east coast.
In 612, the Sui dynasty in China, which unified all of mainland
China into one state, attacked Goguryeo, mobilizing more than
a million troops. General Eulji Mundeok of Goguryeo drowned
most of the Chinese invaders in the Salsu River (present-day
Cheongcheongang River), which is called the Battle of Salsu.
01-02. Sacred Bell of Great
The Sui dynasty sustained enormous damage due to the King Seongdeok (Unified
Silla, 8th Century)
failure of the campaign and fell to the Tang dynasty in 618.
Weighing 18.9 tons, this
Tang China also attacked Goguryeo several times but failed at is the largest bell in the
country. It is also called
each attempt. the Emille Bell. The Flying
In the meantime, Baekje frequently attacked Silla. Silla Apsaras in the picture on the
right displays the exquisite
unsuccessfully sought the assistance of Goguryeo, and then decorative skills of Silla.
invaded in an alliance with Tang China. Silla troops led by Kim 01 02
Yu-sin defeated an elite force of Baekje troops commanded by

Gyebaek in Hwangsanbeol and marched to Sabi, the capital
of Baekje. Troops of Tang China invaded Baekje through the
estuary of the Geumgang River. Finally, Baekje surrendered to
the Silla-Tang forces in 660.
The Silla-Tang forces then attacked Goguryeo, once the
most powerful Kingdom in Northeast Asia. However, Goguryeo
had depleted its resources in two large-scale wars against the
two dynasties of China, and fell in 668.
Upon conquering Baekje and Goguryeo in alliance with
Silla, Tang China attempted to exert control over the entire
Korean Peninsula including Silla by establishing the Ungjin
Commandery in Baekje, the Protectorate-General to Pacify the
East in Goguryeo, and the Gyerim Territory Area Command
Northern and Southern States Period:

Unified
Unified Silla and Balhae Silla and
With the unification of the three Kingdoms on the Korean Balhae
(8th Century)
Peninsula in 668, Silla enjoyed a marked expansion of both
its territory and population. Unified Silla entered a period of
dazzling economic development. It mended fences with Tang
China. The two countries saw vigorous exchanges between
traders, monks, and Confucian scholars. Silla exported gold
and silver handiworks and ginseng to Tang and imported Balhae
books, ceramic ware, satin silk fabric, clothes, and craftwork

products. Goods from Central Asia were introduced to Silla, Sanggyeong
and traders from that region paid visits to Silla via the Silk Road
and sea routes.
The major ports of Silla included Ulsan and Danghangseong
(present-day Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do), through which numerous
goods from Central and Southern Asia were imported. In the
early 9th century, General Jang Bo-go of Silla established a
forward base in Cheonghaejin (present-day Wando, Jeollanam-
East Sea
do) to deal with the pirate menace and encourage trade with
nearby countries including China and Japan. In the meantime, Pyongyang
the survivors of the fallen Kingdom of Goguryeo resisted

Tang China’s rule. In 698, a group of them led by Dae Jo-
Usanguk
yeong, jointly with the Mohe, founded Balhae near present-
Dokdo
day Dongmiaoshan in Jilin province, China. The new Kingdom
Silla
would eventually confront Silla in the south. West Sea
Balhae started expanding its territory and regained control

Geumseong
over most of the former territory of Goguryeo. During the
reign of King Mu, Balhae controlled the northern parts of
Manchuria. King Mun reformed the system of governance and
moved the capital to Sanggyeong (present-day Ningan-xian,
Tamna
Heilongjiang province) in about 755. The people of Balhae took
pride in their Goguryeo inheritance. Letters held in Japan show
that the kings of Balhae referred to themselves as the Kings of

Goryeo
Goguryeo. Balhae eventually grew so large and strong that the
(11th
Century)
people of Tang China called it Haedong Seongguk (“prosperous
country in the east”), but it fell in 926 as a result of an eruption
of Baekdusan Mountain and an invasion by the Khitan people.
Goryeo Dynasty
By the late 8th century, Silla had been weakened by an internal
struggle for power among the nobility; by the 10th century,
leaders of powerful local factions, such as Gyeon Hwon and
Gungye, had established their own regimes. In 892, Gyeon
Hwon established a Kingdom named Later Baekje, with
Wansanju as its capital, and gained control of present-day Seogyeong East Sea
Jeolla-do and Chungcheong-do.
In 901, Gungye, a member of the Silla royal family, founded
Later Goguryeo in Songak (present-day Gaeseong), exerting
control over present-day Gangwon-do and Gyeonggi-do. Gaegyeong
He expanded the territory, reformed the ruling system, and Namgyeong
Usanguk
relocated the capital to Cheorwon. He also changed the name Dokdo
of the country to Taebong. West Sea
Gungye lost the support of his people while exerting control

over local leaders and strengthening his claim to the throne. Donggyeong
In 918, he was driven away by Wang Geon, a local leader from

Songak. Wang Geon changed the name of the country to
Goryeo, announced that the country would inherit Goguryeo,
and moved the capital to Songak. Goryeo remained hostile
to Later Baekje while actively promoting a policy of engaging
Silla. In 935, Unified Silla was peacefully incorporated into
Goryeo. Following a power struggle among leaders in Later Tamna
Baekje, Gyeon Hwon surrendered to Wang Geon. In 936, Later

Baekje fell to Goryeo. Thus, Wang Geon unified the Later Three
Kingdoms on the Korean Peninsula. A book entitled Jikji (Anthology of Great Buddhist Priests’ Zen
Goryeo adopted Confucianism as its political ideology Teachings) was printed in 1377 with metal printing type, 78
and established an effective education system by founding years ahead of its European homologue printed in 1455. Jikji is
the Gukjagam (a national higher education institution) and kept at the National Library of France and was registered as a
numerous hyanggyo (local private schools). Buddhism also Memory of the World in 2001.
exerted considerable influence over Goryeo society in general.
The Kingdom adopted a more tolerant approach towards the War with the Mongols
acceptance of other religions, as indicated by the rites called In the early 13th century, the situation in China changed
Yeondeunghoe (Lotus Lantern Festival) and Palgwanhoe abruptly. The Mongols conquered the Jin dynasty of China
(Festival of the Eight Vows), in which prayers were offered and expanded their influence into the Korean Peninsula.
for blessing, based on a syncretic mix of folk religions and
Buddhism.
Goryeo engaged in brisk trade with many countries, including
the Song dynasty. Many traders from Song, Central Asia, Arabia,
Southeast Asia and Japan travelled to Byeongnando, a gateway 01. Jikji (Goryeo, 14th
to the capital, Gaeseong. Traders from Song sold satin, silk Century), the oldest
extant text printed with
and medicinal herbs, while traders from Goryeo sold hemp movable metal type
01
cloth and ginseng. Gems such as ivory, crystal, amber were
imported from Arabia. Finally, the name Korea originated from
Goryeo during this period.
The Goryeo dynasty gave birth to splendid culture.
Specifically, the Goryeo celadon made by the inlaying
technique attests to its unique artistry unparalleled elsewhere
in the world at that time. The Tripitaka Koreana or Palman
Daejanggyeong is a Korean collection of the Tripitaka, or
Buddhist scriptures. Carved onto 81,258 wooden printing
blocks, it is the essence of Buddhist culture and the pinnacle
of achievement of wooden printing block technology in the
Goryeo period. The world’s first metal printing type was also
invented during the Goryeo period. According to the pertinent
records, the people of Goryeo invented metal printing type
over 200 years earlier than Johannes Gutenberg in Europe.
Goryeo celadon
They invaded Goryeo seven times between 1231 and 1259. In
an effort to resist these attacks, Goryeo moved its capital to
Ganghwa. Even ordinary people and slaves fought against the
invaders. In 1259, a peace agreement was signed between the
two countries. The Yuan dynasty of China established by the
Mongols accepted Goryeo’s six conditions for peace, including
a guarantee of the continued existence of the Goryeo dynasty
and Mongol troops’ immediate withdrawal from the Korean
Peninsula. The agreement was a result of Goryeo’s persistent
resistance to the Mongols’ plan to bring Goryeo under its
direct control.
Despite the agreement with the Mongols, a group of
Goryeo troops called Sambyeolcho continued to fight them,
moving their base of operations to Jindo and then to Jejudo.
They continued to fight until 1273. Their 42-year campaign of
resistance against the Mongols, the world’s strongest power at
that time, attests to their perseverance and indomitable spirit.
However, the national land was devastated and people’s lives
were destroyed due to the long years of war. The Mongols
destroyed many precious cultural heritage sites and properties,
including the nine-tier pagoda at Hwangnyongsa Temple.
02
02. Celadon Prunus Vase with Inlaid Cloud and

Crane Design (Goryeo, 12th Century)
The jade green celadon ware represents the
ceramics of the Goryeo period. The exquisite
patterns on these objects were created by
inlaying white and black clay into grooves etched
on their surface. Inlaid designs such as this are
recognized as a unique skill.
Joseon Dynasty
Joseon
Towards the end of the 14th century, Goryeo found itself in
(15th
Century)
a difficult situation due to internal and external problems,
including a struggle for power among the nobility and
incursions by Red Turban rebels from China and Wako pirates.
At that time, General Yi Seong-gye had become popular
among the people for his role in driving away foreign invaders.
He overthrew the Goryeo dynasty and founded a new dynasty,
Joseon. As the first King Taejo of Joseon, he chose Hanyang
(present-day Seoul)—judged to be a propitious spot according
to the principles of feng shui—as the capital of the new dynasty. Hamgil-do
He also ordered the construction of Gyeongbokgung Palace

Pyeongan-do Hamheung
and the Jongmyo shrine, as well as roads and markets. The
new capital, located in the center of the Korean Peninsula, was East Sea
Pyongyang
easily accessible via the Hangang River, which flowed directly
through its heart.
Hwanghae-do
King Taejong, the third king and son of the founder of Gangwon-do
Haeju
the dynasty, made a significant contribution to stabilizing Gyeonggi-do
the centralized system of governance. He adopted a system Hanyang Ulleungdo

Wonju
under the law of hopae (identification tags) to determine the Dokdo
population, and launched the major executive bodies called the West Sea
Chungcheong-do
Six Ministries of Joseon: Personnel (Ijo), Taxation (Hojo), Rites Gongju Gyeongsang-do
(Yejo), Military Affairs (Byeongjo), Punishments (Hyeongjo),

Daegu
Jeonju
and Public Works (Gongjo), all of which had to report directly
to their king. King Sejong, the fourth king and a son of King Jeolla-do
Taejong, ushered in an era of great political, social, and cultural

prosperity. Scholars at the Jiphyeonjeon (Hall of Worthies)
developed strong and effective policies. During the reigns of
Sejo, Yejong, and Seongjong, the Gyeongguk daejeon (National
Code) was drawn up with the aim of establishing a long-lasting Jejudo
ruling system.
The Creation of Hangeul regarding Korean native medicines, and treatments. Metal
Koreans had used the Traditional Chinese characters for a printing types, such as Gyemija and Gabinja, were making it
writing system for many centuries. Idu and Hyangchal, systems possible to publish many books.
for writing the spoken word, using Chinese characters, had
been developed, but they left much to be desired. Hangeul Joseon’s Foreign Relations
(the Korean alphabet), was created by King Sejong in 1443 Joseon maintained friendly relations with the Ming dynasty
and was promulgated as the national writing system in 1446. of China. The two countries exchanged royal envoys every
The shapes of the Korean alphabet were based on the shapes year and engaged in busy cultural and economic exchanges.
made by the human vocal apparatus during pronunciation. Joseon also accepted Japan’s request for bilateral trade by
Many scholars have stated that Hangeul is the most scientific opening the ports of Busan, Jinhae, and Ulsan. In 1443, Joseon
and easy-to-learn writing system in the world. It contributed
to drastically enhancing communication between the people
and the government, and played a decisive role in becoming a
culturally advanced country. 01. Angbuilgu (Joseon,
17th-18th Centuries)
A sundial capable of
Development of Science and Technology marking changes in both
time and season
During the Joseon period, the country’s science and technology
02. Rain Gauge Support
developed remarkably. The Jagyeongnu (clepsydra), Angbuilgu
(Joseon, 18th Century)
(sundial), and Honcheonui (armillary sphere) were all invented Rain gauge support in
Seonhwadang, Daegu,
in the early period of the dynasty. A rain gauge, the first of its
on which a rain gauge is
particular kind in the world, was used to measure precipitation. put to measure rainfall
Devices for land surveying and mapmaking were also made.

01
During the reign of King Taejo, the Cheonsang yeolcha bunya
jido (Celestial Chart) was made based on a previous version
drawn up during the Goguryeo period. During the reign of
King Sejong, Chiljeongsan (meaning the calculation of the
motions of the seven celestial determinants) was made on
the basis of the Shoushili calendar of China and the Islamic
calendar of Arabia. Noticeable advances were made in the
sphere of medical science. Hyangyak jipseongbang (Collection
of Native Prescriptions for Saving Lives) and Uibang yuchwi
(Classified Collection of Medical Prescriptions) were compiled 02
Constellation
signed the Gyehae Treaty with the clan of Tsushima Island for
limited bilateral trade. and Joseon also traded with other Asian
countries such as Ryukyu, Siam, and Java.
Development of Handcraft Skills

04. White Porcelain Ceramic ware is perhaps the most representative handcraft of
Jar with Plum,
Bamboo, Bird the Joseon period. Grayish-blue-powdered celadon or white
Design (Joseon,
porcelain was widely used at the royal court or government
15th Century)
This vase made offices. By about the 16th century, Joseon’s Ceramic ware
in the early Joseon
period displays
production skills had reached their zenith. Its white porcelain
a uniquely Korean typically exhibited clean, plain shapes based on the tradition
atmosphere in its
refined portrayal of established during the Goryeo period. They were suited to the
bamboo, plum,
and birds.
aristocratic taste of the Confucian scholars.
04
03
03. Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunya Jido (Late Joseon)

This astronomical chart from Joseon shows the
constellations.
Imjin Waeran (Japanese Invasion of 1592) Development of Grassroots Culture

Throughout the 14th and 15th centuries, Joseon maintained good relations with Japan. In the late Joseon period, commerce and industry entered
In the 16th century, however, Japan called for a larger share of the bilateral trade, but a period of rapid development. Many children could receive
Joseon refused to comply with the request. The Japanese threw the Joseon society education at private schools in their local neighborhood.
into turmoil by causing disturbances: the Disturbance of the Three Ports, also known With these improvements in the quality of life of the people,
as Sampo Waeran, in 1510 and Eulmyo Waebyeon (Japanese pirates’ disturbance) in they began to enjoy diverse entertainments. Stories written
1555. In Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi brought the 120-year-long Sengoku period (Age in easily understood Hangeul, as opposed to literary works
of Warring States) to a conclusion and unified the country. Then, in 1592, he invaded published in Chinese, were widely distributed. Pansori (a genre
Joseon with around 200,000 troops, with the aim of dissipating local lords’ strength of musical storytelling) and mask dances developed into the
and stabilizing his rule in Japan. The war lasted for seven years until 1598, which is representative genres of the grassroots culture. In the late
called the Japanese invasions of Korea of 1592–1598 or Imjin War. 19th century, Sin Jae-hyo adapted and rearranged pansori
Feeling threatened by the invading Japanese troops, King Seonjo of Joseon fled saseol (stories), which is today called the five madang of pansori:
to Uiju, close to the Ming dynasty, and asked Ming to come to his aid. The Japanese Chunhyangga (Song of Chunhyang), Simcheongga (Song of Sim
invaders marched into the northern provinces of Joseon. Korean militias started Cheong), Heungboga (Song of Heungbo), Jeokbyeokga (Song of
fighting against the invaders here and there across the country. It is particularly Red Cliff) and Sugungga (Song of the Rabbit and the Turtle). In
noteworthy that Korean naval forces led by Admiral Yi Sun-sin won one victory after addition, masked dance-dramas such as tallori and sandaenori
another against the invaders and defended the nation’s breadbasket in Jeolla-do, enjoyed great popularity among ordinary people.
and thus blocked the Japanese supply lines, thereby demoralizing the Japanese army.
The Japanese forces pulled out of Korea, but invaded Joseon again in 1597. Although
Admiral Yi Sun-sin was left with only thirteen warships, he won a devastating
victory against the Japanese fleet of 133 ships. The sea battle waged in the Strait of 05
05. Sandaenori
Myeongnyang was one of the greatest military engagements of all time.
This is a regional
Following the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the Japanese invaders returned variant of Korean
mask dance drama,
home. During the seven-year war, many cultural properties in Joseon, including in which masked
actors and actresses
Bulguksa Temple, were destroyed. The Japanese took away books, printing types,
engage in witty
and works of art from Joseon. With these spoils of war, the Japanese were able to jokes, dances,
songs, etc.
enhance scholarship and the arts in their own country, while potters whom the
Japanese troops abducted from Joseon helped Japan develop its own china culture.
The Fall of Joseon: Independence Movement

Imperial Japan’s Annexation of Korea During the colonial period, the Japanese pillaged Joseon’s
With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, resources, banned the use of the Korean language—even
capitalism developed in Europe and large businesses came going so far in 1939 as to require Koreans to change their
into being. European countries expanded their colonies in Asia personal names to Japanese style surnames and given
and Africa. By the mid-19th century, the western powers had names under the Name Order—and conscripted Koreans
forced the Qing dynasty of China and Japan to open their doors into their work force or as uniformed soldiers in the Pacific
and then asked the same of Joseon, but Joseon duly rejected War. Koreans engaged in persistent struggles to regain
such requests. Joseon did not yield to pressure applied in the their independence. They organized numerous clandestine
form of naval attacks in 1866 (by the French) and 1871 (by the organizations to fight the Japanese within the country such as
Americans). Joseon National Sovereignty Restoration Group and The Korea
In the ensuing period, the pressure did not stop. In Liberation Corps. They also established forward bases for the
1875, Japan dispatched the battleship Unyo Maru to attack independence movement in China, Russia, and the United
Ganghwado and Yeongjongdo Islands, demanding that Joseon States and led unprecedentedly peaceful demonstrations. In
open its doors to foreign trade missions. Ultimately, Joseon March 1919, Korean leaders announced the Declaration of
was forced to sign the highly unequal, one-sided Korean- Independence. Students and ordinary people staged street
Japanese Treaty, or Ganghwa Treaty (1876) with Japan in 1876 demonstrations across the country shouting their motto,
under military threat. “Long Live Korean Independence!”. The movement spread to
Subsequently, imperialist powers, including Japan, vied the Koreans resisting in Manchuria, the Maritime Provinces of
with each other to pillage Joseon’s resources. In 1897, Joseon Siberia, the United States, Europe, and even to Japan. Following
changed its name to the Korean Empire (Daehan Jeguk) and the March 1st Movement, organizations representing Koreans
pushed ahead with reforms and an open-door policy, but it were established in Seoul, the Maritime Province of Siberia,
was too late. Japan soon won major victories in its wars against and Shanghai. Of these, the Provisional Government of the
the Qing dynasty and Russia, emerged as a strong power in Republic of Korea, which was established in Shanghai, China,
Northeast Asia, and took steps to annex Joseon. Many Korean is the country’s first democratic republican government; it was
patriots, including Ahn Jung-geun, resisted such a plan, but equipped with a modern Constitution and a political system
to no avail. In August 1910, the Korean Empire was formally that separated the three basic branches (executive, legislature
annexed by the Empire of Japan. and judicial) of government.
Koreans also carried out armed struggles against the
Japanese. In the 1920s, more than 30 Korean independence
army units engaged in resistance activities in Manchuria
and the Maritime Provinces of Siberia. For example, in June
Independence
1920, the Battle of Fengwudong was waged in Fengwutung,
Jilin province, China between Japanese forces and Korean
independence militias led by Hong Beom-do, and ended in
a big victory. Another is the Battle of Qingshanli, which was
fought over six days in October 1920 between the Imperial
Japanese Army and the Northern Military Administration
Office Army led by Kim Jwa-jin along with other Korean armed
groups. They won a great victory against Japanese troops in
Helongxian, Manchuria.
In 1940, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
(PGK) organized the Korean Liberation Army in Chungqing,
integrating many scattered volunteer independence armies
and militias in Manchuria. The PGK declared war against Japan
and dispatched troops to the front lines in India and Myanmar
to fight on the side of the Allied Forces. Some young Koreans
received special training from a special military unit of the
United States to better equip themselves to attack Japanese
forces in Korea. On August 15, 1945, Koreans finally received
what they had looked forward to for so long: the country’s
liberation as a result of Japan’s surrender in the Pacific War.
U.S. and Soviet troops were deployed to the south and north
of the 38th parallel, respectively to disarm Japanese troops
remaining on the Korean Peninsula.
01
01. Leaders of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
Korean-Japanese Treaty of 1876 * The leading members of Korean Provisional Government (KPG), officially
The Korean-Japanese Treaty of 1876, commonly known as the Ganghwa Treaty established as the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in April
was a highly unequal, one-sided trade treaty signed between Joseon and Japan 1919 in Shanghai, which played a pivotal role in the independence movements
on February 27, 1876 under military threat. right from April 1919 until the country’s liberation in August 1945.
Transition to a Democracy and Transformation Chinese Red Army intervened in the war on the North’s side.
into an Economic Powerhouse The two sides engaged in fierce battles until, on July 27, 1953,
On May 10, 1948, the first general election was held in a the two sides finally signed the armistice agreement. President
democratic manner in South Korea under the UN’s supervision Rhee Syngman did not sign the agreement, calling strongly for
to elect the 198 members of the National Assembly. In July of the the prolongation of the war with the goal of unifying the entire
same year, the Constitution was enacted and Rhee Syngman country in the South’s favor.
and Yi Si-yeong, two independence fighters deeply respected The three-year-long internecine war started by the
by Koreans, were elected as the country’s first President and Communists reduced the entire Korean Peninsula to rubble.
Vice President, respectively. On August 15, 1948, the Republic Millions of troops and civilians were killed. Most of the country’s
of Korea (ROK) was formally established as a liberal democracy, industrial facilities were destroyed. South Korea became
which inherited the legitimacy of the PGK. The UN recognized one of the poorest countries in the world. However, the war
the government of the ROK as the only legitimate government taught Koreans the preciousness of freedom. The experience
on the Korean Peninsula. provided the foundation that inspired patriotism in the hearts
However, to the north of the 38th parallel, a general of young students and uniformed soldiers alike, and became
election under UN supervision could not be carried out due the principal engine of the country’s modernization.
to the Soviet Union’s opposition. On September 9, 1948, the President Rhee Syngman strengthened his authoritarian
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) was proclaimed rule. In 1960, the ruling Liberal Party rigged the Presidential
as a communist country, and Kim Il-sung, who had served election. Young students took to the streets in protest. The
as an officer of the Soviet Russian Army, was sworn in as the situation deteriorated when many demonstrators were shot
President. Amid the confrontation between a free democracy in by the police, which led to massive protests called the April
the south and a communist dictatorship in the north, the ROK 19 Revolution. President Rhee Syngman announced his
government led by President Rhee Syngman was burdened step-down and took refuge in Hawaii. Shortly thereafter, the
with many issues such as establishing domestic order, Constitution was amended, and a Cabinet system and the
eliminating vestiges of Japanese imperialism, and overcoming bicameral National Assembly were adopted. Under the new
ideological confrontations between the left and the right. constitution, the regime led by Prime Minister Jang Myeon was
On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops armed with Soviet- launched, but the political situation became extremely fragile
made tanks and fighters invaded the South, thus triggering an amid political struggles and continued street demonstrations
all-out war. The UN Security Council unanimously condemned by students.
the North Korean invasion and published a resolution In May 1961, a group of young army officers led by
recommending that its member states provide military General Park Chung-hee seized power in a coup d’état. In
assistance to South Korea. When the tide of the war turned the presidential election held on October 15, 1963, after two
against the North with the intervention of the UN Forces, the years of military rule, Park Chung-hee, having retired from
the military, was elected as President and inaugurated in the ruling party, made a special announcement to the effect
December that same year. The government led by President that he would accept the people’s request for democratization
Park set up a 5-year economic development plan under the and direct election of the President. On December 16,
slogan of “modernization of the fatherland” and achieved rapid 1987, he was elected to a five-year term as President and
economic growth by implementing an export-oriented policy. sworn in as President on February 25, 1988. The Roh Tae-
Observers called it “the Miracle on the Hangang River.” woo administration established diplomatic relations with
The country vigorously pushed ahead with the development Communist countries including the Soviet Union, China, and
of national land, including the construction of the Gyeongbu those in Eastern Europe. During his term, the two Koreas
Expressway and subway lines in large cities. The country joined the UN simultaneously on September 17, 1991.
also carried out the Saemaeul Undong (New Community The Kim Young-sam government, which was inaugurated
Movement), turning the impoverished agricultural society into in 1993, strove to eliminate corruption by making it a rule for
a country focused mainly on manufacturing. high-ranking public officials to register all their assets and by
Since the Republic of Korea was established in 1948, prohibiting the use of false names in all financial transactions.
the country has transformed itself from one of the most The level of transparency in business transactions was
impoverished countries in the world to an economic powerhouse considerably enhanced by this measure. The government
and an exemplar of liberal democracy. also implemented the local autonomy system in full force.
When the government announced the Yusin (Revitalization President Kim Dae-jung took office in 1998 and his government
Reform) in October 1972, which was designed to extend the succeeded in overcoming the foreign exchange crisis that had
term of the incumbent government after eighteen years of hit the country one year earlier, and strove to develop both
dictatorship, students and ordinary people continued to engage democracy and the market economy. In its relations with North
in the democratization movement. After the assassination of Korea, the government adopted the Sunshine Policy. On June
President Park on October 26, 1979, a new group of army 15, 2000, the leaders of the two Koreas met at a summit held
officers led by General Chun Doo-hwan (Singunbu) seized in Pyongyang, North Korea, and made a joint statement. Then,
power through a coup d’état. Singunbu suppressed by force the two Koreas established a system of reconciliation and
the voices calling for democratization, including the May 18 cooperation, and agreed on the reunion of dispersed family
Democratization Movement. Chun Doo-hwan was sworn in members, the connection of the Gyeongui and Donghae
as the President and ruled with an authoritarian grip. The railroad lines, the revitalization of unification movements led by
Chun Doo-hwan government concentrated on economic the private sector, and the expansion of economic cooperation,
stabilization, successfully bringing inflated prices under including sightseeing in Geumgangsan Mountain.
control. Under his leadership, the country accomplished The Roh Moo-hyun government, which was inaugurated in
continued economic growth. 2003, concentrated on three leading objectives: the realization
On June 29, 1987, Roh Tae-woo, a presidential hopeful of of democracy with the participation of the people, balanced
social development, and the realization of peace and prosperity in Northeast Asia.
The government also held the second summit between the leaders of the two Koreas
President
in Pyongyang on October 4, 2007 and the same year signed an FTA with the United
States.
The Lee Myung-bak administration, which was inaugurated in 2008, announced
five leading indicators in a bid for the establishment of a new development system
with the focus on changes and practicality. The government stressed that it would
be a government that would serve the people. It also made efforts to streamline
the government organization, privatize public corporations equipped with higher
efficiency, and reform administrative regulations. Other policies adopted by the
government included the forging of a creative alliance with the United States as
befits the 21st century, and the creation of a global Korea under the South-North
Economic Community.
With the election of the first female president of the Republic of Korea in
December 2012, the Park Geun-hye administration was launched, presenting a new
vision of the people’s happiness and the nation’s development. Her government
also stressed the need for implementing the creative economy saying, “A Creative 01
economy based on science technologies and ICT is a challenge that we must take on
01. 20th President Yoon Suk Yeol
for our economic breakthrough and the only growth engine of the Korean economy.”
President Yoon is the 20th
Launched in May 2017, the Moon Jae-in administration unveiled its national vision: President of the Republic of Korea,
inaugurated in May 2022.
“A Nation of the People, a Just Republic of Korea,” which signified the embodiment of
President Yoon stressed that, in
the spirit of the candlelight rallies in conjunction with five policy goals to achieve the this day and age, Korea needs to
rebuild itself into a country where
national vision: a Government of the People, an Economy Pursuing Mutual Prosperity, people are true sovereigns and a
country that fulfills its roles and
a Nation Taking Responsibility for Each Individual, Well-balanced Development across
responsibilities in the global society.
Every Region, and a Peaceful and Prosperous Korean Peninsula. As part of these
efforts, the government has worked to eradicate authoritarian culture, communicate
with the people, and restore democracy.
Upon its inauguration in 2022, President Yoon Suk Yeol announced the new
government’s six goals, 23 promises, and 120 policy tasks aligned with his vision
of “A Republic of Korea that leaps anew, a people’s nation of co-prosperity.” To consolidate sound fiscal practices, elevate the standing of
achieve these goals, the president plans to abolish the previous administration’s K-content, become a space powerhouse, and provide support
nuclear phase-out policy, innovate public institutions, support private-led growth, tailored to young workers.
FACTS ABOUT KOREA Korean Wave 222 223
Korea, World’s Third Largest Cosmetic Exporter︱K-People, leading the Korean Wave
K-Wave in the Digital Era: K-Webtoon and K-Animation︱K-Food, the Beginning of a New K-Wave
K-Movie: Thriving both On-screen and Online︱Korean Literature Spreads Across the World
K-Pop, Leading the Korean Wave︱K-Drama Opens Up A New Future
SECTION 06
The Korean Wave, or Hallyu, is a term that

represents the global popularity of Korea’s
cultural content. Since the late 1990s, Korean TV
shows and pop music have drawn considerable
attention in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Japan.
Today, Korean content and artists are expanding

their influence, garnering enthusiastic responses
from across the world. The Korean Wave continues
to captivate people around the world with
the beauty of K-Culture.
K-Pop
the global spotlight by winning the Top Social Artist award
at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards. After landing atop the
Billboard 200 chart in February 2020, their album Map of
the Soul: 7 maintained high rankings for 23 consecutive
weeks. Their seventh EP BE, released in August, also topped
the Billboard 200 chart. In August 2020, the band became
the first Korean musician/group to top the US Billboard Hot
Korean Wave
100 Chart with their English single “Dynamite.”
Spreading the Joy and Beauty of the K-Wave to the World
01. BTS
The idol group BTS, representing the
Korean Wave in music, reached the
top of the Billboard Hot 100 with each
song they released, paving the way for
K-Pop to be recognized as a genre by
music fans worldwide.
01
K-Pop, Leading the Korean Wave

Korean pop music, or K-Pop, has consolidated itself as a
legitimate genre in the global pop music market. Korean Wave
consumers outside of Korea chose K-Pop as the image that
they associated with Korea the most for five consecutive years.
One of the main characteristics of K-Pop is that it is led
by the so-called ‘idol’ bands. These idol bands include BTS,
BLACKPINK, TWICE, EXO, Red Velvet, SF9, NCT, and Monsta
X. Recently, the “fourth-generation idols” led by ITZY, Aespa,
Stray Kids, and NewJeans have enjoyed huge popularity.
BTS and BLACKPINK are representative of the Korean
musical wave. The seven members of the boy band BTS
made an essential contribution to K-Pop’s recognition as a
genre among music fans across the world. BTS came into
BTS is the first musician/group to have their songs alternately

top the Hot 100 chart for two weeks. This achievement, among
others, led to the group winning the Artist of the Year award at
the 2021 American Music Awards.
The four-member girl band BLACKPINK has been leading
the golden years of K-Pop. The group’s second album Born
Pink, released in September 2022, rose to the top of the
Billboard 200 chart, and No. 1 on the UK Official Album Chart.
BLACKPINK became the first girl band to top Billboard 200
since 2008, and the first-ever Asian female artist/group to win
both charts. In August 2022, for the first time for Korean girl
groups, BLACKPINK won two awards at the 2022 MTV Video
Music Awards (VMA): Best Metaverse Performance and Best
02 K-Pop Song.
02. BLACKPINK K-Pop has been expanding its influence across the world.
The choreography video of
BLACKPINK’s “How You Like That,” In 2019, the MTV VMA added Best K-Pop as a new category,
famous for its unique choreography,
and the American Music Awards created its own K-Pop category
surpassed 1.3 billion views
in December 2022. BLACKPINK has in 2022.
a total of four videos with more than
1.3 billion views. The Korean Wave also swept across the classical music
scene. As a result, 37 Koreans, including Lim Yun-chan, ranked
among the top 3 in 25 international music competitions in the
first half of 2022 alone.
2021 was a monumental year for BTS, the Korean Wave, K-Drama Opens Up a New Future
and Korean pop music in general. BTS released two singles, The “K-Drama craze” that swept the world can be explained by
“Butter,” and “Permission to Dance,” and both rose to No. 1 on a single title: Squid Game. Since its release, Squid Game has
the Billboard Hot 100. “Butter” stayed at the top for ten weeks been driving the K-Wave in the TV show sector to date. Released
in total, which is the longest record among songs released on September 17, 2021, the mega-hit series exceeded all
in 2021. In fact, “Butter” was ousted from the top position by previous records associated with global streaming (over-the-
none other than their new single “Permission to Dance,” which top, OTT) content in the world. Squid Game was watched by a
was once again replaced by “Butter” when it reclaimed the top. whopping 142 million households during the first 28 days after
its release, making the series the first to achieve that mark. The and 2016 Descendants of the Sun generated huge followings
record surpasses the previous record held by Bridgerton (82 in other countries, thereby rekindling the K-Wave.
million) by a wide margin. Netflix disclosed the total viewing In 2019, Netflix’s first original Korean series Kingdom
hours of each piece of content on its website. According to was widely recognized for its well-written script and superb
Netflix, Squid Game reached total viewing hours of 1,650 direction, and contributed to the birth of the new “K-zombie”
million in the first 28 days, which is also the number 1 record genre. In addition, viewers outside of Korea expressed their
in the streaming service’s history. Squid Game also topped the appreciation for the architecture and clothing styles of the
general ranking across all countries (83 as of October 2021) Joseon dynasty, the background of the drama series. In
K-Drama
and all content distributed by Netflix. Squid Game stayed on particular, the growing curiosity about the traditional Korean
top for 53 days (and 46 consecutive days). hat for men called “gat” contributed to the increase in its sale
For the first time, a non-English drama won six Emmys, on the global online shopping website Amazon.com.
including Best Director and Best Male Performance. In addition,
Los Angeles designated September 17 as Squid Game Day, the
02
first day to be set aside to celebrate a TV show.
01. Squid Game
Korean TV shows have been widely loved by viewers outside Squid Game broke all
records related to global
the country for around two decades. What Is Love made a OTT content after its first
splash in China in 1997, and Winter Sonata was a big hit in Japan release and became a
worldwide hit.
in 2003. Dae Jang Geum (MBC), an epic TV series about royal
02. Kingdom
cuisine, which aired between 2003 and 2004, was exported to
This Netflix original
91 countries worldwide, including Japan, China, and Türkiye. Korean drama series,
based on a webtoon, has
After a brief hiatus in 2013 TV dramas My Love from the Star been viewed by millions
all across the globe and
sparked the K-zombie
genre.
01
Cha-Cha-Cha, also stayed at the top for prolonged periods.

In April 2022, Apple TV+ won global attention by releasing
Pachinko, a TV series in which the tech giant invested KRW 100
billion. In July, Extraordinary Attorney Woo was released on
Netflix and topped the TV show lists of 20 countries.
01. Park Chan-wook K-Movie: Thriving both On-screen and Online

World-renowned
director Park Chan-
On May 28, 2022, at the 75th Cannes Film Festival, director
wook, who directed Park Chan-wook won Best Director for his film Decision to
the movie Decision
to Leave, won Best Leave, and actor Song Kang-ho was named Best Actor for his
Director at the 75th
Cannes Film Festival.
performance in the film Broker. For the first time in Korean
03
history, two Koreans received awards at the same Cannes Film
03. Pachinko 02. Youn Yuh-jung
Apple TV+’s original Actress Youn Festival.

series Pachinko is based Yuh-jung drew
Korea has the world’s fifth-largest film market, only
on the New York Times worldwide attention
bestselling novel. by receiving more surpassed by North America, China, Japan, and the UK. Korea
than 100 trophies
at numerous film leads the world in the number of films watched per person
festivals and awards
(as of 2018), and Korean films account for around 51% of
ceremonies for her
outstanding acting moviegoers in the country.
skills.
The COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 and the growth of the OTT
market boosted the further growth of the international fan
01 02
base for Korean TV shows. Crash Landing on You aired in 2020
and premiered in 190 countries through Netflix. This drama
is about a romance between a Korean heiress of a chaebol
(conglomerate) and a captain in the North Korean Army. It
caused a sensation in Asia, including Japan, where it reached
the list of the top 10 most popular TV shows on Netflix in Japan
for 10 weeks. Itaewon Class, a drama based on a webtoon
series, became a huge hit in Japan especially owing to the
support of Japanese male viewers. A local remake of the series
was also produced.
Other Netflix releases, such as Vincenzo and Hometown
The global interest in Korean films steadily grew after a

series of successes at international film festivals in the 2000s.
Korean films and filmmakers have been recognized multiple
times by the three major film festivals: Berlin Film Festival,
Cannes Film Festival, and Venice Film Festival. The Korean film
industry mesmerized film enthusiasts with the works of such
renowned directors as Lee Chang-dong, Bong Joon-ho, Park
Chan-wook, Hong Sang-soo, and Kim Jee-woon, and their high-
quality production and distinguished storytelling. For many
moviegoers outside of Korea, the psychological barrier of the
need to watch subtitles has been significantly lowered with the
growing global interest in Korean films.
Director Bong Joon-ho became the first Korean director to
03
win the Golden Palm award at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival 03. Song Kang-ho
for his film Parasite, a success followed by four major Oscars at Actor Song Kang-ho, who
appeared in Broker, won Best
the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020 (Best Picture, Best Director, Actor at the 75th Cannes Film
Festival.
Best Original Screenplay, and Best International Feature Film).
The film’s success further increased global interest in Korean
films.
In 2021, actor Youn Yuh-jung stood at the forefront of
the cinema K-Wave. Minari, directed by the Korean-American
director Lee Isaac Chung and starring many Korean actors, named one of Time’s Most Influential People in 2021.
won more than 100 awards at numerous film festivals and According to a survey conducted by the Korean Foundation
awards, including the US Dramatic Grand Jury Prize and the US for International Cultural Exchange (KOFICE) in 2021 with
Dramatic Audience Award at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival. 8,500 respondents aged 15 to 59 across 18 countries, 80.6%
The public attention regarding the film concentrated on Youn of the respondents answered that they like Korean films, only
Yuh-jung, a Korean actor with 50 years under her belt who surpassed by Korean TV shows (81.6%). Furthermore, the
wowed the audience with her stellar performance. Youn was highest percentage of respondents reported that they love
nominated for more than 50 awards in North America and Korean films for their well-organized story (33.3%), followed by
won more than 30 of them. In addition, she went under the the uniqueness of Korean culture (24.3%), superb performance
global spotlight by winning the Screen Actors Guild Award and by actors (23.5%), and the beautiful looks of actors (23.4%).
Best Supporting Actress at the Academy Awards. She was also
01. The Disaster Tourist

The Disaster Tourist,
which won the 2021
Dagger Award, is an
eco-thriller that skewers
the dangers of capitalism
with sharp humor.
Yun Ko-eun is the first
Asian artist to win the
Dagger Award.
02. Children’s Literature:

Cloud Bread
It’s not just a painting
but a three-dimensional
work made by hand
and photographed with
people and props in the
background.
03. The Vegetarian

Korea’s leading novelist
Han Kang won the Man
Booker International
Prize, one of the world’s
top three literary awards,
for The Vegetarian.
01 02
Korean Literature Spreads Across the World 03
Korean literature has been increasing its presence in the global market since its
potential was first recognized in 2010. Since then, numerous Korean writers have
won prestigious global literary awards and achieved meaningful results in the
publishing markets in various regions. Now, the world is paying keen attention to
Korean literature. Korean literary works have captivated global readers with subject
matters conveying unique and fresh sensibilities, coupled with serious themes and
high artistic achievements.
Han Kang won the Man Booker International Prize for her short story The
Vegetarian in 2016, and the Malaparte Prize, a prestigious literary award in Italy, for
her novel Human Acts in 2017.
won the globally renowned children’s literature award the Astrid Lindgren Memorial
Award (ALMA) in Sweden in 2020. All 13 of her books are popular across Asia, and
have been translated into multiple languages, including the English version of Cloud
Bread, published in 2011.
In 2022, Suzy Lee won the prestigious Hans Christian Andersen Award (HCAA,
illustration section), which is often referred to as the Nobel prize for children’s
literature. The HCAA was created in 1956 in commemoration of the 19th-century
Danish children’s story writer Hans Christian Andersen. Lee won the prize for her
work Summer, which also won her a Special Mention at the Bologna Ragazzi Awards
in the fiction category.
K-Wave in the Digital Era: K-Webtoon and K-Animation

The Korean digital comics market continues to grow, driven by young generations
who actively utilize digital platforms. As a result, in 2020, the total worth of the Korean
webtoon market grew by KRW 413.7 billion from the previous year, exceeding KRW
04
04. Picture book: Summer 1 trillion.

This unique picture book combines
music, pictures, and story, with
drawing as its main focus. 01
Yun Ko-eun won the prestigious 2021 CWA Crime Fiction in Translation Dagger
Award for her novel The Disaster Tourist. The novel focuses on a travel agency that
sells “disaster tour” products, and was lauded for offering the thrill of crime fiction
and social criticism at the same time.
Omniscient Reader, a fantasy novel by the “web novel” writer Sing-Shong, is
enjoying global popularity as one of the biggest global hits among Korean web
novels. The novel ranked first on the web novel website Munpia in cumulative sales,
01. Lore Olympus (webtoon)
Naver Series in cumulative downloads, as well as Naver Webtoon. In addition, it has An original webtoon of Naver
Webtoon English Service, this
been translated into Taiwanese, Chinese, and Thai. romance fantasy reinterprets
Korean Children’s literature has also been driving the Korean Wave by winning the Greek myth of Hades and
Persephone, the king and
numerous awards worldwide. For example, Baek Hee-na, the author of Cloud Bread, queen of the underworld.
Smythe, it has been published in English, Spanish, French,

Japanese, German, and other languages since its release in
August 2020, and has exceeded 1.2 billion views across the
world. Lore Olympus also won the Best Web Comic award at
the Will Eisner Comic Industry Awards, which is considered the
Oscar for comics, in 2022, and named Digital Book of the Year
at the world-renowned Harvey Awards in 2021 and 2022.
Korean animation series for children have also significantly
contributed to the Korean Wave. The globally popular Baby
Shark became the first YouTube video to surpass 10 billion
views. An animation series based on the characters was
produced by EBS. After its US release, the series recorded
the highest rating among children between 2 and 5. Entitled
Baby Shark’s Big Show, it is widely loved by children in many
02
02. Pinkfong Baby Shark (Content IP)

countries, including the US, the UK, Australia, and Italy.
The “Baby Shark Dance” video became The Haunted House (Shinbi Apartment), an animation
the first video on YouTube to hit 10
billion views, which is more than human series featuring dokkaebis recorded a 10% rating in Korea.
population on earth.
Subsequently, it was exported to Southeast Asia, including
Thailand, Indonesia, and Singapore, and became the most-
viewed animation series in Thailand. In China, Catch! Teenieping
Webtoons are original content with high potential for film or ranked 3rd among children’s animation series on Youku, one
TV series adaptation, not to mention their own entertainment of the four largest video-sharing platforms in China. Miniforce:
values. For example, True Beauty, a globally popular webtoon Super Dino Power ranked 1st in both rating and share ratio at
series published by Naver, was adapted into a TV series in the Chinese animation channel Jinying Cartoon. The series was
2020. In addition, Sweet Home, a webtoon series with more also named one of China’s Top 10 Licenses in the first half of
than 1.2 billion cumulative views, was also made into a Netflix 2021, along with Frozen and the Harry Potter series by the US
series and made the top 3 among Netflix TV shows in the market study firm NPD Group.
United States.
Lore Olympus is regarded as one of the most successful
webtoons released by Naver. It is also significant as a unique K-Food, the Beginning of a New K-Wave
project where a local artist was employed by a Korean webtoon In the fall of 2021, a certain Korean street snack became all the
platform. Created by an American amateur artist Rachel rage in social media across the world. The snack, dalgona, won
01
the world’s attention after being featured in the third episode
K-Food
of Squid Game, as viewers sought out the snack to experience
it for themselves. In the previous year, the success of the film
Parasite led to the worldwide recognition of jjapaguri, also
known as Ram-Don. In addition, the “Fire Noodle Challenge” had
been sweeping social media for years, which involves people
outside of Korea, who usually do not have as high a tolerance
for spicy foods as Koreans, eating Buldak Bokkeummyeon or
the “Korean Fire Noodle.”
These examples show that Korean foods have become
representative of the Korean Wave along with K-Pop. More and
more Korean restaurants are opening in Paris, London, New
York, and other major cities with high acclaim. Korean foods
also drew the attention of people around the world interested
in green lifestyles, due to the wide variety of vegetable dishes.
In 2004, the WHO chose Korean foods (hansik) as one of the
most nutritionally balanced foods. USA Today published that
02
kimchi was the dish expected to be the most popular in 2020,
along with Vietnamese rice noodles and cabbages.
Korean food is also loved for their rich flavor. Korean food
is made with a wide range of ingredients, which are prepared
in ways that bring out their natural flavor. In addition, a single
Korean dish offers a wide spectrum of flavors.
People’s taste in Korean cuisine grew younger as well.
01. Korean-style chicken
According to a survey conducted with 8,500 citizens across 17
Korean-style chicken with its
various sauces, such as soy major cities around the world in 2021, the largest percentage
sauce, red chili paste, and
cheese, is captivating the of respondents chose Korean fried chicken as their favorite
world’s taste buds. Korean food (16.1%), followed by kimchi (11.3%), bibimbap
02. Kimchi (10.7%), bulgogi (6.0%), and tteokbokki (5.6%). While female
This traditional Korean
fermented food boasts more
and younger respondents leaned toward Korean fried chicken
than 200 kinds, depending and tteokbokki, older respondents reported a high preference
on the region, characteristics
of ingredients, and recipe. for kimchi. Outside of Korea, the images associated with
hansik include “savory,” “reasonably priced,” and “healthy.” They expanded their markets. While Korean beauty products in the
are also perceived as “foods that became popular recently.” past relied on offline street shops in China, today’s products
According to the global food magazine Chef’s Pencil, Korean are distributed through online channels and across Asia, which
foods have the fourth largest recipe hashtags after Japanese, has contributed to their continued growth.
Italian, and Indian foods. Today, many people watch YouTube Korea is also carving its presence in the global fashion
clips to learn Korean Food recipes. market. The Korean fashion industry reported total exports
of USD 515 million in the first quarter of 2022, representing
a 14.4% increase year-over-year. It is the highest first-quarter
Korea, World’s Third Largest Cosmetics Exporter sales since 2004.
Despite COVID-19, Korea exported a record amount of Korean fashion products were one of the main beneficiaries
cosmetic products in 2021. The total cosmetics exports in 2021 01. Korean Cosmetics of Korea’s soft power, which shows in the growth of items
Store
recorded a 21.3% increase from the previous year, reaching Stores with unique
exported online. These items, usually brand items worn by
USD 0.92 billion, which means Korea is the third largest and diverse K-Wave stars such as BTS, EXO, and TWICE, are shared and
concepts, such as
cosmetics exporter after France (USD 1.79 billion) and the US pop-up stores, that sold online along with news articles and social media posts
are ever-changing
(USD 0.96 billion). Furthermore, Korea’s cosmetics exports depending on the
showing the stars wearing them in daily settings and airports.
grew by 16.7% per year over the last five years, whereas France changing times and Korean fashion products are particularly loved in China and
generations are
and the US reported average growth rates of 6.5% and 0.1%, pleasing to the eye. Japan, and have been recently expanding their share in the
respectively.
In particular, Korea became Japan’s No. 1 cosmetics
exporter in 2021. Korea surpassed the US, became No. 2 in 01
2018, and even took over France in 2021. The market share of
Korean exports increased from 8% in 2015 to 16% in 2018, and
31% in 2021.
The share of K-beauty products is also rising in the US.
Korean cosmetic products took up 6% of all cosmetic products
imported into the US in 2015, and reached 10% in 2018 and
13% in 2021.
K-beauty products are loved for their affordable prices,
good quality, appealing designs, and high value for money.
They are also widely tagged on social media posts. In addition,
the increased global influence of Korean music, films, and
culture boosted the consumption of Korean products and
Southeast Asian market as well. They are expected to maintain

their growth trajectory in the future, driven in particular by
online exports.
K-People
K-People, leading the Korean Wave
BTS
In 2020, the boy band BTS topped the Billboard Hot 100 Chart
with two consecutive singles, “Dynamite” and “Life Goes On.” In
particular, “Life Goes On” rewrote the history of Korean music
by becoming the first song with Korean lyrics to become No.
1. In 2021, BTS’s two new singles, “Butter” and “Permission to
Dance” rose to No. 1 in the Billboard Hot 100. “Butter” stayed
at the top for ten weeks in total, which is the longest record
among songs released in 2021. On June 14, 2022, nine years
after their debut, BTS announced their plan to go on a hiatus.
During the hiatus, the members will complete their mandatory
military service and continue to perform by forming “units.”
BLACKPINK
BLACKPINK is one of the most successful K-Pop bands, with
01
their music videos for such songs as “Ddu-Du Ddu-Du,” “Kill This
01. Son Heung-min
Love,” and “Boombayah” reaching 1 billion views combined. In Son Heung-min, a global soccer star
with global influence, has become
addition, in September and October 2022, the group’s second a Korean brand in his own right.
album, Born Pink, became a No. 1 hit in both the US and the
UK, making BLACKPINK the only Asian female artist/group to
win both charts at the same time.
player to become the top scorer in the 2021-2022 season, and
Son Heung-min achieved the highest rank among Asian footballers in Ballon
Son Heung-min is a footballer who plays for Tottenham Hotspur d’Or 2022 (11th). In addition, Son is the first non-English
F.C. in the England Premiere League (EPL). He is the first Asian Tottenham player to score more than 100 goals in total.
Hyun Bin
Hyun Bin starred in Crash Landing on You, the No. 1 hit on
Netflix Japan that rekindled the Korean Wave in the country.
The TV series was named Best Content by Netflix Japan and
Best Korean Drama by Forbes in 2020. It also contributed
to the 250% rating increase for Korean TV shows in North
America. He also brought 6.9 million people to theaters by
starring in Confidential Assignment 2: International as one of
the leads in 2022.
02-03. K-Drama stars Hyun Bin

and Lee Min-ho are steadily
gaining popularity with their
unique looks and acting skills.
02
03
Lee Min-ho
Lee Min-ho ranked 1st in the list of favorite Korean actors in a
2021 survey on the status of the Korean Wave overseas (9.6%).
He is followed by more than 90 million users on social media
services, including Facebook and Instagram. The King: Eternal
Monarch, in which he plays the lead, ranked 9th in the Netflix
World Ranking in 2020. He once again proved his renown by
starring in the 2022 series Pachinko, which became a No. 1 hit
in the global OTT market.
FACTS ABOUT KOREA Appendix 248 249
Appen-
UNESCO For further information on Korea’s
cultural heritage, please visit the Cultural
World Heritage Sites Heritage Administration website at
www.cha.go.kr.
01. Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa 07. Gochang, Hwasun, and Ganghwa
Temple (1995) Dolmen Sites (2000)
Korean Buddhist cultural heritage Countless lithic monuments,
dix
showing the architectural technology and which were used as grave markers and
formative aesthetics of the Silla dynasty for ritual purposes, showing the culture,
Location Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do technology, and social phenomena
of prehistoric times on the Korean Peninsula
02. Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Location Gochang-gun in Jeollabuk-do,
Panjeon, the Depositories for the Hwasun-gun in Jeollanam-do, and Ganghwa-gun
Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks (1995) in Incheon
Buildings built as depositories with the purpose
of storing the Tripitaka Koreana, the most 08. Jeju Volcanic Island and
complete collection of Buddhist texts, engraved Lava Tubes (2007)
on 80,000 woodblocks in the 13th century Volcanic cones and lava tubes formed
Location Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do by eruptions of Hallasan Mountain,
the highest mountain in Korea
03. Jongmyo Shrine (1995) Location Jeju-si and Seogwipo-si in Jeju Island
A Confucian shrine housing the memorial
tablets of Joseon’s kings and their queen 09. Royal Tombs of the Joseon
consorts, and direct ancestors of the dynasty’s Dynasty (2009)
founder who were posthumously invested with Historic sites intended to preserve a collection
royal titles of 44 royal tombs (of kings and queen consorts)
Location Jongno-gu, Seoul built over five centuries
Location Seocho-gu in Seoul, and Guri-si and
04. Changdeokgung Palace (1997) Yeoju-si in Gyeongggi-do
The official royal palace of the Joseon dynasty
for 258 years from 1610 to 1868 10. Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe
Location Jongno-gu, Seoul and Yangdong (2010)
The two most representative historic
05. Hwaseong Fortress (1997) clan villages sheltered by forested
A cultural property of highly historical mountains and facing out onto a river
significance and architectural value and open agricultural fields
among fortresses of the Joseon Dynasty Location Andong-si and Gyeongju-si,
249 UNESCO World Heritage Sites Location Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do Gyeongsangbuk-do
251 UNESCO Memory of the World

06. Gyeongju Historic Areas (2000) 11. Namhansanseong (2014)
253 UNESCO Intangible Cultural The well-preserved remains of Gyeongju, One of the four fortresses designed to guard
Heritage of Humanity the capital of Silla for one millennium Hanyang, the capital of the Joseon dynasty,
255 UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Location Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do which shows the architectural techniques
for fortification dating back to the 7th to 19th
256 UNESCO Global Geopark
centuries
257 National Museums in Korea Location Gwangju-si, Gyeonggi-do
260 Local Government
262 Relevant Websites
265 Sources of Photos

+ +
UNESCO UNESCO For further information on Korea’s
World Heritage Sites Memory of the World Heritage Administration website at
www.cha.go.kr.
12. Baekje Historic Areas (2015) 15. Korean Tidal Flats (2021) 16. Hunminjeongeum (The Proper Sounds for 22. Donguibogam: Principles and
This archaeological site represents the historical The tidal flat is one of the most significant the Instruction of the People) (1997) Practice of Eastern Medicine (2009)
relationships among the East Asian ancient habitats for the preservation of biodiversity. A woodblock print edition of Book 1, published An encyclopedia of medical knowledge and
kingdoms of Korea, China, and Japan from Korean tidal flats are particularly important in 1443 (25th year of King Sejong’s reign), treatment techniques compiled in Korea in
the 5th to the 7th centuries, and the resulting as a stopover for endangered species this book of commentary written in Chinese 1613 and edited by Heo Jun with the collective
development of architectural skills and spread of migratory birds. letters describes the fundamental principles support of medical experts and literati according
of Buddhism. Location Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam- and purpose of creating Hunminjeongeum, to royal instruction
Location Gongju-si and Buyeo-gun in do; Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do; Suncheon-si or Hangeul.
Chungcheongnam-do and Iksan-si in Jeollabuk-do and Boseong-gun, Jeollanam-do; Sinan-gun, 23. Ilseongnok: Records of Daily
Jeollanam-do 17. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (1997) Reflections (2011)
13. Sansa, Buddhist Mountain A huge collection of the annals of the Joseon Diaries kept by Joseon rulers between 1752 and
Monasteries in Korea (2018) dynasty from 1392 to 1863, bound in 1,893 1910, containing records of state affairs and the
Cultural heritage represented by seven chapters in 888 books daily activities of Joseon kings
mountain temples: Beopjusa, Magoksa,
Seonamsa, Daeheungsa, Bongjeongsa, 18. Baegun Hwasang Chorok Buljo 24. Human Rights Documentary
Buseoksa, and Tongdosa. They have practiced Jikji Simche Yojeol (vol. II), the second Heritage 1980 Archives for the May 18th
the tradition of Korean Buddhism for over 1,000 volume of an Anthology of Great Buddhist Democratic Uprising against Military
years since the 7th century. Priests’ Zen Teachings (2001) Regime, in Gwangju (2011)
Location Boeun-gun in Chungcheongbuk-do, An advanced-level textbook published for A vast collection of documents, videos,
Gongju-si in Chungcheongnam-do, Suncheon-si monk-scholars in medieval Korea photographs, etc. on the democratic
and Haenam-gun in Jeollanam-do, Andong-si movements that spread in and around Gwangju
and Yeongju-si in Gyeongsangbuk-do, and 19. Seungjeongwon Ilgi: The Diaries of in May 1980
Yangsan-si in Gyeongsangnam-do the Royal Secretariat (2001)
The largest amount of authentic historic 25. Nanjung Ilgi: War Diary of Admiral
14. Seowon, Korean Neo-Confucian recordings and state secrets of the Joseon Yi Sun-sin (2013)
Academies Dynasty A collection of private journals kept by Admiral
Cultural heritage sites that served as Yi Sun-sin, recording his daily activities and
educational institutions in the 16th to 17th 20. Uigwe: The Royal Protocols of the battle situations during the Imjin Waeran
centuries, which comprises nine seowon Joseon Dynasty (2007) (Japanese Invasion, 1592–1598)
including Sosuseowon, Dosanseowon, and Rare and exquisite collections of illustrated
Byeongsanseowon Confucian Academies records on important state and royal occasions 26. Archives of Saemaul Undong (New
Location Andong-si, Hadong-si, and Yeongju-si of the Joseon dynasty Community Movement) (2013)
in Gyeongsangbuk-do, A collection of historical records on
Miryang-si in Gyeongsangnam-do, Daegu-si, 21. Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka the Saemaeul Undong (“New Community
Jangseong-gun in Jeollanam-do, Jeongeup- Koreana and Miscellaneous Buddhist Movement”), an exemplary movement
si in Jeollabuk-do, and Nonsan-si in Scriptures (2007) that led to the successful development
Chungcheongnam-do A superb collection of the Buddhist canon of farming communities and the eradication
of scriptures carved on 80,000 woodblocks, of poverty in the 1970s
providing valuable information on the politics,
culture, and philosophy of Goryeo in the 13th 27. Confucian Printing
century Woodblocks(2015)
This documentary heritage is composed
of 64,226 hand-carved blocks used for printing
718 titles of works written during the Joseon
dynasty, which have been donated by 305 family
clans and Confucian academies.
+ +
UNESCO UNESCO Intangible Cultural For further information on Korea’s
Memory of the World Heritage of Humanity Heritage Administration website at
www.cha.go.kr.
28. The Archives of the KBS Special 31. Documents on Joseon Tongsinsa/ 32. Royal Ancestral Ritual in the Jongmyo 40. Gagok, Lyric Song Cycles Accompanied by
Live Broadcast, “Finding Dispersed Chosen Tsushinshi: The History of Peace Shrine and Its Music (2001) an Orchestra (2010)
Families” (2015) Building and Cultural Exchanges between A traditional performance of music, song, and A genre of traditional Korean vocal music
The archives are composed of 20,522 records Korea and Japan from the 17th to 19th dance presented during the memorial rite held performed by putting sijo, a stanza of three
of live broadcasts for 138 days by the Korean Century (2017) at the Royal Ancestral Shrine verses, to a melody with an accompaniment
Broadcasting System of reunions of war- These are collective materials related to the 12 of orchestral music
separated families from 10:15 p.m. on June 30 diplomatic missions dispatched from Korea to 33. Pansori Epic Chant (2003)
to 4:00 a.m. on November 14, 1983. They include Japan between 1607 and 1811 at the request A genre of musical storytelling performed 41. Daemokjang, Traditional Wooden
463 videotapes lasting a total of 453 hours, and of Japan’s Tokugawa Shogunate government. by a solo performer to the accompaniment Architecture (2010)
45 minutes of broadcasts, producers’ journals, of a single drummer, presenting an epic story The term “Daemokjang” refers to traditional
applications to participate, broadcast ephemera, by combining singing, narratives, and gestures Korean wooden architecture and specifically
cue sheets, audiotapes, and photographs. to the woodworkers in charge of the entire
34. Gangneung Danoje Festival (2005) construction process, including the planning,
29. Royal Seal and Investiture A time-honored summer festival held on the 5th design, and construction of buildings, and the
Book Collection of day of the 5th lunar month supervision of subordinate carpenters
the Joseon Dynasty (2017)
Royal seals are stamps with beautiful names 35. Ganggangsullae (2009) 42. Falconry, A Living Human Heritage (2010)
engraved on gold, silver, and jade, including A traditional folk celebration with singing and A method of obtaining food by training falcons
royal edicts written on a five-colored silk dancing performed by women to celebrate to hunt for quarry
material, which enlighten and advise the moon festivals
recipient on their duties and responsibilities; 43. Jultagi, Tightrope Walking (2011)
jade or bamboo books were given at occasions 36. Namsadang Nori (2009) A traditional Korean form of entertainment
of investiture or the respectful bestowal titles Folk performances traditionally presented to in which a tightrope walker performs a variety
and investiture books made of gold contain rural communities by an itinerant troupe of acrobatic feats on the rope while making
texts are engraved on gilt bronze plates. of about 40 performers (namsadang) led by the witty and comedic gestures called balim
chief musician (kkokdusoe)
30. Archives of the National Debt 44. Taekkyeon, A Traditional Korean
Redemption Movement (2017) 37. Yeongsanjae (2009) Martial Art (2011)
This documentary heritage chronicles the entire A Buddhist ritual performed to comfort and A traditional Korean martial that makes use of
process and history of a nationwide campaign guide the spirits of the dead to the Buddhist fluid, rhythmic dance-like movements to strike
undertaken by the Korean public from 1907 land of bliss or trip up an opponent, usually using their
to 1910, which was intended to help their hands and feet
government pay back a debt owed to Japan and 38. Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut (2009)
save their country from colonization. A traditional shamanic ritual practiced at 45. Weaving of Mosi (Fine Ramie) in the
Chilmeoridang, a shrine for the village tutelary Hansan Region (2011)
of Geonip-dong, Jeju-si The tradition of weaving ramie cloth,
a fine-quality fabric used to produce a variety
39. Cheoyongmu (2009) of clothing
A court dance performed by five dancers
wearing Cheoyong masks and costumes in five 46. Arirang, Lyrical Folk Song in the
cardinal colors Republic of Korea (2012)
A folk song with many variations cherished by
the Korean people throughout history
+ +
UNESCO Intangible Cultural UNESCO Biosphere Reserves For further information on Korea’s
Heritage of Humanity (Source: websites of Heritage Administration website at
each Biosphere Reserves) www.cha.go.kr.
47. Kimjang, Making 52. Yeondeunghoe 01. Seoraksan Biosphere Reserve 06. Suncheon Biosphere Reserve
and Sharing Kimchi (2013) (Lantern Lighting Festival, 2020) Seoraksan Mountain was first designated The Suncheon Biosphere Reserve includes the
The cultural tradition of preparing for and Yeondeunghoe, or lantern lighting festival, as a UNESCO’s biosphere reserve in Korea terrestrial ecosystems surrounding Suncheon
making kimchi to be eaten during the winter, is a Buddhist festival in which participants in recognition of the excellent natural City centered on Jogyesan Provincial Park,
typically with the participation of an entire celebrate the birth of Buddha by lighting environment and ecological value. as well as the Dongcheon Estuary in
family or community hand-made lotus-shaped lanterns. It is home to endangered wildlife, Suncheonman Bay, which is protected as a
natural monuments, and rare plants. national wetland conservation area.
48. Nongak, Community Band Music, Dance, 53. Talchum (Mask Dance Drama, 2022) Location Inje-gun, Gangwon-do Location Suncheon-si, Jellanam-do
and Rituals in the Republic of Korea (2014) Talchum, or mask dance drama, is a multi-
A performance art derived from communal disciplinary folk art form characterized by its 02. Jeju Island Biosphere Reserve 07. Gangwon Ecological Peace
rites to pray for enhanced solidarity in the satire and humor. It combines elements The entire island has been designated as Biosphere Reserve
community and the well-being of the villagers of dance, music, and theater under universal UNESCO’s biosphere reserve in recognition The Gangwon Ecological Peace Biosphere
values and themes such as criticism toward the of abundant species and unique ecosystems Reserve located at the watershed of the
49. Tugging Rituals and Games (2015) social status system. on Jeju Island, including Hallasan Mountain, Baekdudaegan Mountain Range borders the
This is a community game composed of two Gotjawal (forest), parasitic cones, southern limit of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
teams, each of which pulls one end of a rope or and the Chuja Islands. to the north. Thus, it is home to a wide range of
a stick, attempting to tug it away from the other. Location Jeju Special Self-Governing Province rare and endangered flora and fauna.
It is performed as an agricultural ritual to pray Location Cheorwon-gun, Hwacheon-gun,
for an abundant harvest. 03. Shinan Dadohae Biosphere Reserve Yanggu-gun, Inje-gun, and Goseong-gun
This biosphere reserve not only consists in Gangwon-do
50. Culture of Jeju Haenyeo of 1,004 islands, each of which forms
(Women Divers) (2016) independent culture, but also has the mudflats 08. Yeoncheon Imjin River Biosphere Reserve
The culture of Jeju haenyeo (women divers) of abundant biodiversity along with natural The Yeoncheon Imjin River Biosphere Reserve
consists of underwater swimming skills that evaporation salt farms. encompasses the ecological, geological,
are passed down to younger generations Location Jeollanam-do and natural values of the Imjingang and
in families, Jamsugut (prayers asked the Hantangang Rivers. It also boasts cultural
goddess of the sea for safety and an abundant 04. Gwangneung Forest Biosphere Reserves heritage showing the entire history of the
catch), and haenyeo songs. The Gwangneung forest, designated for the Korean Peninsula.
tomb of King Sejo, the seventh king of the Location Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do
51. Traditional Korean Wrestling Joseon Dynasty, shows excellent ecological value
(Ssirum/Ssireum) (2018) because of its well-preserved pristine forest for 09. Biosphere Reserve, Wando
Ssireum is a folk game that has been handed more than 560 years. Sitting on a total area of 403,899 ha, Biosphere
down based on Korean community culture, Location Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do Reserve in Wando consists of 55 habited islands
in which two opponents try to push each other (including the Wando Island itself) and 210
to the ground using a satpa (a fabric strap 05. Gochang Biosphere Reserve uninhabited islands.
connecting the waist and leg), their torso, The Gochang Biosphere Reserve consists Location Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do
hands, and legs. of abundant natural and cultural resources,
including Seonunsan Provincial Park,
the Dolmen site registered as a World Heritage
Site, and the Gochang/Buan Tidal Flats
protected as Ramsar sites. For this reason,
the entire island has been designated as
a UNESCO’s biosphere reserve.
Location Gochang-gun, Jellabuk-do
+ +
UNESCO Global Geopark National Museums in Korea For further information on Korea’s
National Museums, please visit the
(Source: websites of each Geopark) (Source: websites of each museum) National Museum of Korea website at
www.museum.go.kr
01. Jeju Island UNESCO Global Geopark 04. Hantangang River UNESCO Global Geopark 01. National Museum of Korea 05. Daegu National Museum
Jeju Island UNESCO Global Geopark has a variety Hantangang River UNESCO Global Geopark has The flagship museum of Korean history and art, Daegu National Museum is a multi-purpose
of volcanic landforms and geological resources. picturesque views and geographical features which displays not only Korean cultural heritage cultural institution dedicated to preserving,
Thus, the entire island is protected as Global of nature created by hot lava that flowed 54,000 from prehistoric to modern times but also studying, exhibiting, and providing education
Geoparks, including the Hallasan Mountain, to 120,000 years ago, such as cliffs of basalt approximately 400,000 relics and artifacts on the cultural heritage of Daegu and
Suwolbong Peak, Sanbangsan Mountain, columnar joints and falls in some areas near the from the world, including Japan, Central Asia, Gyeongsangbuk-do. It is the only museum
Yongmeori Beach, and columnar joints. Hantangang and Imjingang Rivers. and Southeast Asia in Korea dedicated to costume culture,
Location Jeju Special Self-Governing Province Location Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do Location Yongsan-gu, Seoul and it is a showcase for the archaeology
www.museum.go.kr and historiography of Daegu and the
02. Cheongsong Gyeongsangbuk-do region.
UNESCO Global Geopark 02. Gyeongju National Museum Location Suseong-gu, Daegu
Depending on geological features, Cheongsong A museum that houses 270,000 relics and daegu.museum.go.kr
UNESCO Global Geopark is divided into two artifacts found in Gyeongju from prehistoric
geosites. One is the Juwangsan Mountain zone times to the Unified Silla dynasty 06. Buyeo National Museum
with distinctive geological phenomena Location Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do A national museum that displays prehistoric
and scenery formed by volcanic eruptions, gyeongju.museum.go.kr culture in western parts of Chungcheongnam-
and the other is the Sinseong Valley zone do, in addition to over 1,000 cultural properties
created through the geologic processes 03. Gwangju National Museum from the Mahan and Baekje periods
of sedimentary rocks. A national museum that manages Location Buyeo-gun, Chungcheongnam-do
Location Cheongsong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do approximately 160,000 local-designated cultural buyeo.museum.go.kr
properties, most of which were found in the
03. Mudeungsan Area Honam region, other than relics and artifacts 07. Gongju National Museum
UNESCO Global Geopark from prehistoric times, Baekje, Unified Silla, Gongju National Museum is home to more than
Mudeungsan Area UNESCO Global Geopark Goryeo, and the Joseon dynasty 6,000 artifacts. These include items excavated
features a variety of academically valuable Location Buk-gu, Gwangju from the Muryeongwangneung Tomb of King
geoheritage and ecological heritage, including gwangju.museum.go.kr Muryeong and Baekje’s cultural properties
the Columnar Joints in Mudeungsan Mountain, found across Chungcheongnam-do. The
the Dinosaur Fossil Site in Seoyu-ri, Hwasun- 04. Jeonju National Museum museum’s massive storage facility is capable of
gun, and Chuwolsan Mountain in Damyang. Jeonju National Museum provides an overview holding up to 1.5 million items, and also serves
Location Gwangju Metropolitan City, and of the history of the Jeollabuk-do Province from as an exhibition space.
Damyang-gun and Hwasun-gun in Jeollanam-do the prehistoric era to modern times, along with Location Gongju-si, Chungcheongnam-do
cultural properties related to the region and the gongju.museum.go.kr
royal palace including artworks, handicrafts,
items used by Seonbi (scholar-aristocrats) 08. Jinju National Museum
of Joseon, and calligraphy works. Located at Jinjuseong Fortress,
The museum houses more than 86,000 items, one of the fiercest battle fields
including historical records and Mahan and during the Japanese Invasion in 1592,
Baekje cultural artifacts. Jinju National Museum specializes
Location Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do in the history of the invasion.
jeonju.museum.go.kr It currently houses more than
116,000 historical items.
Location Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do
jinju.museum.go.kr
+
National Museums in Korea For further information on Korea’s
National Museums, please visit the
(Source: websites of each museum) National Museum of Korea website at
www.museum.go.kr
09. Cheongju National Museum 14. Iksan National Museum 18. National Museum of Korean 22. National Taekwondo Museum
Cheongju National Museum offers an overview Iksan National Museum is home to more than Contemporary History A national museum dedicated to systematically
of around 1,530 artifacts found across 2,600 artifacts, which mostly consist of cultural A national museum that deals with the modern organizing the history and culture
Chungcheongbuk-do, and they are categorized properties excavated across Iksan and the and contemporary history of Korea ranging of taekwondo, a traditional Korean martial art
under different periods from the prehistoric surrounding areas, including the Mireuksaji from the end of the 19th century to the present, Location Muju, Jeollabuk-do
area to the Joseon Dynasty. Temple site. showcasing 120,000 related relics and artifacts www.tkdwon.kr
Location Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do Location Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do Location Jongno-gu, Seoul
cheongju.museum.go.kr iksan.museum.go.kr www.much.go.kr
10. Gimhae National Museum 15. Korea National Arboretum 19. The National Lighthouse Museum
A national museum that houses 1,300 relics and (Forest Museum) A museum in Homigot Village, a well-know
artifacts from Geumgwan Gaya and operates An arboretum designed to plant 3,873 tourist attraction, which houses a collection
programs for visitors to learn and experience its species of plants, consisting of 22 specialized of 3,000 pieces of materials regarding
history and culture gardens including Forest Museum, the navigational history of Korean lighthouses
Location Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do Herbarium, Temperate House, Location Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do
gimhae.museum.go.kr Tropical Plant, and Resource Center www.lighthouse-museum.or.kr
Location Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do
11. Jeju National Museum www.kna.go.kr 20. National Research Institute of
Jeju National Museum provides Maritime Cultural Heritage
a comprehensive insight into the history of Jeju 16. National Palace Museum of Korea The only government agency that is responsible
and the formation of Jeju culture. The museum A museum inside Gyeongbokgung Palace for the research of the underwater cultural
has more than 1,000 exhibits on display. in Seoul, which displays 40,000 royal relics heritage of Korea, operating the Sea Relics
Location Jeju-si, Jeju and artifacts from the Joseon dynasty and the Storehouse for visitors to experience the marine
jeju.museum.go.kr Korean Empire history and culture
Location Jongno-gu, Seoul Location Mokpo-si, Jeollanam-do
12. Chuncheon National Museum www.gogung.go.kr www.seamuse.go.kr
At Chuncheon National Museum, you can see
around 4,077 historical and cultural items found 17. The National Folk Museum of Korea 21. National Hangeul Museum
across the Gangwon region from prehistoric A folk museum inside Gyeongbokgung Palace, A national museum intended to showcase
times to the modern era. which is intended to study and preserve folklore the history and excellence of the Hangeul
Location Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do materials regarding Korean lifestyles and writing system through diverse exhibitions and
chuncheon.museum.go.kr customs educational and cultural events
Location Jongno-gu, Seoul Location Yongsan-gu, Seoul
13. Naju National Museum www.nfm.go.kr www.hangeul.go.kr
A national museum that displays cultural
properties from prehistoric times to the Goryeo
dynasty, which were found in the Yeongsangang
River basin, and represents the culture of the
Honam region
Location Naju-si, Jeollanam-do
www.naju.museum.go.kr
+
Local Government
(As of Nov. 2022)
Special City and Metropolitan Cities Provinces (do)
01. Seoul 07. Busan 09. Gyeonggi-do 15. Gyeongsangbuk-do

Office Location Sejong-daero, Office Location Jungang-daero, Yeonje-gu Office Location Hyowon-ro, Office Location Docheong-daero Pungcheon-
Jung-gu Population 3.32 million Paldal-gu, Suwon-si myeon, Andong-si
Population 9.44 million Land area 770 km2 Location 13.58 million Population 2.60 million
Land Area 605 km2 www.busan.go.kr Land Area 10,187 km2 Land Area 19,032 km2
www.seoul.go.kr www.gg.go.kr www.gyeongbuk.go.kr
08. Sejong Special Self-Governing City
02. Incheon Office Location Hannuri-daero 10. Gangwon-do 16. Gyeongsangnam-do
Office Location Jeonggak-ro, Namdong-gu Population 380,000 Office Location Jungang-ro, Chuncheon-si Office Location Jungang-daero, Uichang-gu,
Population 2.96 million Land area 465 km2 Population 1.54 million Changwon-si
Land Area 1,063 km2 www.sejong.go.kr Land Area 16,828 km2 Population 3.28 million
www.incheon.go.kr www.provin.gangwon.kr Land Area 10,540 km2
www.gyeongnam.go.kr
03. Daejeon 11. Chungcheongbuk-do
Office Location Dunsan-ro, Seo-gu Office Location Sangdang-ro, Sangdang-gu, 17. Jeju Special Self-Governing Province
Population 1.45 million Cheongju-si Office Location Munyeon-ro, Jeju-si
Land area 540 km2 Population 1.60 million Population 680,000
www.daejeon.go.kr Land Area 7,407 km2 Land Area 1,850 km2
www.cb21.net www.jeju.go.kr
04. Gwangju
Office Location Naebang-ro, Seo-gu 12. Chungcheongnam-do
Population 1.43 million Office Location Chungnam-daero Hongbuk-
Land area 501 km2 eup, Hongseong-gun
www.gwangju.go.kr Population 2.12 million
Land Area 8,226 km2
05. Daegu www.chungnam.net
Office Location Gongpyeong-ro, Jung-gu
Population 2.37 million 13. Jeollabuk-do
Land area 884 km2 Office Location Hyoja-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si,
www.daegu.go.kr Population 1.77 million
Land Area 8,070 km2
06. Ulsan www.jeonbuk.go.kr
Office Location Jungang-ro, Nam-gu
Population 1.11 million 14. Jeollanam-do
Land area 1,060 km2 Office Location Oryong-gil Samhyang-eup,
www.ulsan.go.kr Muan-gun
Population 1.82 million
Land Area 12,335 km2
www.jeonnam.go.kr
+
Relevant
Websites
Gateway to Korea Korean Cultural Center, Japan Korean Cultural Center, United Kingdom Ministry of Foreign Affairs
www.koreanculture.jp kccuk.org.uk/en www.mofa.go.kr
Korean Culture and Information Service
www.kocis.go.kr www.korea.net
Korean Cultural Center, Osaka Korean Cultural Center, France Ministry of Unification
www.k-culture.jp www.coree-culture.org www.unikorea.go.kr
Korea Tourism Organization
www.visitkorea.or.kr
Korean Cultural Center, Vietnam Korean Cultural Center, Spain Ministry of Justice
vietnam.korean-culture.org spain.korean-culture.org www.moj.go.kr
Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency
www.kotra.or.kr
Korean Cultural Center, Philippines Korean Cultural Center, Poland Ministry of National Defense
phil.korean-culture.org pl.korean-culture.org www.mnd.go.kr
National Gugak Center
www.gugak.go.kr
Korean Cultural Center, India Korean Cultural Center, Italy Ministry of the Interior and Safety
india.korean-culture.org italia.korean-culture.org www.mois.go.kr
National Institute of the Korean Language
www.korean.go.kr
Korean Cultural Center, Thailand Korean Cultural Center, Germany Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism
thailand.korean-culture.org kulturkorea.org www.mcst.go.kr
National Folk Museum of Korea
www.nfm.go.kr
Korean Cultural Center, Kazakhstan Korean Cultural Center, Hungary Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
kaz.korean-culture.org hungary.korean-culture.org/ko/welcome www.mafra.go.kr
National Library of Korea
www.nl.go.kr
Korean Cultural Center, Indonesia Korean Cultural Center, Russia Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
id.korean-culture.org russia.korean-culture.org www.motie.go.kr
National Museum of Korea
www.museum.go.kr
Korean Cultural Center, Australia Korean Cultural Center, Türkiye Ministry of SMEs and Startups
koreanculture.org.au tr.korean-culture.org/ko www.mss.go.kr
National Museum of
Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea
Korean Cultural Center, Canada Korean Cultural Center, UAE Ministry of Health and Welfare
www.mmca.go.kr
canada.korean-culture.org uae.korean-culture.org www.mohw.go.kr
National Hangeul Museum
Korean Cultural Center, New York Korean Cultural Center, Egypt Ministry of Environment
www.hangeul.go.kr
www.koreanculture.org egypt.korean-culture.org www.me.go.kr
Korea Creative Content Agency
Korean Cultural Center, L.A. Korean Cultural Center, Nigeria Ministry of Employment and Labor
www.kocca.kr
www.kccla.org ngr.korean-culture.org www.moel.go.kr
National Theater of Korea
Korean Cultural Center, Washington D.C. Korean Cultural Center, South Africa Ministry of Gender Equality and Family
www.ntok.go.kr
www.koreaculturedc.org sa.korean-culture.org/ko www.mogef.go.kr
Korean Cultural Center, Mexico Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport

Korean Cultural Information
mexico.korean-culture.org Executive Branch www.molit.go.kr
Korean Cultural Center, China
Ministry of Economy and Finance
c.kocenter.cn Korean Cultural Center, Brazil Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries
www.moef.go.kr
brazil.korean-culture.org www.mof.go.kr
Korean Cultural Center, Shanghai
Ministry of Education
s.kocenter.cn Korean Cultural Center, Argentina National Tax Service
www.moe.go.kr
argentina.korean-culture.org www.nts.go.kr
Korean Cultural Center, Hong Kong
Ministry of Science and ICT
hk.korean-culture.org Korean Cultural Center, Belgium Korea Customs Service
www.msit.go.kr
brussels.korean-culture.org www.customs.go.kr
+ +
Relevant Sources of
Websites Photos
Public Procurement Service Korea Communications Commission National Hangeul Museum Songpa-Gu Tourist Attractions
www.pps.go.kr www.kcc.go.kr
National Museum of Korea Korea Copyright Commission
Statistics Korea National Human Rights Commission of Korea National Folk Museum of Korea Hallasan National Park
http://kostat.go.kr www.humanrights.go.kr
National Palace Museum of Korea SeongDong-Gu Tourist Attractions
Supreme Prosecutors’ Office Republic of Korea Korea Fair Trade Commission National Gugak Center Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture & Tourism
www.spo.go.kr www.ftc.go.kr
Cheong Wa Dae (Blue House) Organization
Military Manpower Administration Financial Services Commission
Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism Gyeongju City Tourism Organization
www.mma.go.kr www.fsc.go.kr
Cultural Heritage Administration Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism
Defense Acquisition Program Administration Anti-corruption and Civil Rights Commission
www.dapa.go.kr www.acrc.go.kr Korea Open Government License Ganghwa-gun Tourist Attractions
Korean Culture and Information Service Korea Cultural Heritage Foundation
Korean National Police Agency Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (Lee Seung Cheol)
www.police.go.kr www.nssc.go.kr Korea Tourism Organization
Busan Museum
Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies
National Fire Agency Personal Information Protection
Ulsan Tourism
www.nfa.go.kr/nfa Commission Korea Meteorological Administration
www.pipc.go.kr Ministry of Science and ICT
Cultural Heritage Administration Incheon International Airport Corp.
www.cha.go.kr YES24
Korean Sport & Olympic Committee
Legislature © NAVER Corp.
Rural Development Administration Kansong Art and Culture Foundation
The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea © Minumsa Publishing Group
www.rda.go.kr
www.assembly.go.kr Goryeo Celadon Museum
© Hansol Education Corp.
Korea Forest Service Yonart Creative Group
www.forest.go.kr © WEBTOON Entertainment Inc.
Judiciary Goindol (Dolmen) Park Suncheon
Korean Intellectual Property Office Supreme Court of Korea © The Pinkfong Company
Korea Association of Game Industry
www.kipo.go.kr www.scourt.go.kr © KFA
Gaeseong Industrial District Foundation
Korea Meteorological Administration © CJ NEWSROOM
Yonhap News Agency
www.kma.go.kr Independent Organizations
© MYM-ENT
Topic Images
Constitutional Court of Korea
National Agency for © Seoul Tourism Organization
www.ccourt.go.kr Shutterstock
Administrative City Construction
www.naacc.go.kr © Kukje Gallery
National Election Commission Getty Images
www.nec.go.kr © The Traditional Artist Association
Saemangeum Development and Riot Games
Investment Agency © Pancinema
National Human Right Commission of Korea Namsangol Hanok Village
www.saemangeum.go.kr
www.humanrights.go.kr © Netflix
Korea House
Korea Coast Guard © Apple TV+
www.kcg.go.kr Gyeonggi Tourism Organization
© Changbi Publishers, Inc.
Gongju City
Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency © GENESIS BBQ
www.cdc.go.kr Flicker
© Moc Production (Richard Rodriguez)

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FACTS ABOUT KOREA

408, Galmae-ro, Sejong-si, Government Complex-Sejong,

222 Korean Wave

• K-Pop, Leading the Korean Wave

South Korea – Summary︱Transition to a Multicultural Society

Korea has four distinct seasons, is surrounded

Adapting to the natural environment, they also

01. At the Hanbok

Clothing and Fashion

Doenjang, Ganjang, and Gochujang Bibimbap

Korean people serve different varieties of traditional rice cakes Liquor

01. Namsangol Hanok Village

Festivals, Celebrations, and Holidays

Another important seasonal festival is Jeongwol Daeboreum (Greater Full Moon),

02 02-03. Traditional Wedding

South Korea – Summary

Geographical and Topological Features

Korea is surrounded by the sea on three sides, except

more islands. Each of the three seas offers distinctive features

South Korea Overview

Capital City President Standard Time Political System

“Hangeul,” which is based on Hunminjeongeum (The Proper

National Flag (Taegeukgi)

National Flower (Mugunghwa)

Its lyrics were written by numerous precursors, to which

God protects and preserves our nation; Hurray to Korea

02. National Flag

03. National Flower

04. National Anthem

Transition to a Multicultural Society

Professional Sports; History Written in Sweat︱Korea’s Rise in e-Sports

Joyful energy runs in the Korean DNA. Koreans

This is reflected in their ability to create music,

Korean shows and films have also created dedicated fans

Much of Korea’s culture and artistic heritage has been

UNESCO Heritage in Korea

Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty

Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon,

07 08. Royal Tombs in Songsan-ri

09. Jeongnimsa Temple Site

Baekje Historic Areas

Gongsanseong Fortress and the Royal Tombs in Songsan-ri

Seungjeongwon Ilgi: Diaries of the Royal Secretariat

Ilseongnok: Records of Daily Reflections

13. Protocol on the Marriage of

Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana and

Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

Royal Ancestral Ritual in the Jongmyo Shrine and Its Music

Human Rights Documentary Heritage 1980 Archives for

various organizations in the United States.

16. Pansori Epic Chant

17. Gangneung Danoje Festival

Ganggangsullae Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut

Yeongsanjae Jultagi, Tightrope Walking

Arirang, Lyrical Folk Song in the Republic of Korea

a worldwide reputation as a representative Korean food,

01. Performance of Yeomillak

performed for the King at celebratory state events; music and

(shamanic ritual dance), taepyeongmu (dance of peace), of Korean dance

06. Celadon Jar with

Today, traditional artworks such as paintings, calligraphy

10. Two-Tier Chest

11. Women’s toiletry cases