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 (P) POST INDEPENDENCE BY 7. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

 Reasons of economic problems were
PARVEEN DIXIT SIR (P):- a) Low savings at household level:- because of this low
 Praveen.rbl@gmail.com :- Sir’s Email savings
 WHAT WE DO  Low sanitation :-it also leads to
 Poor health
1. Issues / problems of India during independence
 High mortality
2. Synopsis of Indian economy 1947-1991
 Low nutrition:- it also leads to
3. Synopsis of India’s neighbourhood 1947-1991
 Poor health
4. Unification of India
 High mortality :- it leads to
 Background / Issues
 high fertility +
 Process
 High dependency ratio:- it further leads
 Junagarh, Hyderabad, J&K
to
 ISSUES / PROBLEMS OF INDIA  Land fragmentation:- it further means
low income which means low savings +
DURING INDEPENDENCE No investment in Agriculture resulting in
stagnant agriculture
1. COMMUNAL RIOTS:-  illiteracy it also leads to
1.First Demand of partition and then began  unemployment :- unemployment means
communal riots overburdened agriculture, overburden
2. communal riots agriculture leads to further land
fragmentation
3. Two major events of communal riots
a) 16 August 1946:- Direct Action Riots
b) March 1947:- Punjab Riots Began {this would
be the start of Kashmir issue)
rd
4. 3 June plan acceptance of partition
 After partition , communal riots majorly stopped.
Because of riots there was a threat of civil war in India
, that is why partition was accepted
2. COMMUNALISM
 Communal riots was not a big problem, the bigger
problem was communalism which never dies from
India
3. REFUGEE CRISIS
 It is estimated that16. 7 million people were forced to
leave during the four year period after the partition.
With 14.5 million inflows during the same interval, this
suggests that 2.2 million people were "missing" or
unaccounted for during the partition
4. PRINCELY STATES
 In January 1947, Nehru said that independent India
would not accept the divine right of kings. In May
1947, he declared that any princely state which
refused to join the Constituent Assembly would be
treated as an enemy state
 Before the Partition of India in 1947, about 584 princely
states, also called “native states”, existed in India, which
were not fully and formally part of British India, Upon b) After colonial period low savings at national level also
Independence, they were given the choice of either joining (State had also no savings), it means
India or Pakistan or remaining independent  Less banks:- because of less banks there is
financial exclusion and due to less banks ,
5. LINGUISTIC REGIONALISM moneylenders were there to give loans or credits
 Linguistic diversity is one such diversity that gives rise to
(at high prices) called as feudal credit (feudal
linguistic regionalism in India. Regionalism is not a new
concept to India. credit leads to debt trap means low saving at
household level)
6. CASTEISM  Less schools:- less schools means illiteracy
 Casteism is an age-old problem in Indian society. It is  illiteracy it also leads to
defined as the practice of discriminating against  unemployment :- unemployment means
people based on their caste. overburdened agriculture, overburden

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agriculture leads to further land B. 1949:- Govt took control of Monetary policy
fragmentation  1949:- RBI Act :- Nationalisation of RBI
 Less hospitals it also leads to C. 1950:- PM took control of Fiscal Policy by forming
 Poor health Planning commission (an executive Body)
 High mortality :- it leads to
 high fertility +
D. 1951:-Year of Great Hope :-
 High dependency ratio:- it further leads a) First five year plan was launched and
to b) focus was irrigation + agriculture
 Land fragmentation:- it further c) Wave of land reforms
means low income which means low d) Bhoodan Movement by Vinobha Bhave
savings + No investment in e) Vaccination Drive (Mass Vaccination)
Agriculture resulting in stagnant E. 1954:-
agriculture a) Banks of Calcutta + Madras + Bombay :- merged
 Less canals or rural infrastructure:- it means No as imperial bank in 1951 and in
investment in Agriculture resulting in stagnant b) 1954:- Imperial Bank was Nationalised and
agriculture Imperial Bank became SBI (State Bank of India)
 Less industry :- means overburdened agriculture, c) Formation of LIC
overburden agriculture leads to further land F. 1955:-
fragmentation + it also means less production and a) Govt Brought resolution called Avadi Resolution
less production means high imports and low and said socialism would be the guiding policy of
exports (high inflation), no forex India (Nehru Declared)
G. 1956:- Govt Introduced industrial Policy (to
implement socialism)
a) Before this industrial policy monopoly was only in
three sectors Railway, Defense, Atomic energy
b) This policy gave govt the monopoly to 17 sectors
(from 3)
c) This policy continued till 1991, that is why called
“Economic Constitution of India”
d) Indian statistical Institute (ISI):- Head was PC
Mahalanobis, who designed a plan for Indian
economy called Mahalanobis plan and on basis of
this plan Second Five Year Plan was launched
whose focus was on heavy Industry
H. 1957:- Decimal system adopted in currency
I. 1961:- Third Five year plan (again basis on second
five year plan) (almost peak of economy)
 Two problems appeared in third five year plan
 First:- that a bureaucracy controlled state cannot
match the aims and goals of liberal economy , so
Project Delays
 Population Explosion
J. 1962:-
a) Sino-Indian war
b) End of foreign aid (as countries thought you have
money to fight war , why is aid given?)
c) Stalling of Projects
K. 1965:-
 Landlord feudalism:- means less land available to a) Second Indo-Pak War
peasants means overburdened agriculture, b) Great Indian Drought (Jai Jawan Jai Kisan)
overburden agriculture leads to further land c) India Launched New Agriculture strategy later
fragmentation called as Green Revolution
 SYNOPSIS OF INDIAN ECONOMY L. 1966:-
a) Again Drought here
1947-1991 b) PL480 Programme of USA (Saved India)
A. 1948:- Indian launched three irrigation  1951:- 52million tons/year (productivity)
projects  1956:- 65MT/year
a) Bhakhra Nangal  1964:- 90MT/Year
b) Hirakund  !966:- 72MT/year (factor is population explosion)
c) Damodar river valley

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th th
c) Suspension of 4 Five Year Plan, 4 Five year plan C. 1950
had to come but Govt suspended it  Delhi pact:- signed b/w India-Pakistan
M. 1969:-  Indo-Nepal treaty
a) Banks were nationalised (to serve Green D. 1951:-
Revolution)  China took over Tibet
th
b) 4 five year plan was launched E. 1954:-
c) Export of grains to USSR  Pondicherry taken from French
N. 1970:-  India-China signed treaty of five agreements called
a) Indian launched white revolution (Milk) Panchsheel
b) Bangladesh Refugee Crisis appeared in India F. 1955:-
O. 1972-73:-  Bandung Conference (Indonesia , unofficial start of
 Trade Surplus in India NAM means Non-Aligned Movement)
P. 1973:- G. 1957:-
a) Drought  In Tibet a rebellion began against China called Lhasa
b) Asian Oil Crisis Rebellion in Tibet
Q. 1974:- H. 1958:-
th
a) 5 five year pan (Focus was infrastructure and  Anti-Tamil Riots in Sri Lanka
poverty alleviation) I. 1959:-
b) High inflation (stagflation)  India gave refuge to Dalai Lama
R. 1975:- J. 1960:-
a) National emergency  Indus Water Treaty (brokered by World Bank)
S. 1978:- K. 1961:-
a) Janta Party Govt talked about tiny sector (small  Belgrade conference in Yugoslavia (official starting of
scale industry) NAM :- Non-aligned Movement)
b) Rolling plans
L. 1962:-
T. 1980:-  Sino-India War
a) MSME
th
b) Launched 6 FYP
M. 1964:-
 Nuclear Test By China
c) Proto-liberalisation :- Import export was allowed
by positive list (positive list means what is written, N. 1965:-
nd
today it is negative list means banned items  2 Indo-Pak war
cannot be imported and exported) O. 1966:-
d) FDI was allowed as an minor partner (less than  Treaty signed called Tashkent agreement
50%) (so many foreign companies came into P. 1969:-
India)  China-USSR border tensions
U. 1985:- Q. 1970:-
a) Export to USSR declined (showing (current account  China-USA-PAK axis developed
deficit)
 China-USA relations are called Ping-Pong Diplomacy
b) Social spending high brought high Fiscal deficit
 Bangladesh Refugee Crisis
c) Imports increased (current account deficit)
 Booth b+c are called twin deficit and because of twin R. 1971:-
deficits economy clashed in 1991  Indo-Soviet treaty in August
rd
 3 Indo-Pak war (Formation of Bangladesh)
S. 1972:-
 Indo-Bangladesh treaty
 Shimla Agreement (B/w India-Pak)
T. 1974:-
 India did the nuclear test
U. 1975:-
 Sikkim merged in India
 This is how India’s economy fluctuated from 1947 to 1991 V. 1977:-
 India China resumed Ambassador status (Ambassador
 INDIA’S NEIGHBOURHOOD 1947- sent by India was Shankar Dayal Sharma)
1991 SYNOPSIS:- W. 1983:-
st
 1 Eelam war (Civil war) in Sri Lanka, continued for 4
A. 1947:-

st
1 India-Pak war years
B. 1949:- X. 1987:-
st  India-Sri Lanka Accords
 end of 1 India-Pak war
 IPKF (Indian Peace Keeping Force) went to Sri Lanka to get
 formation of china
surrender of LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam) but

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after 2 months said accord is not according to LTTE our
conditions (Jaffna Province is not that autonomous) and
LTTE refused to surrender to IPKF and started fighting to
IPKF and this continued for 2 years
Y. 1989:-
 VP singh Govt called back IPKF From Sri Lanka
 Exodus of Pandits in Kashmir
Z. 1991:-
 Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
 INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATES /
UNIFICATION OF INDIA:-
 THE YEAR OF 1798:-
 british company forced Indian Kings to sign a
document named “Subsidiary Alliance”. In this Indian
Kings accepted British as their paramount (overlords ,
supreme)
 Indian Kings agreed to surrender three subjects
(departments) under this subsidiary alliance:-
a) Communication (very important)
b) Foreign policy
c) Defense
 Note:- Profit or money was not the element of
Subsidiary alliance.
 Note: - Subsidiary alliance was given to Indian Kings in
Backdrop of Napoleonic threat therefore defence
was its prime purpose. . As In 1798 Napoleon reached
Egypt and he announced (called as Malartic
Declaration) any Indian King who wants to fight
against British will get his help. Therefore, Richard
Wellesley was sent by Britishers to India with his
brother Arthur Wellesley and was told to discipline all
Indian Kings, he sent papers to Indian Kings and some
signed (as Britishers told them that they save them
from this French conspiracy), those who did not sign
like Tipu Sultan were killed by Britishers
 After this Indian Kingdoms were described as Princely
States (After Signing Subsidiary Alliance). After
th
subsidiary alliance, In entire 19 century British Kept
these princely states isolated and separated from each
other {Note:- British built different gages railway lines
to stop mobilise of Army of Princely states}
 However By WW-I, British Govt and Princely states
found themselves together against a common threat
i.e. Political Parties demanding political and
democratic reforms in British India and inspiring such
reforms in princely states (Praja Mandalas)
 IN GOI ACT 1919:-
a) British gave a separate council (Parliament) to
princely states to jointly formulate their policies
and strategies. by this princely states could be
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used as a counter block against Political parties .
This council was named “Chamber Of Princes”
(Official Name:- Naresh Mandal or Narendra
Mandal) (today used a parliament library in
2023).
b) The president of speaker of Naresh Mandal was
called Chancellor, some famous chancellors are:-
 Raja ganga Singh (From Rajasthan)
 K.S Ranitsinghji :- on His name Ranji trophy is
played, he was Raja of Jamnagar (great
Grandfather of cricketer ajay jadega)
 Raja Bhupendra/Bhupinder Singh of Patiala
 Nawab Hamidullah Khan of Bhopal (Last
Chancellor and was chancellor during 1947)
 IN 1927:-
 Harcourt Butler commission was formed to address
the issues of princely states. Harcourt butler
commission gave two main promises to princely
states:-
a) No political reforms should be imposed on
princely states without their approval
b) Paramountcy should never be transferred to a
democratically elected govt
 GOI ACT 1935:-
 It proposed a scheme of federation b/w British India
and Princely States
 Note:- in1919, British India was given a separate
parliament, one upper house named council of states
(today called Rajya sabha) and one lower house
named central legislative assembly (today called Lok
Sabha) :- it means India was made bicameral, and
princely states were given separate council called
Chamber of Princes (Not they were not part of British
India).
 In 1935, proposal was that the princely (chamber of
princes will be abolished) will end their own council
and will send the members to upper and lower house
Princely states will nominate the members :- this is
scheme of federation. This scheme was not accepted
so chamber of princes continued.
 Federation would be applied only when more than
half of princely states would approve (ratify) it.
Princely states , however, rejected the scheme of
federation because
a) No majority was given in any house (101/260 in
upper and 126/375 in lower house)
b) No veto power given to princely states to block
any legislation (which was demand of princely
states to be part of federation)
c) No reservation given in central ministries
d) These are the reasons why princely states
rejected.
 After this congress started actively supporting the
demand of democratic reforms in princely states by
Praja Mandalas.
 In 1938 Haripura Session , congress passed a
resolution supporting Praja mandalas
RD
 3 JUNE 1947:- 3RD JUNE PLAN OR
MOUNTBATTEN PLAN :- congress and Muslim
League agreed for the partition of India. It was also
agreed that princely states would be made
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independent (Free to Join India, Pakistan or Remain
Independent)
 18th July Indian Independence Act 1947 enacted
th
by British Parliament (With Effect from 15 August
1947). Therefore within a month paramountcy would
lapse and princely states would become independent
 Pre 1947:- Crown  Parliament  PM  Colony 
India in descending order
 So before 1947:- Indian was a colony
 B/w 1947-50:- India was a dominion
 Since 1950:- Indian became republic but a part of
commonwealth (commonwealth has no hierarchical
stricture , everyone is equal)
 15AUGUST 1947:-
a) India was given dominion status
b) Sovereignty to Constituent assembly (Note:- India
was not sovereign , technically India was under
British on Paper, all India parliament will pass a
law and british crown will sign it). Note:-This
constituent assembly made India sovereign
Republic on 26 Jan-1950
 From 1935 to 1950 , the constitution which ran
India was GOI Act 1935. Indian constitution
replaced GOI Act 1935
c) Freedom/Independence to make policies
 ABOUT CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
 Began:- 9 dec, 1946
 Established by:- Cabinet Mission Plan
rd
 3 June:- Partition Agreed
th
 15 Aug, 1947:- Indian Independence Act-1947 gave
sovereignty to constituent Assembly
th
 26 January, 1960:- Constitution enacted, India
became Sovereign Republic
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rd th
 From 3 June 1946 to 26 Jan, 1950:- Indian
remained dominion
 CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY MEMBERS 389
 Constituent assembly was Unicameral (Total 389 in
Number), it would send members from British India
(296) and Members from Princely states (93)
a) How British India would send its members
296 in total
 In January 1946, Provincial elections (not
provisional note it) took place in British India, they
elected provincial assemblies (today called Vidhan
Sabha), they (elected members of these
assemblies –today called MLA’s) would further
vote and would send members to constituent
assembly
 Therefore, Constituent assembly was elected
indirectly
 So these british India’s Provincial assemblies
would send members to constituent assembly by
Indirect elections
b) How princely states would send its members
93 in number
 They would send members by Nomination to
Constituent assembly
 Note:- In Provincial elections of Jan 1946, UP chose
India and Sind Chose Pakistan by these MLA’s only,
These MLA’s Voted where the Provinces will go after
Partition. Therefore Provincial elections of Jan 1946
were very important as it decided geography of India
and Pakistan
 18th July 1947:-
 Both congress and Muslim league started persuading
Princely states to Join India or Pakistan Respectively
a) Congress demanded that people of princely states
should vote to decide either to join India or
Pakistan or to remain Independent
b) According to muslim league Kings should decide
(Muslim league promised No land reforms and
continuation of Privileges)
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c) British Govt decided to avoid further chaos and
delay , therefore it was decided that Kings would
decide this whether to join India or Pakistan
 JULY 1947
 India formed states department later states ministry
to persuade Kings to Join India
 It was headed by Sardar Vallabhai Patel, whereas V.P
Menon was its secretary (means Administrative head)
 States department formed a document named
instrument of accession (IOA) to persuade Kings
 IOA had some promises like :-
a) Till constitution of India would not be finalised
only 3 subjects would be controlled by India
 Defense
 Foreign policy
 communication
 it was simply status-quo from Pre-1947 status
b) Princely states would be able to take part in
constituent assembly
c) Privy Purse would be given to Kings. {Privy Purse
means pension for life which would be
transferred to their successors)
 {Indian gandhi ended and abolished privy Purse
1971, it means pension will not be transferred to
King’s successor , it will only be given to those
who served as Kings just like a pension like a Govt
officer today}
 Some informal promises (these were not written
in IOA) were also given Like
a) Important posts in central govts
b) Post of Ambassadors
c) Post of Rajpramukh (Governor)
 However, Many Kings declared their intentions
not to become part of India Like:-
a) Four Kings of Rajputana:- declared their
intentions to join Pakistan
b) Junagarh declared its intentions not to join India
c) Hyderabad ,Travancore , Jammu & Kashmir
declared they will remain independent
d) Last chancellor of Chamber of Princes Nawab
Hamidullah Khan of Bhopal Proposed a third
country by unifying all princely states :- Princistan
st nd
…………..1 class ended, 2 started…………
rd
 3 June:- Partition
th
 18 July:- Indian Independence Act, 1947
 July 1947:- States department  IOA
 However, by 15th August 1947, Majority of Kings
signed IOA because
a) For last one and half centuries (150 years) they
were dependent on India for supplies , raw
material , fuel , railways etc
b) Majority of princely states had small size,
therefore, Independence was not viable
c) Majority of Princely states had no coastline
d) None of the princely states had substantial army
e) Threat of popular revolt by Praja mandalas (would
be supported by India)
f) Internal hierarchies and mutual suspicion of kings
prevented any union among them {like Princistan}
g) Princely states missed the opportunity in 1935
and did not join federation. Therefore they were
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out of parliament and ministries and had no
negotiating power in 1947. Majority of Kings did
not want to miss the opportunity of joining the
constitution making now
h) GOI Act 1935 was the best opportunity given to
princely states which they have rejected and
therefore were not part of parliament and
ministries and had no negotiating powers in 1947.
Therefore, many do not want to miss the
constitution making now
i) Promises of sardar Patel also made it easy for
them to join India (they would be treated fairly)
j) Indian was arm-twisting that princely states you
cannot be independent {100% moral because
when we can fight against british for democracy
of Indian people why cannot we fight against
kings for the same cause}. According to India,
people living in princely states and in India are
one and same and both deserve constitution,
democracy , fundamental rights etc. after struggle
against autocracy of british empire ,India will now
fight against autocracy of Kings (off princely
states)
k) Lord Mountbatten favoured princely states
should join India because
 He was governor general of India
 It would reduce Indian bitterness against the
colonial past
 It would draw Indian near western block in
cold war (Pressure From USA)
 It was in accordance of policy of labour party
and prime minister Clement Attlee
 REALISM OF SARDAR PATEL & USE OF
HIS CARROT & STICK POLICY:-
 If an organization has a carrot and stick approach or
policy, they offer people things in order to persuade
them to do something and punish them if they refuse
to do it.
 Realism of sardar patel & use of his carrot & stick
policy made it clear to princely states that they would
have to join India. No principal is more important than
unification of India.
th
 By 15 of August all princely states (in the
geographical boundary of India) signed IOA
(instrument of accession) Except Hyderabad and
Junagarh and Jammu a& Kashmir
1. JUNAGARH PRINCELY STATE:-
 King:- Nawab Mahabat Ali Khan, he was famous for his
Kathak dance and his dogs
 Prime Minister:- Shah Nawaz Bhutto
 Largest Party:- Kathiawad People’s Political
conference (a Praja Mandal lining to India)
 Majority Population:-Hindu
th
 15 August-1947:- Mahabat Ali Khan declared
Junagarh would not join India
th
 16 September 1947:- Nawab declared Junagarh
would join Pakistan , Patel strongly condemned this
declaring it against the wishes of people of Junagarh
th
 25 September-1947:- Samaldas Gandhi (Nephew of
Mahatma gandhi) provisional govt in Junagarh in
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Bombay (provisional govt/interim govt means a  Razakars violence further increased
temporary govt in exile)  22october to 29 November:- one year Standstill
 Note:- Indian formed two provisional govts during british Agreement signed b/w Hyderabad and India. India
rule promised that for next one year it would not blockade
a) In 1915 in Kabul by Raja Mahendra Pratap (he was from Hyderabad. Hyderabad agreed to surrender three
Hathras) and Maulana Barkatullah Khan ( he was from subjects:-
deoband movement)
a) Defense
b) In 21 October 1943,in Singapore by Subhash Chandra
b) Foreign policy
Bose
c) Communication
 This provisional govt was supported by India
 Status quo from pre-1947 position
 October 1947:- strong protests erupted across
 Nizam further promised of no army expansion,
Junagarh resulting in breakdown of law and order and
disarming Razakars and to prepare Hyderabad for a
no help arrived from Pakistan for Nawab Mahabat ali
plebiscite .MIM rejected the agreement and Razakars
khan. So Mahabat Ali khan urged (asked) India to help
violence further intensified
with promise of later negotiations. According to patel ,
 Nizam Continued with his plans of independence like
patel denied the help as Junagarh was not part of
army expansion (buying weapons of WW-II, strategic
India and any help would be given by Indian only after
land buying)
if the Nawab Signs IOA (Realism of Sardar Patel)
 June1948:-Sri Rajagopal Acharya replaced Lord
 November 1947:- rising protests and riots threatened
Mountbatten as last Governor General Of India
Nawab and PM Shah Nawaz Bhutto and both left
 August 1948:- According to patel , one year standstill
Junagarh for Pakistan . India took control of Junagarh
th agreement is nothing but a time buying tactics of
 20 February 1948:- Indian conducted plebiscite in
Nizam to declare Hyderabad Independent. Once
Junagarh in presence and guidance of UN Observers.
agreement is over, it would be difficult for India to
99.5% voters voted for India
merge Hyderabad (As it could become international
crisis). Therefore India will have to Act before
November 1948.
th
 13 September “Operation Polo”:-Officially a police
action launched to control breakdown of law and
order in Hyderabad.
th
 By 17 September Hyderabad:- was defeated and
Nizam Signed IOA and Hyderabad became Part of
India. Nizam was made Rajpramukh
2. HYDERABAD PRINCELY STATE 3. JAMMU & KASHMIR PRINCELY STATE
 King:- Nizam Osman Ali Jah
 Prime minister:- Kasim Razvi (MIM)
 Largest Party:- Majlis e Ittehadul Muslimeen (MIM formed
in 1927)
 Population:-
 15% Muslim, largely urban , urdu speaking (Kunda
variant of Urdu is spoken called dakhani urdu ,
Bahamani sultanate took urdu to deccan and that urdu
split into multiple variants)
 85% Hindu , largely rural, telgu speaking
 1946:-MIM declared that Hyderabad will not join India in
case of partition. They created a Militia force named
Razakars to crush any demand of joining India in Hyderabad.
 Since 1946:- a violent peasant movement erupted in
Northern Parts of Hyderabad – Telegana peasant rebellion
(1946-51) led by AIKS (All India Kisan Sabha) , a branch of
CPI (communist Party of India)
AIKS was formed in 1937 by merger of various provincial Kisan
Sabhas. First provincial kisan sabha was formed in 1929 by Swami
Sahajanand Saraswati in Bihar(BPKS:- Bihar Provincial Kisan
Sabha)
th
 15 August 1947:- Nizam declared that Hyderabad
would be an independent country. However, for its
fuel, supplies, raw material , communication etc
Hyderabad was dependent on India, therefore Nizam
feared a blockade from India (means everything will
be stopped). India feared , on other hand, that
Hyderabad’s independence if recognised by some
countries, the issue would become an international
crisis  May 1946:- National Conference Launched Quit
Kashmir Movement against raja hari Singh
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(Demanding Political Reforms). This led to
imprisonment of Sheikh Abdullah). Nehru went to J&K
in support of sheikh Abdullah but was expelled
immediately
 March 1947:- Communal Riots erupted in Punjab. This
led to migration of Hindu and Sikh Refugees from west
Punjab to J&K.
th
 15 August 1947:- Hari Singh Declared independence
of J&K, However, for supplies, fuel, raw material etc
J&K was dependent on Pakistan. Therefore J&k and
Pakistan signed one year Standstill Agreement
 Late August:-Migration of Hindu and Sikh refugees
into J&K Further intensified. Muslim Conference
strongly condemned this according to them Hari Sing
is inviting these refugees to change demography of
J&K, so he could join India later. One year standstill
agreement is nothing but a time buying tactics of Hari
Singh to strengthen himself against muslim population
of J&k . Muslim conference urged Pakistan to react
before situation goes out of their control
th
 4 September 1947:- Pakistan Acts to take control off
J&k situation . Acts were
a) Pakistan blockaded J&K (stopped its supplies, raw
material etc)
b) Operation Gulmarg:- Pakistan organised and
armed tribals of North Punjab and NWFP. This
tribal militia was headed by Pakistani officers of
Pakistan army. They were sent to invade J&K by
force. Hari singh asked India to help against tribal
invasion . however, patel denied help claiming
J&K is not part of India and until IOA is not signed
, no help could be given
th
 20 September 1947:-Hari singh showed his
willingness to sign IOA. Sheikh Abdullah released from
Prison to counter propaganda of Muslim conference
and due to his good relations with congress leadership
 India proposed plebiscite in Junagarh , Hyderabad and
J&K. offer rejected by Pakistan
st
 21 October:- tribal Militia reached outskirts of
Srinagar. Pro-Pakistan factions of J&K Army joined
tribal militia.
th
 27 October:- Hari singh signed IOA making J&K Part
of India. India sent its army to Sri Nagar . this started
st st
first Indo-Pak war (21 Oct 1947 to 1 January 1949).
 Head of Pakistan Army:- General Douglas Gracey
declined to send Pakistan army in war. According to
him After signing of IOA , J&K is now part of India and
th
Pakistan has no stakes in it (on 4 December he
allowed Pakistan Army, without british officers)
st
 31 December1947:-India took matter to UNO.
Representatives of british commonwealth in UNO-
Alexander cadogan stated that India is entitled to
charge Pakistan as aggressor
 21March 1948:- Formation of UNCIP (United Nations
Commission For India and Pakistan)


Summers of 1948:- intensification of war
July 1948:- UNCIP proposed Partition of J&k, rejected
by Pakistan (even after partition India would still
remain upper riparian state of Indus river system)
st
 1949-1 January:- Cease fire b/w India and Pakistan,
ending first Indo-Pak war
NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
th
 5 January 1949 :- UN resolution for J&K (UNCIP
Resolution). Resolution consists of three steps to
follow
a) Pakistan will withdraw all its citizens from J&K
b) India to reduce its army in J&k to its minimum
c) India to conduct free and fair plebiscite in J&K in
presence and guidance of UN observers
 June 1949:- Hari singh abdicated (renouncing throne)
in favour of his sun Karan Singh
 October 1949:- Indian Constituent assembly adopted
article 370, it was promised that until India and J&K
will not finalise their constitutions , no law of India
would be imposed on J&K without their approval
 May 1950:- Dixon Commission arrives in J&K led by
Sir Owen Dixon sent by UN. It proposed plebiscite
come partition of J&K. Pakistan declines that India will
not conduct. So Pakistan demanded that before
plebiscite J&K should be put under Neutral
administration. India declined the proposal. Dixon
commission reported failure.
 November 1950:- King of J&K lost all his powers . all
these powers were assumed by constituent assembly
of J&K (J&K made republic)
 1952:- National conference demanded a plebiscite in
J&K. according to them , J&K is merger in India is
subject to a plebiscite . Jammu Praja Parishad
demanded full integration of J&K in India (no state
constitution).
 July 1952:- Delhi Agreement signed b/w Nehru and
Sheikh Abdullah. It was agreed that J&K will have
autonomy within India whereas three regions (Jammu,
Ladakh and Kashmir) to have autonomy within J&K
 1953:- Jammu Praja Parishad launched a movement
demanding full integration. Shama prashad
Mukherjee reached Jammu to support the movement.
He gave the slogan एक ,
, (means in one country, two
constitutions, two flags, two and two prime ministers
are not acceptable). Shama prashad Mukherjee was
arrested upon his arrival in Jammu
 June 1953:- Shama Prashad Mukherjee (ideological
father of BJP) died in police captivity
 August 1953:- dismissal of sheikh Abdullah govt by
central govt on charges of planning secessionist
activities with Pakistan. This dismissal led to protests
in Kashmir. To remove any suspicion over any
demographic change in J&K , Article 35A was added in
Indian constitution via a presidential order. It defined
permanent citizens of J&K

th
17 Nov 1956:- J&K adopted its own constitution and
declared itself as part of India. However, article 370
continued
nd rd
…………..2 class ended, 3 started…………
 LINGUISTIC REORGANISATION OF
PROVINCES:-
 1773:- Provinces appeared in 1773 regulating Act when
Bombay and Madras were put under authority of Calcutta
 1773-1901:- all the provincial reorganisations were purely
for defensive or administrative purpose
 1905 onwards to till 1947:- (communal or political
reorganisation):-Main focus was on communalism.
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According to British, communalism was best way to counter
nationalism .
 1953-to 1987:- State of Andhra was demanded on linguistic
basis, so linguistic reorganisation started.+ Ethnic identity
reorganisation also started (Naza, Mizo)
 From 2000onwards:- states are made separate purely for
administrative (economic + development purposes) reasons
 2019:- J&K:- states are made separate purely for economic +
development purposes
 1905:-
 British govt portioned Bengal in hope of giving boost
to communalism and to restrict nationalism.
 western Bengali language speaking people were being
cut off from eastern people and were not be able to
spread their nationalism due to split of province (as it
divided them politically)
 In protest of this Swadeshi movement began . Their
main protest was division of Bengali speaking people.
This was the beginning of linguistic aspirations
(politics) in India.
 After this demand for linguistic provinces developed
across India
 1911:-
 Annulment of Bengal Partition was done
 Bihar and Orissa became a single province+ Bengal
made a province + Assam Became a province
 Bengal became first linguistic province of India
NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
 After this demand of linguistic provinces further raised
 1915
 Gandhi came
 1920
 Nagpur session of congress
 Bombay provincial congress committee was there.
Therefore, Linguistic reorganisation of congress
stricture and formation of linguistic PCCs (provincial
congress committees) happened. This led to rise of
linguistic leaders in congress
Before 1920, congress used to sit in a session annually.in
1920, congress working committee (CWC) was formed
acting as cabinet or council of ministers of congress
whereas general assembly (annual sessions) acted like
parliament of congress. CWC has president , it used to
work whole year and made congress a permanent
organisation. After this congress became a permanent
organisation instead a party of annual conferences.
 1928
 Nehru Report (Moti lal Nehru report):- demanded
linguistic reorganisation of provinces
 Total 10 provinces (6 hindu majority + 4 muslim
majority)
 It was demanded to break hindu majority provinces
and muslim majority identity of provinces and instead
provinces will have linguistic identity. Congress
wanted to use linguistic politics as antidote of
communalism
 1937 (via GOI Act 1935):-
 A new muslim majority province of sind was formed,
separated from Bombay (demanded by 14 points of
Jinnah)
 Partition of a single province of Bihar and Orissa into
two separate provinces Bihar and Orissa happened. (it
was done to balance the appeasement of Separating
Sindh and accepting Jinnah’s demand)
 1947
rd
 After 3 june plan, partition of India was finalised in
which partition of Punjab and Bengal was agreed.
 This is also called as second partition of Bengal (first
was done in 1905)
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 After independence, demand of linguistic provinces
became the main issue of regional politics because
a) It was beneficial for the politics of linguistic
leaders
b) Aspirations of commoners for jobs , opportunities
c) A sense of identity
d) Ease of administration (for state and people)
e) Planning of calendars and lives
f) To teach history and culture to students and to
adopt them in iconography
g) Better management of resources and raw
material
h) It stops conversion of linguistic identities into
national identities
 In 1947, India had four types of provinces
1. Type A:-Full Provinces total 09 in number. Full
provinces means a democratically elected govt
ruled them
2. Type B:- Princely states.
3. Type C:- Chief Commissioner’s province (no
democratically elected govt and was ruled by
agent of Governor General i.e. chief commissioner
comparable to today’s Union Territory). Example:-
Delhi, Ajmer Merwara , Coorg etc
4. Type D:- Governor’s Province (No democratically
elected govt) and ruled by governor (more powers
than chief commissioner , who is not agent of
president but report to president}. example:-
Andaman & Nicobar , Baluchistan (before 1947).
{Note:- today it is comparable to any state has
provincial emergency}
 In constituent assembly top leaders rejected
the demands of linguistic provinces because
a) Too many languages
b) No clear definition what is a language or dialect
c) Every language has sub languages
d) No exact boundary to demarcate linguistic zones
e) No administrative or economic viability in many
cases
f) Risk to national security :- linguistic identity could
transform into national identity
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 1948:-
 Govt appointed linguistic province commission under
S.K Dhar (Judge of Allahabad HC) . also known as
Dhar Commission to analyse the viability (practicality)
of linguistic provinces
 Dhar commission rejected the provision of linguistic
provinces . it stated “Formation of Provinces on
exclusively or even mainly linguistic consideration is
not in the larger interest of India
 Dhar commission recommended following
criteria of forming a province
a) Geographical uniformity
b) Financial self-reliance
c) Administrative viability
d) Potential for development
 Dhar committee report did not satisfy the linguistic
demands, therefore in 1949 Govt formed a committee
of top political leaders named as JVP Committee ,
made up of three leaders
 J:- Jawahar lal Nehru (PM of India)
 V:- Vallabhai Patel
 P:- Pattabhi Sitaramaiyyah (Founder of Andhra
Bank)
 Composition of the committee indicates the
urgency of the matter
 JVP committee declared that there would be no
linguistic reorganisation for atleast 10 years,
however, committee stated that if a demand is
overwhelming, govt will have to accept it as India
is now a democracy
 Even this report could not end/satisfy the
linguistic demands
 1952:-
 Demand of Telgu speaking province in Madras (State
of Madras) re-erupted {CM of Madras in those days
th
was C.Rajagopalachari}. on 16 December , death of
Potti Sriramulu (a leader of this protest) after more
than 55 days of fast .Strong protests erupted after this
 December 1952, Govt formed Wanchoo Committee to
analyse the feasibility of a Telgu Province from
Madras.
 FEB. 1953:-
 Wanchoo committee recommended formation of a
telgu province- Andhra or state of Andhra Demand
was that Madras city must be capital. But Wanchoo
committee recommended that madras city would
serve as capital of both provinces –Madras and
Andhra , till the time Andhra would develop its own
capital
 IN 1956:-
 Assemblies of Hyderabad (Now purely Telgu speaking after
SRC recommendations) and Andhra passed resolutions
demanding their merger.
 Central govt merged both the states to form a unified telgu
province (Andhra Pradesh) with Hyderabad city as new
capital
 Leaders of both the regions (Hyderabad and State of
Andhra) signed Gentlemen’s Agreement promising that
whoever comes to power will not give priority to his region
and will not neglect other region (in 1937 a similar pact was
signed b/w the leaders of Rayalseema and Seemandhra :-
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named as Sribagh Pact)
 In 1953:-
 After formation of Andhra (First Linguistic province of
Independent India) the demand of linguistic provinces
across India re-erupted
 IN 1954:-
 Govt formed state re-organisation commission under
fazal Ali, also called Fazal Ali Commission (as it was
presided by Fazal Ali)
 1955:-
 State reorganisation commission report (SRC report)
recommended following Criteria for making a new
Province:-
1) System of four types of provinces should end for two
types:- State and Union Territory
2) It rejected one language one state principal
3) It recommended 4 factors for making a province
a) Strengthening unity and integrity of India
b) Administrative and economic viability
c) Linguistic and cultural homogeneity
d) Welfare of people of state
4) Atleast 50% of employees of all India services and
rd
1/3 HC judges should be from outside the state (to
stop any anti-national activities)
th
 7 Constitutional Amendment was done to
implement the recommendations of Fazal Ali
commission . majority of states of India were re-
organised on linguistic and cultural basis.
 1960:-
 Reorganisation of Bombay into Marathi speaking
Maharashtra (demanded by Samyukta Maharashtra
Samiti) and Guajarati speaking Gujarat (demanded by
Mahagujurat Movement)
 Problem was that both were demanding Bombay as
their capital
 Bombay city was made capital of Maharashtra
 1966
 Reorganisation of Punjab on linguistic basis. Formation
of Punjabi speaking Punjab (demanded by Punjab
Suba Movement ), Hindi speaking Haryana and hilly
regions of Himachal Pradesh
 1972 to 1987:-
 Ethnic reorganisation of Assam And NEFA into 7
provinces
 1975:- Sikkim became state of India
 2000
 Reorganisation of MP, Bihar and UP on economic and
development basis
 Formation of Chattisgarh from MP
 Formation of Jharkhand from Bihar
 Formation of Uttaranchal from UP, later became
Uttrakhand
 2014:-
 Reorganisation of Andhra Pradesh, and formation of
Telengana on economic and development basis
 2019:-
 Reorganisation of J&K into two UTs :- UT of J&K and
UT of Ladakh
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 INDIAN ECONOMY SINCE-1947
 THE NEHRUVIAN ECONOMY:-
 Increasing stock of productive capital with modern
technology
 Productive capital means anything that helps in
production like infrastructure, electricity, dams etc
 This Nehruvian model of economy is in contrast of
Gandhian economy (traditional Industries)
 Increased savings (national savings) for producing
productive capital. Therefore Nehruvian economy had
no elaborate subsidies and poverty alleviation would
be done by growth of economy {this was in contrast of
Indra Gandhi Economy as in Indra gandhi regime
elaborate subsidies were there}
 Heavy Industry would be the basis of growth {in
contrast of Gandhian economy based on cottage ,
small scale industry)
 Production would focus on import substitution
{import substitution means self-sufficiency} and for
domestic economy. Therefore closed economy in
contrast of the growth model of Japan and later South
Korea and China
 In growth of economy, govt would take the lead to
ensure balanced and distributive growth, therefore
socialist economy (as govt takes control)
 However, it would be Fabian Socialism (means
socialism without conflict)
 In Nehruvian socialism private sector has an important
role to play however subordinated to govt controlled
sectors. Therefore mixed economy
 State would design and plan the growth and pattern of
economy (for welfare of people and distributive
justice instead of generating profit for market),
therefore Plan economy (planning commission was
formed in 1950)
 Nehruvian version of revolution:- bloodless
revolution via legislation or parliamentary revolution
(aim of revolution is socialism). The aims of socialist
revolution will be met by parliamentary legislations
rd th
…………..3 class ended, 4 started…………
 FIRST 5-YEAR PLAN 1951-56:-
 Three challenges:-
a) Refugee crisis
b) Low food grain production 1951 52MT
c) Inflation
 Main focus:- agriculture , therefore was called
Agriculture and irrigation plan (45% allocation)
 The funds were mainly allocated to three irrigation
projects
a) Bhakhra Nangal Project (Satluj River)
b) Hirakund Project (Mahanadi river)
c) Damodar River valley Project (Damodar river)
 In this plan massive vaccination projects and specialist
hospitals were created
 First five year plan proved to be a success as in 1956
69MT , so per year production of India increased by
25%
 LAND REFORMS 1951 ONWARDS:
 In 1936, Faizpur Session, congress passed a resolution
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that redistribution of the land and abolition of
feudalism is one of its aim
 In 1951:- Govt declared the plan of land reforms ,
however, Supreme Court declared land reforms
unconstitutional. Parliament of India enacted first
st th
constitutional amendment (1 CAA) and added 9
schedule.
 Following are the provisions in land reforms
1. Abolition of intermediaries:-
 all the feudal titles were abolished like Zamindars,
Jagirdar, Jotedar, Taluqdar, Khan Bhadur, Rai Bhadur
etc
2. Land ceilings
 govt put an upper limit on land holding. An individual
could not hold the agricultural land above a certain
limit.
 27acre/person in single crop region and
18acre/person in double crop region
 Non-agricultural is exempted from land ceilings like
orchards , grazing land, barren land etc
 Landlords managed the land, therefore in 1972 family
was made the unit of land ceilings (not individual, as
before 1972 individual was the unit)
 Note:- Problem of entire land reforms is that land is a
state subject . so in different states , different limit of
land per family was adopted.
3. Tenancy reforms
 Various safeguards given to tenants like
a) Security of tenure ( )
b) No eviction ( ) without notice
c) Regulation on rent
d) Land to tenants /landless peasants: - excess land
confiscated in land ceilings is distributed
among/given to landless peasants. Priority was
given to the tenant who was already tilling the
land
e) Land consolidation ( distributed ਏ b) he could not lease out the land
):- district
collectors were given the responsibility to
persuade farmers to consolidate their land
holdings (bringing land ownership one piece).
However, land consolidations could not
effectively succeed on a large scale because
a) In many cases no exact land was there to
exchange
b) No agreement on land price
c) Varied fertility
d) The hierarchical nature of village society
 Tenants:-anyone working in land of any farmer
 ANALYSIS OF LAND REFORMS:-
 land reforms distributed millions of acres of land to
land less peasants , however still the success of land
reforms remained limited because
a) Delay in enacting the laws gave time to landlords
to manage the land
b) Hierarchical nature of village society
c) Illiterate tenants could not demand
implementation of land reforms actively
d) Corruption in state machinery
e) Lack of political will. Majority of tier-II leaders
were landlords
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f) Indifferent bureaucracy :- means less interested
{majority of bureaucrats belong to landlord
families themselves}
g) No clear land records with peasants
h) Land is a state subject therefore no unified
strategy could be devised to tackle the loop holes
 BHOODAN MOVEMENT (1951
ONWARDS)
 Movement was Started by Acharya Vinoba Bhave
where landlords were persuaded to voluntarily donate
their excess land which would be distributed among
landless peasants.
 It was in true Gandhian spirit of class collaboration
 It was initiated by Gandhian Vinoba Bhave in 1951 at
Pochampally village, Pochampally. The Bhoodan
movement attempted to persuade wealthy
landowners to voluntarily give a percentage of their
land to landless people. Philosophically, Bhave was
influenced by Sarvodaya movement and Gram
Swarajya
 Bhoodan movement started in 1951 from
Pochampally village in Telangana
 LANDLORD DONATED THEIR LAND BECAUSE
a) Feeling of charity
b) Fear of land reforms that anyhow land will be lost
c) Gaining political capital
d) Increasing social legitimacy
 Persuasion of Vinobha bhave:- in first year of
reform , more than 20,000acres of land was donated
and distributed among peasants
 Govt enacted Bhoodan Act to further strengthen the
Bhoodan Movement. It was made an obligation on
beneficiary peasant by Act that
a) he could not sell off the land (which was donated
to him)
c) he could not leave it permanently fellow
d) he could not change the land usage etc
 GRAM DAN
 If in any land donation, more than 75% families of a
village get more than 50% of agricultural land , such
donations are categorised as Gram Dan (a higher
degree of Bhoodan)
 DECLINE OF MOVEMENT
 By late 1960s Movement started declining because
a) Retirement of Vinobha Bhave from public life in 1969
b) Political interference :- means politicians started
taking credit of donations of landlords
c) State interference :- District collectors were given
targets and go and get these land donations done.
Under state pressure landlords started donating
infertile land , land existing only on papers etc
d) In many cases peasants did not claim the land
donations
 SUMMARY:-
 Bhoodan movement succeeded in distributing lacks of
acres of land to landless peasants , however, out of
more than 40 lakh acres land donated , half of it is yet
to be distributed among landless peasants
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 1955:-AVADI RESOLUTION
 During election campaign in Avadi (near Chennai), PM
Nehru declared that socialism would be the basis of
Indian economy.
 INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1956:-
 In accordance with Avadi resolution, Govt
implemented New Industrial Policy which divided
Industrial sector in three types
1. Schedule-A:-
 Industrial sectors under monopoly of central govt
(CPSU:- Central PSUs:- total 17 sectors). Before this
only 3 industrial sectors were under Govt monopoly
via industrial policy 1948 (Railway, defense, Atomic
energy)
2. Schedule-B
 12 industrial sectors where private players will be
allowed , however by compulsory pre-production
licensing and under strict control of production quota
permits
 Logic behind this licensing is to prevent the monopoly,
and to allow spread of industries and to allow proper
raw material deployment
3. Schedule-C
 All other sectors where private players are allowed ,
however, they also have to work under strict govt laws
 NOTE:- This industrial policy remained the basis of
Indian economy till 1991, therefore is also known as
Economic Constitution of India. Manu economists and
political leaders criticised this state takeover of Indian
industry. C.Rajagopalachari described this as Licensed
Raj on terms of British Raj. He left congress and
formed a new party named Swatantra Party (made in
1959) to preserve private property and liberalism in
India
 MAHALANOBIS MODEL
 Head of ISI , P.C Mahalanobis formulated a plan for
Indian economy. This plan is known as Input-Output
Model (It was against the more prevalent saving
investment model)
 Input output model was based on heavy industry.
Heavy industry producing capital goods would ensure
the output of consumer goods and will also ensure
distributive growth, job creation, availability of
inexpensive goods and will solve the logistics issues of
India
 The stunted private sector (means incapable) could
not lead the heavy industry therefore capital goods
production would be under the control of state means
govt
 SECOND FIVE YEAR PLAN 1956-61
 Main Focus:- heavy Industry
 The plan is called Industry and Transport Plan (48%
Allocation)
 The main allocation was done to three steal plants
(technology via a foreign aid)
a) Bhilai (Chhattisgarh):- with help of USSR
b) Rourkela (Odisha) :- W-Germany
c) Durgapur (W-Bengal):- Britain
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
Second plan proved to be a success and per year
production rose by 30% by the end of the plan
 However, by the end of Plan, structural defects of
Indian economy and the signs of future crisis were
visible
a) Food grain production plateaued (stagnated at
80s Million Tons). It was clear that to shift focus
out of agriculture was premature , to take
agricultural production for granted proved to be a
mistake
b) The success of vaccination programs appeared as
a crisis. Population grew so rapidly that it was
termed as Population explosion
c) All the projects of second five year plans
underwent time and cost delays. It was evident
that a bureaucratic state could not match the
swiftness and efficiency of liberal economies
 THIRD 5-YEAR PLAN 1961-66
 It was the continuation of second five year plan ,
based on heavy Industry. Therefore called Industry
And Transport Plan (46% Allocation)
 However, majority projects of third five year plan
were the unfinished projects of second five year plan.
Right from the start , third five year plan was full of
crisis like
a) Population explosion
b) Stagnant agricultural production
c) High inflation (demand supply mismatch brought
high inflation)
d) Sino-India war, 1962
nd
e) 2 Indo-Pak war, 1965
f) 1965 Drought :- PL-480 program of USA saved India
from a famine, as 50,000 tons of wheat was sent to
India every day. USA also promised India the
technology needed to improve its agriculture.
g) 1966:- again Drought {Note:- in 1964 production was
90MT and in 1966 it was 72MT, almost 20% drop in
food production}
 The crisis by the end of third five year plan was so
deep that no fourth five year plan was launched in
1966 (Suspension of planning). The main focus was
now agriculture and food production
 STRATEGY OF DEVELOPING
AGRICULTURE
 1951 to 1965
a) Making agriculture efficient by land reforms.
abolishing feudalism and giving land to original tillers
(eliminating non-productive layers b/w peasants and
state)
b) Increasing area under cultivation


1951 118mHa,
1965 138mHa = about 16% increase as
compare to 1951
 but in 2000 140mHa
 1965 Onwards
a) Increasing productivity of agriculture (means
production per unit area)
b) Improving quality of input of agriculture (seed,
fertilisers etc)
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 PROBLEMS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE
 Before green revolution or on the eve of green
revolution
1. Small and fragmented land holdings {Solution
proposed for this was/is cooperative farming}
2. Poor Quality seeds {Low productivity , less disease
resistance , photosensitive , poor fertiliser targeting}
3. Exhausted soil:- (resource depleted soil because of
same crop production)
4. Poor Irrigation Facilities:-
5. Lack of Machines- only labour available is manual and
animal labour
6. Financial exclusion:- only credit available was feudal
credit
7. No Agricultural Research:-
8. Low Productivity :- in Many crops 8 to 10 times lesser
than developed countries
th th
…………..4 class ended, 5 started…………
 THE STRATEGY OF GREEN
REVOLUTION:-
1. Improved seeds / HYV Seeds
 HYV:- High yield variety:- better nutrient absorption ,
non-photosensitive and High productivity
 Also called Miracle seeds
 Defect appeared:- because of HYV seeds, crop
diversity got ended. It ended indigenous varieties
2. In-organic Fertilisers (Especially NPK)
 1965:- 2 lakh Kg of Inorganic fertilisers consumed
 1990:- 130 lakh Kg (65 times more)
 Defect appeared:- it entered food chain means bio-
magnification
3. Irrigation Facilities (Especially Electric and
Diesel Pump Sets)
 1965:- 3 lakh
 1990:- 150 Lakh (50 times)
 Defect appeared:- ground water depletion
4. Plant Protection Methods
 Pesticides and weedicides usage increased
 Defect appeared:- it entered food chain means bio-
magnification
5. Agricultural research center in every district
 In majority of districts it is done
 Limitation:- limitation of this is that there is no
linkage of these with regional farmers.
6. Bank Nationalisation
 14 banks were nationalised in 1969 for financial
inclusion banks nationalisation (also priority sector
lending was done to make credit available in rural
regions)
 Defect appeared:- uncompetitive banks and poor
quality service. Solution of this was done in post 1991
reforms
 EVALUATION OF GREEN REVOLUTION
 Green revolution proved to be a great success ,
agricultural produce improved immediately
 1969:- 100million tons food grain production reached
 1960s:- we were in 50crore in population and food
grain was around 80s million tons
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 2020s:- almost 150scrore of population (3 times as
compare to 1960s) and food grain production is above
300crore+ (more than 4 times of 1960s)
 So it all represents the Green revolution .Food grain
production outpaced the population growth (during
steepest population rise)
 However, green revolution targeted mainly two
crops:-
a) Wheat
b) Rise
 Therefore, In second green revolution , policy must
target other crops like Pulses, Millets, Barley, Mustard,
Oil seeds, Vegetables (especially TOP:- Tomato ,
Onion, Potato)
 Green Revolution succeeded in the regions of
Perennial canal networks & cheap irrigation facilities:-
PB, HR, Western UP and Kaveri Delta
 In second green revolution this success should be
replicated across the country
 FOURTH 5-YEAR PLAN (1969-74):-
 Main Focus:- was agrarian expansion –continuing
green revolution and increasing food grain exports (to
USSR)
 Indian Exports in 1956:- 40 crore rupees
 1966:- 60 crores rupees
 1972-73:- 360 crore rupees
 It was a rare year of trade surplus in India
 However, this plan was full of crisis
 1970:- Bangladesh Refugee Crisis
 1971:- third Indo-Pak War
 1973:- drought
 1973:- Asian Oil Crisis (inflation rising but
economy stagnating leading to unrest and then
emergency)
 FIFTH 5-YEAR PLAN (1974-78):-
 Main Focus :- poverty alleviation
 Two programs were launched
a) 20-point program launched for infrastructure:- for
long term
b) Minimum needs program:- for short term poverty
alleviation
 WHITE REVOLUTION 1970 ONWARDS
 1965:- govt formed NDDB:- National Dairy
Development Board under president ship of Dr.
Verghese Kurien
 1960:- 124gm/capita/day milk availability
 1970:- 112gm/capita/day (due to population explosion
per capita decrease)
 2000:- 230gm/c/d
 2020:- 450gm/c/d
 In 1970 NDDB launched operation Flood (Later called
White Revolution) with three main aims
a) Increasing milk production
b) Make it available in cities (to establish a collection
and distribution network)
 No such network is discussed in green revolution
because milk is perishable
c) Augment rural incomes
 Earlier it was thought that govt in every district will
buy 20000 cows in every district and they will do the
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milk production like PSUs systems but that will not
augment rural incomes
 PHASE-I:- 1970-80
 18 Milk Zones /Milk sheds were created and
connected to 4 metropolice
 Each milkshed is connected to hundreds of milk
cooperatives (Milk shed is network of Milk collection)
 PHASE-II:- 1980-90
 More than 150 Milk Sheds were created and
connected to all major cities
 These milk sheds were connected to more than 50,000
cooperatives
 Every province started their own Milk corporations
 Punjab has Verka as its own Milk Corporation
 PHASE-III:- 1990 ONWARDS
 More than 200 milkshed connected to almost all
districts of India
 More than 1 lakh milk cooperatives
 Better veterinary services given to every region
 Better Breeding facilities :- HYV (Jursi Cows)
 We have shifted from A2 protein to A1 protein milk
 INDIA’s NEIGHBOURHOOD
 CHINA AND INDIA:-
Challenges/Irritants Opportunities
 Aksai Chin  China is Hardware
 India believes in Johnson’s Line Hub and India is
and china believes in McCartney Software Hub, so
Line both can
 Arunachal Pradesh complement each
 India’s claim is McMahon Line other
and China claim is Arunachal is  Religion
South Tibet cooperation
 Tibet Issue
 China claims India backs Tibet
unofficially
 1947 PAKISTAN
 Issue:- Pok , First Indo-Pak war began
 1949, OCTOBER CHINA
 Taiwan Issue
 End of Chinese civil war resulting in formation of Two
Chinas
a) PRC:- People’s Republic of China by Communist
Party of China led by Maozedong
b) ROC:- Republic of China :- Taiwan:- By
Kuomintang party (Nationalists) led by ChiangKai
Shek
 Note:- one china policy:- Both the chinas claimed that
they are only and legitimate china . to have diplomatic
relations with one, a third party will have to
derecognise the other. India Recognises the PRC
 1950 PAKISTAN
 Issue:- Refugees and minorities
 Nehru-Liaquat Pact , also known as Delhi Pact
 PM of Both the countries made following promises
a) Refugees of both the sides would be allowed to
return to sell off or dispose their properties
b) Looted property and abducted women will be
returned
c) Forced conversions were derecognised
NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
d) Minority rights to be confirmed and further
strengthened in both the countries
 This pact was criticised in India by some sections
because
a) Promising Pakistan PM on Indian minority is
against sovereignty of India {Why Indian PM is
promising to take care of Minorities (you are
strengthening hostage theory}
b) Right wing criticised it that it is against the spirit
of partition and entire transfer of religious
population should take place
 1950-NEPAL
 Indo-Nepal treaty of Peace and Friendship
 Both countries wanted to continue the friendly
relations of Pre-1947
a) Both countries agreed on free movement of
people and goods across the border (No Visa-
Passport needed)
b) Citizens of one country could apply for majority of
jobs, do trade and business, and own property in
another country.
c) Currency of one country could be used in another

country
The background of the treaty is the rise of communist
party of Nepal backed by communist China
 1951: CHINA
 Issue :- Tibet
 China took full control of Tibet (balanced criticism by
India, did not spoil the relations)
 India year advocated the inclusion of China (PRC) in
UNO (because PRC was 20% of world’s Population)
 1954:-CHINA
 Panchsheel treaty was signed b/w India and China
consisting 5 principles of peaceful co-existence
a) Mutual respect for each other’s sovereignty and
territorial integrity (means Map)
b) Mutual non-aggression
c) One should not interfere in the internal matters
of others
d) Equality and cooperation for mutual benefits
e) Peaceful co-existence
 Nehru Statement:- “If these principles were
recognised in mutual relations of all countries then
indeed there would be hardly any conflict and
certainly no war”
 Even this treaty was also criticised
a) For its idealistic nature. It was a kind of utopian
idea
b) Instead of discussing and solving exact issues, the
idealistic principles were signed which every
country generally agrees
 1955: BANDUNG CONFERENCE
 In Indonesia, an Afro-Asian conference of 29 countries
was called in Bandung to denounce & work against
colonialism and Neo-colonialism (controlling any
country indirectly by controlling its political and
economic institutions)
 Conference also agreed that countries will not join any
block in cold war. This was un-official beginning of
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Non-Alignment Movement (NAM). Four main leaders
of this movement were
a) President Sukarno of Indonesia
b) J.L. Nehru
c) Gemal Abdel Nasser of Egypt
d) Tito of Yugoslavia
 1956:- PAKISTAN
 Issue:- Sir Creek
 Sir creek is a 96kms long fluctuating tidal channel
marking the border of Gujarat and Sindh
 This channel is also a zone of fishing resource (in 1956
Sir creek issue appeared for the first time)
 The fluctuations of channel and ownership of fishing
resources in channel is a matter of constant dispute
b/w India and Pakistan
 1957:- CHINA
 Issue Tibet
 Lhasa rebellion in Tibet
 Monks of Tibet rebelled against China. China blamed
India for un-officially backing the rebellion
 China began violating Johnson line in west and
McMohan line in east
 1959: CHINA
 Issue Tibet
 Head of Tibet named Dalai Lama entered India seeking
refugee
 India gave refugee to Dalai Lama
 Chinese violation of both the lines further intensified
 Both the countries blamed each other for violating
Panchsheel treaty
 1960: CHINA
 Border Issues
 Indian Army starting making army camps to safeguard
borders (forward policy)
 Forward policy of India:- against regular border
incursions of China , Indian army started establishing
military camps along Johnson line and McMahon line
NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
 1960: PAKISTAN
 Water sharing of Indus river system
 Indus water Treaty:- was signed
 Pachnad :- point where all rivers joined in Pakistan
 Entire water of eastern rivers could be used by India
 Entire water of western rivers could be used by
Pakistan
 India could use the water of western rivers for its
natural use like drinking water, irrigation etc
 India can also establish projects on western rivers (but
not to block , just to divert) (Like run-off river projects
can be created by India on western Rivers). Treaty
exactly specifies the type of projects India could create
 India and World bank promised to give loans to
Pakistan to establish canal networks connecting
western rivers to the course of eastern rivers
 In India this treaty was criticised as it gave majority
water to Pakistan
 1961:BELGRADE CONFERENCE
 An Afro-Asian Conference (expanded version of
Bandung conference) where more than 40 countries
pledged of not joining any block in cold war
 The movement’s official name was adopted :-Non-
Alignment Movement (NAM)
 Non-Alignment is not neutrality (note it), it means if
threatened a country may join any block or may take
help of a block . under NAM a country may take help
of a block but only for its own security & not to help a
block in dominating the region
 1962:CHINA
 Sino-Indian War: October
 China says that India is militarising no-man’s land
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 China waged a unilateral war across Johnson line in
west and McMahon line in east
 December:- China unilaterally declared ceasefire &
took control of Aksai Chin. However, pulled back of
McMahon Line
 IMPORTANCE OF TIBET FOR CHINA:-
 Tibet is source of perennial rivers giving water to 13
Asian Countries and making China Upper riparian of all
of them
 1963: PAKISTAN & CHINA
 Both partitioned J&K among themselves upon paper ‘
 Pakistan ceded 5000sqkm territory of POK to China
 1964:CHINA
 China tested its nuclear device
 1965:PAKISTAN
 Issue :- POK
 Pakistan entered and operation Gibraltar
 Pakistan launched operation Gibraltar to take J&K by
army action
 5thh August war started and in December ceasefire
was signed and accepted by both parties mediated by
USSR
 1966:- January:- Tashkent declaration signed
b/w India and Pakistan
a) Both countries will pull back their armies to pre-
war position
b) Orderly transfer of prisoner of war
c) Both countries promised not to interfere in each
other’s internal matters
 Tashkent declaration is criticized in India because ,
a) it has no solution or even mention of PoK issue
b) No condemnation or penalty on Pakistan for
waging a unilateral war
c) No agreement or promise taken from Pakistan
about stopping its funding of guerrilla warfare in
J&K (Terrorism)
 1969:CHINA+PAKISTAN
 Border conflicts b/w China and USSR
 This brought China closer to USA (Ping pong
diplomacy)
 Pakistan was a regional partner of China and was also
a part of SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organisation,
a counter part of NATO)
 SEATO was formed in 1953 as Baghdad Pact
 Therefore it completed China-USA-Pakistan Axis
 1970:PAKISTAN
 Awami league movement of Sheikh Mujibur Rehman
gave 6 points for autonomy of east Pakistan. This led
to crushing of Awami league movement by Pakistan
Army resulting in Bangladeshi Refugee crisis in India
 1971:PAKISTAN
 India trained many refugees as Mukti Bahini to resist
Pakistani army by guerrilla warfare- they were named
Mukti Bahini
 AUGUST 1971
 Indo-Soviet treaty of peace friendship and cooperation
(20 year treaty , renewed in 1991). This treaty gave
rd
India the needed weapons , which India used in 3
Indo-Pak war
NOTES MADE BY AKASH 7589157201 E-5 BATCH STUDENT 2022
 Clause (9) of treaty states that If any of the two
countries would be attacked both would come
together to jointly eliminate the threat
{Needless to say:- idealism of Nehru has ended, and
the realism of Indra Gandhi appeared}
 DECEMBER 1971:-
 led Indo-Pak led to formation of Bangladesh
 Bangladesh call it :- Liberation war
 Pakistan calls :- Skut Daka
 1972:- MARCH
 Indo-Bangla treaty of friendship-cooperation and Peak
was signed , also known as “Indra Mujib Treaty”
 The clauses of treaty is exactly similar to the clauses of
Indo-Soviet treaty
 JULY: 1972
 Shimla agreement b/w India and Pakistan
a) It was about orderly return of 1 lakh Prisoners of
war as promised by India
b) Both countries agreed that Kashmir issue is a
bilateral issue and no third party intervention will
be allowed (even UNO is a third party:- to avoid
Kashmir issue becoming a battle ground of cold
war)
 Shimla agreement is criticised because
a) Even after capturing 1 lakh soldiers , India
couldn’t solve Kashmir issue
b) India missed an opportunity to become a regional
leader by not making Bangladesh a party of
discussions (India should have used Bangladesh to
balance Pakistan in the region)
 1974:-INDIA’s NUCLEAR TEST
 India nuclear test was conducted (Smiling Buddha)
 1975:- SIKKIM MERGED
 Before 1947, Sikkim was a friendly state of British
India (Not princely state) like Nepal
 1947-50, Sikkim was a friendly state of Dominion of
India
 1950-75:- Sikkim became a protectorate of India (free
movement of people and goods allowed)
 Early 1970s:- people of Sikkim demanded merger with
India, pressurised by GOI the king of Sikkim agreed for
a plebiscite and majority voted in favour of India
 China remained silent, friendship with USSR prevented
Chinese interfereship
 Read by Own
 How infrastructure reduces poverty (write 8 points)
 List 8-10 rabi or Kharif crops by your own
 Make list of all revolutions
 Read about A2 and A1 milk
 Write one country in every page and one side write
challenges or irritants that spoil the relations and on
other side write solutions or opportunities to make
relations good with India’s Neighbours
TH
…………..5 CLASS ENDED, ALL CLASSES DONE…………
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