Lecture: 4 & 5

Point of pronunciation
‫خمارج احلروف‬
T h e r e a r e 17 p l a c e s t h a t h e l p a r t i c u l a t e i n t h e
correct manner the letters in the Arabic language.
( A s a n Ta j we e d b y S a l m a h K a u k a b )

1
 ‫الف‬
‫بتث‬
‫جحخ‬
‫دذرز‬
‫سشصض‬
‫طظعغفقک‬
‫لمنوھءی‬
3
1. ‫( اجلوف‬Al Jawf ) The oral cavity
The oral cavity is all the space from the chest to the throat and out
through the mouth. It is the makhraj of the elongated letters /madd,
also called as long vowels. These letters are elongated for two counts:
∙ Alif (‫ )ا‬is preceded by a fatha َ (zabar). ‫َا‬
∙ Yaa (‫ )ی‬preceded by a kasra َ (zaer). ‫َی‬
∙ Wow (‫ )و‬advanced by a dammah َ (pesh). ‫َو‬
Remember, the oral cavity (or inner space of the mouth) – ‫اجلوف‬, for these letters, there
isn’t a specific point of origin; rather, the location is approximated.
‫‪ (Al Jawf ) The oral cavity‬اجلوف ‪1.‬‬

‫الف مدیۃ‪ :‬ع ٰل‪ ،‬مآء‪ ،‬قال‬

‫واو مدیۃ‪ :‬قالوا‪ ،‬یلوون‪ ،‬قروء‬
‫ایی مدیۃ‪ :‬سیٓــٴـت‪ ،‬ف‪ ،‬مس تقمی‪ ،‬ابراھمی‬
‫تْل من َأنباء الغيب نوحیھا اليك‬
‫ِ‬
‫)‪That is from the news of the unseen which We reveal to you (11:49‬‬
2. ‫( احللق‬Al Halaq) The Throat
There are six letters whose Makraj is in the throat. These are
called ‫“ حروف حلقی‬Huruf e Halqi.” These letters have three further
categories.
1. Aqsal Halq (The deepest/ bottom part of the throat)
Haa ‫ هـ‬and Hamza ‫ ء‬Makhraj is in the deepest part of the throat.
Hamza has a slight jerk.
2. Wasatul Halq (Middle of the throat)
Ayn ‫ ع‬and Haa ‫ ح‬have Makhraj from the middle of the throat. For
Ayn, no airflow while for Haa airflow through the throat.
3. Adnal Halq (Top of the throat)
Khaa ‫ خ‬and Gyan ‫ غ‬Makhraj is from the top of the throat.
‫‪ (Al Halaq) The Throat‬احللق ‪2.‬‬
‫وَل ُييطون بشء ِّمن علمه ا اَل بما شاء‬
‫ِ‬
‫ھدی‪ ،‬اھدان‪ ،‬قل هو اللاـه َأحد‬
‫ا اایك نعبد وا اایك نس تعي‬
‫ِ‬ ‫ِ‬
‫بسم اللاـه االرح ٰـن االرحمی‬
‫اغنياء‪ ،‬یغ ٰشی‪ ،‬فراغ‪ ،‬غْي المغضوب علْيم وَل الضا الِّي‬
‫یرج‪ ،‬اختالف‪ ،‬وُه فْيا خاِلون‬
3. ‫( اللسان‬Al-Lisan) The tongue/1
The tongue ‫اﻟﻠِّﺴَﺎن‬is Makhraj for many letters that why The 4 main parts of the tongue
also known as a tool of speech. Tongue with its
connection with different areas of mouth and teeth is
makhraj of 18 sounds. There are four main makharij
points for the tongue: the Deepest part, Middle part, the
Sides, and The tip of the tongue and have ten sub-
categories.
➢The Aqsa-al-Lisaan or deepest part of the tongue
It has two articulation points:
Qaaf ‫ ق‬makhraj is the extreme back of the tongue
touching the upper palate to create a thick sound in the
tonsils area, with a round tone.
Kaaf ‫ ك‬Makharij slightly in front of the Qaaf, but, the
tongue should not meet the upper palate. Moreover, the
tongue is not elevated though sound comes from the back
of the tongue.
‫‪ (Al-Lisan) The tongue/2‬اللسان ‪3.‬‬

‫قال‪ ،‬یقول‪ ،‬اقاال‪ ،‬قليل‪ ،‬الفلق‬

‫ا‬
‫۔۔۔وجوه اَّلین كفروا و قیل۔۔۔‬
‫مناسکک‪ ،‬ذکرا‪ ،‬کِذکرم‪ ،‬تِذکرون‬
3. ‫( اللسان‬Al-Lisan) The tongue/2
➢The Wast-al-Lisaan or Middle of the Tongue. It has one articulation point which
covers 3 huruf:

Jeem ‫ج‬ Yaa ‫ي‬ Sheen ‫ش‬ are articulated when the middle part of the tongue comes
in contact with what lies opposite to it from the roof of the mouth. That is when the
central portion of the tongue collides the roof of the mouth.
➢The Haafat-al-Lisaan or The side of the Tongue It has 2 specific points of
Pronunciation.

Dhaad ‫ ض‬emission point is from one or both sides of the tongue, the molars, and the
gum area next to the molars. Make use of the posterior two-thirds of the side of the
tongue. This letter can be articulated from one either side of the tongue, or both sides of
the tongue simultaneously.

Laam ‫ل‬ is pronounced from the front edge of the tongue touching the back gums of
the upper six teeth.
‫‪ (Al-Lisan) The tongue/2‬اللسان ‪3.‬‬

‫ف‪َ ،‬تری‪،‬‬
‫شی‬
‫ٰ‬ ‫یغ‬ ‫‪،‬‬‫ش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫وم‬ ‫‪،‬‬‫اش‬‫و‬ ‫غ‬
‫البيوت‪ ،‬قریش‪ ،‬اليتام ٰی‪ ،‬یوما‪ ،‬عليھم‬
3. ‫( اللسان‬Al-Lisan) The tongue/3
➢The Taraf-ul-Lisaan or tip of the Tongue
‫ ط‬, ‫ ت‬, ‫ د‬Letters are articulated from the tip of the tongue, touching
the base of the upper incisors (top front teeth/place where gums and
teeth meet) all have nearly the same Pronunciation ( ‫مخارج‬Emission). The
slight difference between their makhraj is as below:

‫ ت‬makhraj is the most forward and is exactly from the point where teeth
and gums meet.

‫ د‬articulation is slightly further back.

‫ ط‬Is behind the Daal. It is a thick letter therefore The back of the tongue
should meet the upper palate.
4.‫ ظ‬،‫ ذ‬،‫ ص & ث‬،‫ ز‬،‫س‬
➢ ‫ ز‬Makraj is when the teeth are pressing together in a way that the air passage produces a
buzzing sound.

➢ ‫ س‬For uttering it, The tip of the tongue and gums of lower teeth meet, allow air to flow in
the mouth, and leave from between teeth. So it will produce a whistling sound.

➢ ‫ ص‬It is a thick letter, so Makraj is when The back of the tongue elevates to collide with the
upper palate.

➢ ‫ ث‬Is pronouncing by putting pressure on the edges of the upper incisor teeth of both jaws. Be
careful that there is no whistling sound-producing.

➢ ‫ ذ‬Is pronouncing by putting pressure on the mid-section of the upper incisor teeth of both
jaws.

➢‫ ظ‬Is articulating by putting pressure on the edge of the roots of the upper incisor’s teeth. So the
back of the tongue elevates to meet the upper palate as it is a thick letter.
5.‫ ن‬،‫ر‬

∙ ‫ ر‬: its Makraj is when the tip of the slightly rolled tongue
including the back touches the gums of the upper front teeth.
∙ ‫ ن‬: Makraj is when the tip of the tongue meets the roots of
the upper incisors sharing nasal passage.
 ‫منہ ےک خایل حصہ (جوف) ےس‬
Articulation: From the empty part of the mouth
 ‫َأعوذ‬
‫ال ٰـه ألنااس‬
‫اِ‬
‫اَّلى یوسوس‬
 ‫بند ہونٹوں ےک اندروین حصہ ےس‬
Articulation: Join the inner part of the lips
‫﷽‬
‫بر ِّب ألنااس‬
‫بر ِّب ألفلق‬
 ‫زابن یک نوک اور ثناای عليا یک جڑ‬
Touch the tip of the tongue to the roots of the upper
teeth.
 ‫تبات یدا ٓ‬
‫تْل أ ُّلرسل‬
‫وءاتينا‬
 ‫زابن یک نوک اور ثناای عليا اک ِسا‬
Touch the tip of the tongue to the edge of the upper
teeth and blow with a light sound
 ‫ابملاء والثلج‬
‫ِاناآ ٓ َأعطين ٰـك ألكوثر‬
‫كثْي‬
 ‫وسط زابن اور ابملقابل اوپر اک اتلو‬
Touch the MIDDLE (not the edge) of the tongue to
the palate or roof of the mouth.
 ‫َألم يعل‬
‫ترمْيم بجارة‬
‫فجعلُم‬
 )‫وسط حلق (حلق اک درمیان‬
From the middle part of the throat
 ٰ
)‫ادین حلق (منہ یک طرف‬
From the upper part of the throat
 ‫زابن یک نوک ثناای عليا یک جڑ‬
Touch the tip of the tongue to the roots of the
upper teeth.
 ‫زابن یک نوک ثناای عليا اک ِسا‬
Touch the tip of the tongue to the edge of the
upper teeth and blow with a strong sound
 ‫زابن یک پشت والا کنارا اور‬
‫اوپر واےل دانتوں ےک مسوڑےھ‬
Touch the tip of the tongue to the upper gums above the roots of the teeth
 ‫ نيےچ ےک دانت جب أٓپس مںی ملںی‬،‫زابن یک نوک اور اوپر‬
Touch the tip of the tongue to the edge of the lower teeth
and blow with a strong sound
 ‫ نيےچ ےک دانت جب أٓپس مںی ملںی‬،‫زابن یک نوک اور اوپر‬
Touch the tip of the tongue to the edge of the lower teeth
and blow with a soft sound
 ‫وسط زابن اور ابملقابل اوپر اک اتلو‬
The middle of the tongue is close to touching
the palate or roof of the mouth.
 ‫زابن یک نوک اور اوپر نيےچ ےک دونوں دانت‬
Thicken the tongue, touch it to the edge of the lower teeth
and blow with a thick and high sound
 ‫زابن یک کروٹ اور اوپر یک پاچن داڑھںی‬
Touch the edge of the tongue to the roots of the
molars, either to the right or le
 ‫زابن یک نوک اور ثناای عليا یک جڑ‬
Thicken the tongue and touch it to the upper gum;
Say ‘Ta’ with ‘awe’
 ‫زابن یک نوک اور ثناای عليا اک ِسا‬
Touch the tip of the tongue to the edge of the upper teeth
and blow with a very thick & high sound.
 )‫وسط حلق (حلق اک درمیان‬
From the middle part of the throat
 ٰ
)‫ادین حلق (منہ یک طرف‬
From the upper part of the throat
 ‫ثناای عليا اک ِسا اور نيےچ ےک ہونٹ اک اندروین حصہ‬
Touch the lower lip to the edge of the upper teeth.
 ‫زابن یک جڑ کوے ےک قریب جب نرم اتلو ےس لگے‬
Touch the inner part of the tongue to the roof of the
behind the uvula) A little inside mouth right at the back
 ‫زابن یک جڑ جب خست اتلو ےس لگے‬
Touch the inner part of the tongue to the roof
of the mouth right at the back
‫زابن اک کنارا مع کچھ حصہ حافہ اوپر واےل دانتوں ےک مسوڑےھ‬
Touch the tip of the tongue to the upper gums near the
roots of the teeth
‫بند ہونٹوں ےک ابہری خشک حصہ ےس‬
Join the outer part of the lips
 ‫زابن اک کنارہ اوپر واےل دانتوں ےک مسوڑےھ‬
Touch the tip of the tongue to the upper gums a
little above the roots of the teeth
 ‫ہونٹون کو گول کرےن ےس‬
Form a circle of the lips, and then separate them
to produce the sound
 )‫اقیص حلق(سینے یک طرف‬
From the lower part of the throat
 )‫اقیص حلق(سینے یک طرف‬
From the lower part of the throat
 ‫وسط زابن اور ابملقابل اتلو‬
The middle of the tongue is close to touching the
palate or roof of the mouth.