Reading 10.

Electrical engineering

Electrical engineering is a professional engineering

discipline that generally deals with the study and
application of (A) electricity, electronics, and
electromagnetism. Electrical engineering has now subdivided
into a wide range of subfields including (A) electronics,
digital computers, computer engineering, power engineering,
telecommunications, control systems, robotics,
radio-frequency engineering, signal processing,
instrumentation, and microelectronics.
Electrical engineers typically hold a degree in (A)
electrical engineering or electronic engineering.
Practicing engineers may have professional certification
and be members of a professional body. Such bodies
include (A) the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering and
Technology (IET). Electrical engineers work in a very
wide range of industries. These range from basic circuit
theory to the management skills required of a project
manager. (B) The tools and equipment that an individual
engineer may need are similarly variable, ranging from
a simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to
sophisticated design and manufacturing software.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering)
Key Vocabulary

✥ electrical engineering: 전기 공학
ex) Electrical engineering is the designing,
constructing, and maintenance of electrical devices.
✥ electricity: 전기, 전력
ex) Electricity is a form of energy that can be
carried by wires and is used for heating and lighting,
and to provide power for machines.
✥ electronics: 전자 공학, 전자 기술
ex) Electronics is the technology of using transistors
and silicon chips, especially in devices such as
radios, televisions, and computers.
✥ electromagnetism: (물리) 전자기, 전자기학
✥ radio-frequency: 무선 주파수
✥ microelectronics: 초소형 전자 공학(기술)
ex) Microelectronics is the branch of electronics that
deals with miniature electronic circuits.
✥ voltmeter: 전압계
(an instrument for measuring potential difference or
electromotive force)
✥ top end: (가느다란 쪽의) 끝
✥ analyzer: 분석자, 분석기
✥ sophisticated: 정교한, 복잡한, 세련된
Essential Grammar

◆ 병렬(병치) 구문
두 구문을 등위접속사나 등위상관접속사로 연결할 때, 반드시
동등어구(명사, 형용사, 동사, 부사, 등)를 사용해서 연결하여야
한다.

[본문 A]
▶ electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism
☞ 전치사(of)의 목적어 자리에 세 개의 명사(구)가 and에 의해
서 연결되어 있다.

▶ electronics, digital computers, computer engineering,

power engineering, telecommunications, control systems,
robotics, radio-frequency engineering, signal processing,
instrumentation, and microelectronics.
☞ 동사(including)의 목적어 자리에 총 11개의 명사(구)가 and
에 의해서 연결되어 있다.

▶ electrical engineering or electronic engineering

☞ 전치사(in)의 목적어 자리에 두 개의 명사(구)가 or에 의해서
연결되어 있다.

▶ the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

(IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology
(IET)
☞ 동사(include)의 목적어 자리에 두 개의 명사(구)가 and에
의해서 연결되어 있다.
◆ 분사구문
시간, 조건, 양보, 이유의 부사절, 부사절을 부사구로 변경하여
언어의 간결성 원칙을 준수하고자 한다. 연속동작도 분사구문으
로 변경할 수 있다.

[본문 B]
▶ The tools and equipment [that an individual engineer
may need] are similarly variable, and they range from a
simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to sophisticated
design and manufacturing software.

☞ 분사구문의 간결성 원칙에 따라 두 문장을 한 문장으로 만들

기 위해 접속사(and)를 생략하고, 주어 they와 주절주어(The
tools and equipment)를 비교하여 동일하므로 생략한다. 그리
고 range와 are가 동일 시제이므로 현재분사(ranging)로 변경
하였다.
☞ 목적격 관계대명사 that의 선행사(The tools and
equipment)는 and로 연결된 복수주어이므로 복수동사(are)가
된다.
☞ range from A to B (to B): ‘A에서 B까지 이르다’
Reading 11. Smart grid

The smart grid represents the full suite of current and (A)
proposed responses to the challenges of electricity supply.
Because of the diverse range of factors there are
numerous competing taxonomies and no agreement on a
universal definition. Nevertheless, one possible
categorization is given here. Firstly, The smart grid makes
use of technologies that improve fault detection and allow
self-healing of the network without the intervention of
technicians. This will ensure more reliable supply of
electricity, and (A) reduced vulnerability to natural
disasters or attack. Secondly, numerous contributions to
overall improvement of the efficiency of energy
infrastructure are anticipated from the deployment of
smart grid technology, in particular including demand-side
management. Thirdly, (A) the improved flexibility of the
smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable
renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind
power, even without the addition of energy storage.
Fourthly, the smart grid allows for systematic
communication between suppliers (their energy price) and
consumers (their willingness-to-pay), and (B) permits both
the suppliers and the consumers to be more flexible and
sophisticated in their operational strategies. Finally, unlike
classic grids, next-generation transmission and distribution
infrastructure will be better able to handle possible
bidirection energy flows.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid)
Key Vocabulary

✥ full suite: 전체 데이터 액세스

✥ taxonomy: 분류, 분류학
✥ universal: 보편적인, 일반적인
✥ fault detection: 장애검출, 결함검지, 결함진단, 고장검출
✥ intervention: 조정, 중재, 개재
ex) If you intervene in a situation, you become
involved in it and try to change it.
✥ vulnerability: 상처받기 쉬움, 약점이 있음, 취약성
ex) Someone who is vulnerable is weak and without
protection, with the result that they are easily hurt
physically or emotionally.
✥ disaster: 참사, 재난, 재해
ex) A disaster is a very bad accident such as an
earthquake or a plane crash.
✥ anticipate: 예상하다
ex) If you anticipate an event, you realize in advance
that it may happen and you are prepared for it.
✥ demand-side management: 수요 관리
✥ flexibility: 융통성, 유연성
✥ penetration: 침투, 관통
ex) If something or someone penetrates a physical
object, they succeed in getting into it or passing
through it.
✥ renewable energy sources: 재생 가능한 에너지원
✥ solar power: 태양열 발전
✥ wind power: (동력원으로서의) 풍력
✥ operational strategy: 작전전략, 운영전략
Essential Grammar

◆ 현재분사(V-ing)와 과거분사(V-ed)

✥ 현재분사(V-ing): 능동해석, 형용사 역할, ‘~하는’

ex) existing equipment(기존 장비), promising member(전도
유망한 회원), missing child(미아)

✥ 과거분사(V-ed): 수동해석, 형용사 역할, ‘~하게 된’

ex) proposed project(제안된 프로젝트), experienced
worker(유능한 직원), attached document(첨부된 서류)

[본문 A]
▶ proposed responses ‘제안된 반응’
▶ reduced vulnerability ‘축소된 취약성’
▶ the improved flexibility ‘향상된 유연성’

◆ 동사의 유형

✥ 5형식 동사: 주어 + 동사 + 목적어 + 목적보어(to부정사)

☞ 해석: ‘주어가 목적어에게 목적보어를 동사하게 하다’

☞ advise(충고하다), allow(= permit, 허락하다), ask(요청하

다), cause(~하게 하다), enable(가능하게 하다), encourage(격
려하여~하게 하다), force(강요하다), persuade(설득하다),
require(요구하다)

☞ 지각동사(see, watch, hear, notice)와 사역동사(have,

make, let)는 목적보어 자리에 동사원형이 온다.
[본문 B]
▶ The smart grid permits both the suppliers and the
consumers to be more flexible and sophisticated in their
operational strategies.
‘스마트 그리드는 공급자와 수요자 둘 모두 그들의 운용전략에
있어서 더 유연하고 세련되게 행동할 수 있게 허용한다.’
Reading 12. Automotive electronics

Automotive electronics is an increasingly important aspect

of automotive engineering. (A) Automotive electronics is
electronic systems used in vehicles, (B) including engine
management, ignition, radio, in-car entertainment systems
and others. Ignition, engine, and transmission electronics
are also found in trucks, motorcycles, and off-road
vehicles. Electronic systems have become an
increasingly large component of the cost of an
automobile, from only around 1% of its value in 1950 to
around 30% in 2010. (A) The earliest electronics systems
available as factory installations were vacuum tube car
radios, (B) starting in the early 1930s. The development
of semiconductors greatly expanded the use of
electronics in automobiles. Electronically-controlled
ignition and fuel injection systems allowed automotive
designers to achieve vehicles meeting requirements for
fuel economy and lower emissions, (B) while still
maintaining high levels of performance and convenience
for drivers. Today's automobiles contain a dozen or
more processors, in functions such as engine
management, transmission control, climate control,
antilock braking, passive safety systems, navigation, and
other functions. Modern electric cars rely on power
electronics for the main propulsion motor control, as
well as managing the battery system. Future
autonomous cars will rely on powerful computer
systems, an array of sensors, networking, and satellite
navigation, (C) all of which will require electronics.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_electronics)
Key Vocabulary

✥ ignition: (차량의) 점화 장치
✥ transmission: 전파, 전달, 전송, 송신, (자동차) 변속기
✥ semiconductor: 반도체
ex) A semiconductor is a substance used in
electronics whose ability to conduct electricity
increases with greater heat.
✥ expand: 확대(확장, 팽창)시키다
ex) If something is expanded, it becomes larger.
✥ fuel injection system: 연료분사 장치, 연료주입 장치
✥ emission: (빛·열·가스 등의) 배출
ex) An emission of something such as gas or
radiation is the release of it into the atmosphere.
✥ rely on: ~에 의지(의존)하다, ~을 필요로 하다
(to need or depend on somebody/something)
✥ antilock brake: (자동차) 앤티록식 브레이크
ABS: antilock brake system
✥ array: 정렬, 배열, 무리
Essential Grammar

◆ 주격관계대명사 + Be동사의 생략

✥선행사(사람) + (who+Be동사) + 형용사/현재분사/과거분사

✥선행사(사물) + (which/that+Be동사) + 형용사/현재분사
/과거분사

☞ 위의 구조에서 [주격관계대명사+Be동사]를 생략하는 경향이

있는데, 주로 난이도가 높은 영어구문에서 자주 확인할 수 있다.

[본문 A]
▶ Automotive electronics is electronic systems
(which/that are) used in vehicles, including engine
management, ignition, radio, in-car entertainment
systems and others.

▶ The earliest electronics systems (that are) available

as factory installations were vacuum tube car radios,
starting in the early 1930s.

◆ 분사구문
시간, 조건, 양보, 이유의 부사절, 부사절을 부사구로 변경하여
언어의 간결성 원칙을 준수하고자 한다. 연속동작도 분사구문으
로 변경할 수 있다.

[본문 B]
▶ Automotive electronics is electronic systems used in
vehicles, and it includes engine management, ignition,
radio, in-car entertainment systems and others.
⇒ Automotive electronics is electronic systems used in
vehicles, including engine management, ignition, radio,
in-car entertainment systems and others.

▶ radios, and they started in the early 1930s.

⇒ radios, starting in the early 1930s.

▶ while they still maintained high levels of performance

and convenience for drivers.
⇒ while still maintaining high levels of performance and
convenience for drivers.

◆ 수량표현 + 관계대명사

one/ each/ some/ any/ all/ + of + 관계대명사

many/ much/ most/ both

[본문 C]
▶ Future autonomous cars will rely on powerful
computer systems, an array of sensors, networking, and
satellite navigation, and all of them will require
electronics.

☞ 두 문장을 한 문장으로 만들기 위하여 접속사(and)와 대명사

(them)을 대신할 수 있는 관계대명사 which를 사용하였다. 단,
that은 계속적 용법에 사용할 수 없다.