Module 1

When discussing the writer’s main purpose please remember the acronym
P.I.E.S (Persuade, Inform, Entertain, Sensitize)
Organizational Strategies
● FlashBack
● Foreshadowing
● Definitions
● Cause and Effect
● Problem and Solution
● Comparison and Contrast
● Evidence
● Sequencing
● Titles and Subtitles/ Heading and Subheadings
● Dialogue
● Short Paragraphs
● Use of Narration
● Examples and and illustrations
● Use of Rhetorical Appeals

Language Techniques
● Hypophora
● Euphemism
● Metaphors
● Simple Vocabulary
● Emotive Languages
● Alliteration
● Analogy
● Irony
● Sarcasm
● Cliche
● Imagery (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory)
● Simile
● Personification
● Onomatopoeia
● Rhetorical Questions
● Repetition
● Use of Jargon
● Use of Slang
● Simple Vocabulary
HONORABLE MENTIONS
● Punctuation (inverted commas, several exclamation marks, dashes)
● Typographical Features (font type, italics, font size etc)

Tone
● Amused
● Annoyed
● Appreciative
● Angry
● Bitter
● Casual
● Cheerful
● Condescending
● Confused
● Disgusted
● Formal
● Hopeful
● Passive
● Pleasant
● Sad
● Serious
● Taunting

↑ EXPLAIN HOW EACH BRINGS HELPS TO ACHIEVE THE WRITER’S

PURPOSE & MAKE REFERENCE TO EACH
(QUOTE THE LINE/ SENTENCE YOU FOUND IT IN!)
Validity
1. Is the extract current? (published between 5-10 years)
2. Is the information relevant to the writer’s purpose?
3. Does the writer use language that appeals to logos/logical reasoning?
Reliability
1. Has any qualifications of the writer been presented in the piece?
2. Was the piece retrieved from a reputable source?
3. Will the measures employed by other investigators give the same result?
Credibility
1. Do the same for reliability and validity just mention credibility
How the piece could've been more applicable to the caribbean context (2022)
● Reference studies done in the Caribbean
● Citing relevant examples in relation to the Caribbean
● Use of Caribbean Influence
Module 2
Language Registers
● Frozen
● Casual
● Intimate
● Consultative
● Private
Verbal Communicative Behaviors
● Vocalics (pitch/tone/volume)
Non- Verbal Commutative Behaviors
● Chronemics
● Artifacts
● Kinesics/ Facial Expressions
● Proxemics
Features of a Language
● Grammar
● Lexicon- vocabulary
● Phonology- pronunciation
● Syntax- sentence structure
Attitude towards Language
● Proud
● Confident
● Ashamed
● Celebratory
Varieties of Language
● Foreign English- used by tourists and expatriates from countries where English is a
major language
● British Standard English
● Caribbean Creole
● Creole English- (an uneducated person)
● Radio and Television English
● Erudite English- used by the upper class most often used to show that the speaker is
knowledgeable of words
● Colloquial English- shows an educated person: middle class
● Profane English- impolite and shocking expressions used in cursing (involving God,
sex, sexual organs)
● Rasta English
Grammatical Features
1. Unmarked Nouns (i.e mango sweet, nine man)
2. Unmarked Verbs (i.e “she pinch me and run outside”)
3. Zero Copula (i.e “mi gone”)
4. Subject- adjective Structure
5. Preverbal Participle Makers
6. Pluralization with Suffix (i.e dem)
7. Reduced Constant Clusters (i.e tin: thin, tory: story, tap: stop)
8. Calques (i.e force-ripe, foot bottom, nose hole)

Justifications for the Languages used

Creole
● Is the writer’s first language/native/mother tongue
● Allows better understanding of topic
● Supports that creole is a language just as any other language
● Shows the level of pride the writer has in their heritage
Other Languages
● Accepted Language in the country they’re in
● To show that this language is a language such as any other
● Wants to reach a specific audience (applicable to creole as well)
Ways to help readers understand through televised/dramatized presentation
1. Facial Expressions
2. Setting of scenes
3. Use of Proxemics
4. Use of Gestures
5. Costumes to match scenes
How a Video Presentation could Enhance the Presentation
● Seeing and hearing the words and actions of a person makes it easier to understand
attitudes
● Facial expression, gestures, body movements, clothes, objects are visual aspects added by
the video media that can enhance the audience’s understanding of what is being
portrayed.
● Auditory aspects, such as paralanguage/vocalics and the contrasting tones of characters’
voices will add another dimension of meaning
● Aspects of the setting and objects/props would be clearly seen
● Small details like spacing between characters will also visually communicate more

Difficulties that Non-West Indian Readers Could Experience

● Lack of understanding of some Creole syntax, for example: Tenseless descriptions of
events (non–West Indians will not have an idea of when the event took place)
● Non West Indians will not understand Creole lexical terms, for example, “screwing up
her face” and “stopped braps”
● Non–West Indians will experience difficulties in understanding the lack of pluralisation
of nouns
● Non–West Indians will experience difficulties in understanding the Creole habit of using
onomatopoeic words as adverbs, for example, “braps”
Module 3
In writing module 3 you have the choice of writing in first person or third person.

Logos- (logical) appeal to reason using facts/logic , statistics and figures, evidence, reasoning,
claims, a neutral or objective tone, incentives, evidence, laws, rules, standards and regulations,
and anything that appeals to logic or reason in an attempt to justify something. It is used
primarily in exposition to connect with the audience’s sense of reason/ rational/ intellect/ ability
to think and assess information, in general.

Pathos- (emotional) appeal refers to the use of emotive words, rhetorical questions, anecdotes
or illustrations, incentives, a passionate tone, inclusive language, repetition, etc., to stimulate
feelings, basic needs and desires, strengthen patriotism, produce reflection, create a sense of
adventure, provide reassurance, promote enjoyment/fulfillment/contentment, etc. It is used, in
general, to connect with and have an emotional effect like pity, fear, patriotism, sorrow, empathy,
anger, greed, love, desire, hate, etc on the audience.

Ethos- (credibility) appeal refers to the use of authority figures, knowledgeable experts,
respected public officials, credible institutions, celebrity figures, etc., to generate a strong sense
of morality, ethics, truth, worthiness, confidence and trust in something or someone, stimulate
interest in and make the audience believe or be convinced of something, want to participate in it,
etc. It confirms credibility and reliability.

Registers
● Frozen- highly impersonal and usually technical
● Formal- using the highest level of language and adhering to the traditional grammaticaal
standards
● Casual- using slangs, code switching, and a conversational tone
● Consultative- used in situations where the receiver is expected to give
constant/intermittent feedback based on the speaker’s information
● Private- used in the intrapersonal context to express internal musings, reflections, etc
Mediums to communicate with target audience
● Online Media
● Direct/ Post Mail
● Email
● Print Media (Newspapers, Handouts, Brochures)
● Radio Broadcast
● Outdoor Media (billboards,signs)
● Telemarketing
 ● Events and Trade Shows

Strategies
● Posters (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
● Brochure (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
● Email (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
● Charts (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
● Fairs (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
● Concerts (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
● Celebrity (Pathos Ethos, Logos)
● Video (Pathos Ethos, Logos)
● Podcast (Pathos Ethos, Logos)
● Social Media (Pathos Ethos, Logos)
● Songs & Jingles (Pathos, Ethos)
● Powerpoints (Pathos Ethos, Logos)
● Websites (Pathos Ethos, Logos)
● Animations (Pathos Ethos, Logos)
● Group Discussion (Pathos, Ethos)
● Role Play (Pathos)
● Posters (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
● Magazines (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
● Jingles (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
● Ads (Pathos, Ethos, Logos)
● Promotional Merchandise: cups/ pencil cases/ keyrings (Pathos, Ethos)
● Creating Mascot to appear (Pathos, Ethos)
● Sponsorship of events (Ethos, Logos)

Credibility
SEE MODULE 1

Language Varieties
SEE MODULE 2

How to Write a Timetable of Activities

● Include all the events to be held (dates, names, locations, benefits of events)
● Discuss all the personnels to be included in the events/ presentations
●
Approaches for Each Presentation

Speech/Feature Address
• Introduce yourself then give a brief reason for being there. State your topic of address.
• You may require definitions
Essay
• Introduction with a summary of the scenario and statements
• Body containing answers to the statements, with justifications
• Conclusion with summary.
Presentation
• Write as though speaking directly to the audience
• Never justify or give reasons here, just compose a presentation as though you were to
give it
• Use a greeting to the audience and personal pronouns/direct address (I, me, you, we…)
Proposal
• Introduction similar to the essay
• Make suggestions using ‘propose,’ ‘intend,’ ‘going to’ or ‘would do’
o Justify all your suggestions
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• Use persuasive language and techniques
• Utilize the three appeals:
o Logos appeal- appeal to reason using facts and logic
o Pathos appeal- appeal to emotions using emotive language and evoking sympathy
o Ethos appeal- appeal to a sense of credibility