K NOTES

Ionisation Energy - Variation

Ist IONISATION ENERGY / kJ mol
-1

NOCKHARDY

IONISATION ENERGY
A
2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 2 4 6 8 ATOMIC NUMBER 10

A LEVEL CHEMISTRY

AT

G L AN CE

Ionisation Energy (I.E.) A measure of the energy required to remove electrons from atoms The value depends on the ... distance of the electron from the nucleus and effective nuclear charge (ENC) Li < He Despite the increased nuclear charge, the outer electron is held less strongly because it is shielded by full inner level of electrons and is further away - easier to remove Be > Li Increased nuclear charge plus the electrons in the same energy level

He > H One extra proton therefore the nuclear charge is greater and the extra electron has gone into the same energy level. Increased attraction makes the electron harder to remove.

1st I.E. The energy required to remove one mole of electrons to infinity from one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous positive ions.

e.g.

Na(g)

>

Na+(g)

Its value gives an idea of how strongly the nucleus pulls on the electron being removed. The stronger the pull on the electron, the more energy one needs to pull it out of the atom.
Filled inner levels 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 494 2080 1680 1310 1400 1090 799 900 519 2370 1300 Ionisation Energy / kJ mol-1

Element

Electronic Configuration

Nuclear Charge

Effective Nuclear Charge

B < Be Despite the increased nuclear charge, the outer electron is held less strongly because it is now shielded by the 2s energy sub-level and is also further away. (EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF SUB LEVELS)

1s1

1+

1+

He

1s2

2+

2+

Li

1s2 2s1

3+

1+

Be

1s2 2s2

4+

2+

1s2 2s2 2p1

5+

3+

1s2 2s2 2p2

6+

4+

1s2 2s2 2p3

7+

5+

1s2 2s2 2p4

8+

6+

1s2 2s2 2p5

9+

7+

O<N Despite the increased nuclear charge the electron is easier to remove. This is because, in N the three electrons in the 2p level are in separate orbitals whereas in O two of the four electrons are in the same orbital. This leads to repulsion so less energy is needed for the removal of one of them.

Ne

1s2 2s2 2p6

10+

8+

Na

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

11+

1+

Nuclear Charge (NC)

The charge due to the protons in the nucleus

Na < Li Despite the increased nuclear charge due to the larger number of protons in the nucleus, the increased shielding due to filled inner energy levels coupled with the greater distance from the nucleus means that the outer electron is held less strongly and easier to remove.

Effective nuclear Charge (ENC)

The effectiveness of the nuclear charge after passing through any filled inner shells.

J. L. HOPTON 1998

To get the ENC : Knock 1+ off the NC for every electron in a filled inner orbital

N.B. Under the old 2,8,1 system, there would be no explanation for the two blips in the values of Ionisation Energy