1. Define Data processing?

data processing, manipulation of data by a computer. It includes the conversion of raw data to
machine-readable form, flow of data through the CPU and memory to output devices, and
formatting or transformation of output.

2. What are Data processing activities?

It includes the collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or

alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or
otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction of
personal data

3. What are types of data processing?

The data processing cycle consists of steps to convert your raw data into actionable and
meaningful information. Generally, Data Processing Cycle consists of the following SIX stages.

Data collection
Data preparation
Data input
Data Processing
Data output
Data storage

4. What Is Manual Data processing ?

Manual Data Processing is when the entire process is done by humans without using any
automation service or electronic devices. It's a low cost method of data processing but it is
definitely time and labor intensive.

5. What is Computerized data processing?

In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed. It

contains the program code and its current activity. Depending on the operating system (OS),
a process may be made up of multiple threads of execution that execute instructions
concurrently
6. What are advantages of Manual data processing?

The benefits of manually processing data: Cost-effective: Since manual data processing
does not require any software, hardware, or maintenance costs, it may be less expensive
than using computer systems. Flexibility: Manual methods are more adaptable to handle a
variety of data types, including unstructured or irregular data that may be difficult to process
automatically. Data Understanding: Since people actively participate at every stage of the
manual processing process, they are able to gain a deeper understanding of the data they
are working with. Better data comprehension and insights can be facilitated by doing this.
Personalised Control: The direct control over the data that comes with manual data
processing enables people to manipulate and interpret the information in accordance with
their own needs and specifications.

7. What are limitations of Manual data processing?

Time-consuming: Since manual data processing involves both physical and human
procedures, it takes longer on average than automated approaches. When compared to
automated systems, tasks like data entry, calculations, and analysis might take substantially
longer.

Increased Probability of Errors: Manual methods are more likely to make mistakes such
typos, arithmetic errors, or data input errors, which might result in inaccurate data being
processed. Compared to automatic methods, there is a higher chance of error introduced by
the human factor.

Limited Scalability: Manual data processing relies significantly on human labour, making it
difficult to scale up. Manual techniques become ineffective and may not be able to handle
massive datasets as data volume rises.

Benefits of Automation are Lacking: The benefits of automation, such as speed, precision,
and efficiency, are lacking in manual processing. In contrast to traditional approaches,
automated systems are capable of handling enormous volumes of data, performing
sophisticated calculations, and providing real-time analysis.

Collaboration Challenges: Manual data processing makes collaboration more difficult since it
frequently necessitates the physical transfer of documents or duplication of effort. This may
make it more difficult for teams to collaborate effectively and for departments to share data.

8. What are advantages of computeised data processing?

Data standardization and accuracy.

Improved analytical capabilities.

Analyses not manually practical, can be easily done by a computer Graphs and Charts also
available.

Cost savings by increasing employee productivity, decreasing manpower etc.

Ready availability of data and ready reproduction (printed copy) of the stored data.

Elimination of monotonous or exhaustive manual labor.

No need to keep duplicate records (copies).Reducing files and their storing Space.

Improved communication with neat, clean and correct copies Electronic mail systems can
facilitate communication within and between hide facilities and within short time.

9. What are limitations of Manual data processing?

Human error leads to inaccurate information.

Expensive and time-consuming.
Creates disengaged employees.
Creates potential financial issues.
Could lead to potential compliance issues.

10. Explain two types of software?

Application software. The most common type of software, application software is a computer
software package that performs a specific function for a user, or in some cases, for another
application. An application can be self-contained, or it can be a group of programs that run
the application for the user. Examples of modern applications include office suites, graphics
software, databases and database management programs, web browsers, word processors,
software development tools, image editors and communication platforms. System software.
These software programs are designed to run a computer's application programs and
hardware.

System software coordinates the activities and functions of the hardware and software. In
addition, it controls the operations of the computer hardware and provides an environment
or platform for all the other types of software to work in. The OS is the best example of
system software; it manages all the other computer programs. Other examples of system
software include the firmware, computer language translators and system utilities.

11. What is flowchart?

A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents a workflow or process. A flowchart can also
be defined as a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm, a step-by-step approach to
solving a task

12. What are types of flowchart?

Process flowchart
Swim lane Flowchart
Workflow Diagram
Data Flow Diagram
EPC Diagram
SDL Diagram
Process Map
Process Flow Diagram

13. What are types of symbol in flowchart?

Start/End Symbol. The terminator symbol marks the starting or ending point of the
system

Multiple Documents Symbol. Represents multiple documents in the process. ...

Manual Input Symbol

Or Symbol

Collate Symbol.

Manual Loop Symbol

Data Storage or Stored Data Symbol

Display Symbol.