CM3 L1 PT: CONTEXT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH STANDARDS
Process Group- A logical grouping of project management
processes to achieve specific project objectives.
5 process groups:
• Initiating
• Planning
• Maintaining & Controlling
• Executing
• Closing
Knowledge Area- A logical grouping of project management
processes to achieve specific project objectives.
Project Management:
• Integration
• Scope
• Cost
• Communication
• Quality
• Schedule
• Rish
• Stakeholder
• Resource
• Procurement
Project Scope Management- Includes the processes required
to ensure the project includes all the work required, and only
the work required, to complete the project successfully.
Project Cost Management- Includes the processes involved in
planning, estimating, budgeting, financing, funding,
managing, and controlling costs so the project can be
completed within the approved budget.
Project Communications Management- Includes the
processes required to ensure timely and appropriate
planning, collection, creation, distribution, storage, retrieval,
management, control, monitoring, and ultimate disposition of
project information
Project Quality Management- Includes the processes for
incorporating the organization’s quality policy regarding
planning, managing, and controlling project and product
quality requirements, in order to meet stakeholders’
expectations.
Project Schedule Management- Includes the processes
required to manage the timely completion of the project.
Project Risk Management- Includes the processes of
conducting risk management planning, identification,
analysis, response planning, response implementation, and
monitoring risk on a project.
Project Stakeholder Management- Includes the processes
required to identify the people, groups, or organizations that
could impact or be impacted by the project, to analyze
stakeholder expectations and their impact on the project, and
to develop appropriate management strategies for effectively
engaging stakeholders in project decisions and execution.
Project Resource Management- Includes the processes to
identify, acquire, and manage the resources needed for the
successful completion of the project.
Project Procurement Management- Includes the processes
necessary to purchase or acquire products, services, or results
needed from outside the project team.
Project Integration Management- Includes the processes and
activities to identify, define, combine, unify, and coordinate
the various processes and project management activities
within the Project Management Process Groups.
DIALS OF PROJECT VALUE
In 1996, a group of owners, architects, contractors, and
engineers gathered in San Francisco to discuss common goals
and opportunities for collaboration in the building industry
(Collaborative Process Institute). During their discussions,
they came up with the best descriptors of the factors that
need to be managed and controlled on a construction project
in order to produce a successful outcome for the owner and
all parties involved. They referred to these factors as the six
dials of project value.
Cost- It is essential to predict and control what the
construction project will cost. Costs are established, targeted,
and controlled by means of an estimate or budget. As the
work progresses, expenditures for materials, labor,
equipment, and subcontracts are tracked and measured
against the estimates. The fundamental goal is to maintain
costs within or below budget parameters. The construction
manager who can minimize cost while maximizing overall
value to the owner will optimize the cost dial.
Time- As the saying goes, time is money. For many projects,
the speed with which the building can be brought on line is
more important than almost any other factor. Time is
monitored and controlled by a detailed schedule, breaking
each item of work down into its component parts. Once all of
the purchasing, fabrication, installation, and construction
steps are identified, a time element is assigned to each step.
The goal is to complete each of the work items within the
time frame assigned. The construction management team
that can guarantee the schedule and actually beat it is
invaluable to the owner.
Quality- is the grab bag that covers all the aspects of the
building not addressed by the other five values, such as
aesthetic impact, user perceptions, appropriateness of
building materials, and so on. Quality is monitored and
controlled by a variety of means, including specifications,
punch lists, inspections, tests, and user surveys. Special care
must be taken to establish appropriate measures early in the
project to focus attention and effort on the quality
expectations of the team.
Safety- No matter how valuable a facility or structure may be,
it is never more valuable than the health and welfare of the
people who build and use the building. Care must always be
taken to ensure that the building process and the building
itself do not create unacceptable hazards to workers or users.
These hazards range from risks during the building process,
e.g., falls, accidents, injury, and death) to risks from the
completed buildings, e.g., toxic gases, biohazards, and
structural failure.
-Safety is best monitored and controlled proactively by
identifying potential risks and taking prudent steps to
mitigate those risks.
-The protection of people from physical injury. The borderline
between health and safety is ill-defined and the two words
are normally used together to indicate concern for the
physical and mental well-being of the individual at the place
of work.
Accident- Defined as any unplanned event that results in
injury or ill health of people, or damage or loss to property,
plant, materials or the environment or a loss of a business
opportunity.
Near Miss- Is any incident that could have resulted in an
accident. Knowledge of near misses is very important since
research has shown that, approximately, for every ten ‘near
miss’ events at a particular location in the workplace, a minor
accident will occur.
Dangerous Occurrence- Is a ‘near miss’ which could have led
to serious injury or loss of life.
Hazard And Risk- A hazard is the potential of a substance,
activity or process to cause harm. A risk is the likelihood of a
substance, activity or process to cause harm.
-A risk can be reduced and the hazard controlled by good
management.
Framework- There are two sub-divisions of the law that apply
to health and safety issues: criminal law and civil law.

Scope- is monitored and controlled by means of an

architectural program, which identifies the space needs and
tracks compliance of the building design with those needs. An
optimal scope outcome would match the end user’s needs to
the facility design over the life of the building with no gaps in
between. The ultimate goal is high end-user satisfaction.

Function- The best project teams try to meet all of the

functional requirements of the end-user group. An optimal
outcome would satisfy their short- and long-term needs, LEGAL FRAMEWORK
allowing for sufficient flexibility to adapt to changes in the
market. Function is monitored and controlled by means of Sub-divisions of Law
process flow diagrams and utilization analyses, which
Criminal Law- Consists of rules of behavior laid down by the
document the efficiency of the processes that will be
government or the state.
performed in the completed facility.
CONDITION: An individual who breaks criminal law is deemed
Health- The protection of the bodies and minds of people
to have committed an offence or crime and, if he is
from illness resulting from the materials, processes or
prosecuted, the court will determine whether he is guilty or
procedures used in the workplace.
not.
Welfare- The provision of facilities to maintain the health and
Civil Law- Concerns disputes between individuals or
well-being of individuals at the workplace.
individuals and companies.
Occupational Health- Is concerned with those illnesses or
CONDITION: The civil court is concerned with liability and the
physical and mental disorders that are either caused or
extent of that liability rather than guilt or non-guilt.
triggered by workplace activities.
EUROPEAN INFLUENCE
Environmental Protection- Arrangements to cover those
activities in the workplace which affect the environment (in EUROPEAN SIX PACK
the form of flora, fauna, water, air and soil) and, possibly, the
health and safety of employees and others. • Management of Health and Safety at Work
 • Workplace Provision and Use of Work Equipment
Manual Handling
• Personal Protective Equipment Display Screen
Equipment.
Health And Safety At Work Act Of 1974- resulted from the
findings of the Robens Report, published in 1972.
- The Health and Safety at Work Act, and general duties in the
Management Regulations, aim to help employers to set goals,
but leave them free to decide how to control hazards and
risks which they identify.
Legal Instruments
• Construction (Design and Management) Regulations
1994
• Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare)
Regulations 1996 (being updated 2007).
N.E.B.O.S.H.- The National Examination Board in
Occupational Safety and Health (NEBOSH) is a leading global
organization, which provides health, safety and
environmental qualifications.
1979: Founded. 1980: First examination conducted. 2009:
International Diploma in OSH launched. 2020: ISO 45001
certified. The International Health and Safety Standard.
CONTRIBUTIONS:
• Minimize workplace injuries and illness
• Boost employee well-being.
• Demonstrate your commitment to health and safety,
which can win business.
HEALTHY AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT
L2 PT: OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
Purpose And Scope- The objective of this issuance is to
protect every workingman against the dangers of injury,
sickness or death through safe and healthful working
conditions, thereby assuring the conservation of valuable
manpower resources and the prevention of loss or damage to
lives and properties, consistent with national development
goals and with the State’s commitment for the total
development of every worker as a complete human being.
-This standards shall apply to all places of employment except
as otherwise provided in this standard.
Employer- Includes any person acting directly or indirectly in
the interest of an employer, in relation to an employee, and
shall include government-owned or controlled corporations
and institutions, as well as non-profit private institutions or
organizations.
-Shall mean any person hired, permitted or suffered to work
by an employer.
Industrial Enterprise- Shall mean any workplace, permanent
or temporary, including any building or collection of buildings,
shed, structure, yard or any other place, where permanently
or temporarily one or more persons are employed in any
manufacturing of goods or products processing and any other
activity similar and incidental thereto.
Dry Dock- Shall include premises where work is performed on
shore or on board ships in which ships or vessels are
constructed, repaired, refitted, finished or broken up and
housed.
Health- Shall connote a sound state of the body and mind of
the worker, which enables him to perform his job normally, in
a state of well-being.
Safe or Safety- Shall refer to the physical or environmental
conditions of work or employment, which substantially
comply with the provisions of this Standards.
Work Accident- Shall mean an unplanned or unexpected
occurrence that may or may not result in personal injury,
property damage, work stoppage or interference or any
combination thereof, which arises out of and in the course of
employment.
Work Injury- Shall mean any injury or occupational illness
suffered by a person, which arises out of or in the course of
his employment.
Occupational Illness- Shall mean any illness caused by
environmental factors, the exposure to which is characterized
or peculiar to a particular process, trade or occupation and to
which an employee or worker is not ordinarily subjected to or
exposed outside of or away from such employment.
Recognized Hazards- Are those which do not require
technical or testing devices to detect.
Workplace- Means the office, premises or work site, where
the workers are habitually employed and shall include the
office or place where the workers, who have no fixed or
definite work site, regularly report for assignment in the
course of their employment.
Enforcement Officer- Shall mean the industrial safety
engineer, the labor regulation officer, or any duly authorized
representatives of the Secretary to enforce this Standards.
Authorized Representative- Shall mean and include
chartered cities, municipalities, employees or officials of
other government agencies empowered by the Secretary of
Labor and Employment to enforce the provisions of this
Standards.
ADMINISTRATION AND ENFORCEMENT
DOLE- The Department of Labor and Employment shall
administer and enforce the provisions of this Standards. Every
employer shall give to the Secretary or his duly authorized
representative access to its premises and records for the
purpose of determining compliance with the provisions of
this Standards.
-Every establishment or place of employment shall be
inspected at least once a year to determine compliance with
the provisions of this Standards. Special inspection visits,
however, may be authorized by the Regional Labor Office or
as authorized under Rule 1980 of this Standards, to
investigate accidents, occupational illnesses or dangerous
occurrences, especially those resulting in permanent total
disability or death.
Applications
• Application to Other Places of Employment
• Application to Transportation
• Application to Mines
• Application to Chartered Cities and Municipalities
DUTIES
Employer- Furnish his workers a place of employment free
from hazardous conditions that are causing or are likely to
cause death, illness or physical harm to his workers.
-Give complete job safety instructions to all his workers,
especially to those entering the job for the first time,
including those relating to the familiarization with their work
environment, hazards to which the workers are exposed to
and steps taken in case of emergency.
- Comply with the requirements of this Standards.
- Use only approved devices and equipment in his workplace.
Employee- Every worker shall cooperate with the employer in
carrying out the provisions of this standards. He shall report
to his supervisor any work hazard that may be discovered in
his workplace.
- Every worker shall make proper use of all safeguards and
safety devices furnished in accordance with the provisions of
this Standards for his protection and that of others, and shall
follow all instructions given by the employer in compliance
with the provisions of this standards.
Any Person- It shall be the duty of any person, including any
builder or contractor or enforcement agent, who visits,
builds, renovates, or installs devices, or conducts business in
any establishment or workplace, to comply with the
provisions of this Standards and all regulations of the
employer issued there under as well as with other
subsequent issuances of the Secretary.
HAZARDOUS WORKPLACES
Conditions- Where the nature of work exposes the workers
to dangerous environmental elements, contaminants or work
conditions including ionizing radiation, chemicals, fire,
flammable substances, noxious components and the like.
- Where the workers are engaged in construction work,
logging, firefighting, mining, quarrying, blasting, stevedoring,
dock work, deep-sea fishing and mechanized farming.
- Where the workers are engaged in the manufacture or
handling of explosives and other pyrotechnic products.
- Where the workers use or are exposed to power driven or
explosive powder actuated tools.
-Where the workers are exposed to biologic agents such as
bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoas, nematodes, and other
parasites.
Registration- Every employer shall register his business with
the Regional Labor Office or authorized representative having
jurisdiction thereof to form part of a databank of all covered
establishments.
-Registration shall be made in form DOLE-BWC-IP-3 in three
copies and to be submitted to the Regional Labor Office or
authorized representatives.
-Registration shall be free of charge and valid for the lifetime
of the establishment except when any of the following
conditions exists, in which case, re- registration as if it were a
new establishment is required:
-“Change in Business Name Change in Location Change in
Ownership Re-Opening after Previous Closing”
- Registration shall include a layout plan of the place of work
floor by floor, in scale of 1:100 meters white or blue print
showing all the physical features of the workplace including
storage, exits, aisles, machinery, clinic, emergency devices
and location.
- The registration form may be reprinted or reproduced and
the back page may be used for other information.
Registrable Unit- The establishment regardless of size of
economic activity, whether small, medium or large scale in
one single location, shall be one registrable unit.
Period Of Registration- Existing establishments shall be
registered within sixty (60) days after the effectivity of this
Standards.
- New establishments shall register within thirty (30) days
before operation.
1. To make at least a quarterly appraisal of programs
and safety performance of the establishment,
including the activities of the safety committee.
2. To be present during scheduled safety inspection by
authorized government agents, and during regular
safety committee meetings.
In the performance of these activities, to be in the
establishment at least six (6) hours a week. The employment
of a consultant, however, will not excuse the employer from
the required training of his supervisors or technical
personnel.

Training- The Bureau, either directly or through accredited
organizations, shall conduct continuing programs to increase
the supply and competence of personnel qualified to carry
out the provisions of this Standards.
- The Bureau shall prescribe the required training programs,
which shall, in consultation with the UP Institute of Public
Health, World Health Organization and other technical
societies, contain provisions requiring the incorporation into
the training programs of the latest trends, practices and
technology in occupational safety and health.
Accreditation- The Secretary may issue accreditation or
authority to recognized organizations or groups of persons to
conduct occupational safety and health training.
Prohibition- No person or organization may be allowed, hired
or otherwise employed in the practice of occupational safety
and health unless the requirements of this rule are complied
with.
SAFETY CONSULTANT
Qualifications

- The training course prescribed by the Bureau under this rule 1. A qualified safety consultant shall mean one who has been
shall be a requisite for the appointment of the safetyman in a safety and health practitioner for at least five (5) years and
place of employment. has taken the necessary training prescribed by the Bureau.

-At least the following number of supervisors or technical
personnel shall take the required training and shall be
appointed safety man, full-time or part- time depending on
the number of workers employed, and the type of workplace
whether hazardous or non-hazardous.
2. Safety practitioners with at least ten (10) years of
experience in all fields of occupational safety and health may
not be required to undergo the required training provided
they secure from the Bureau a certification attesting to their
competence to qualify as consultants.

Hazardous Workplace 3. All safety consultants or consulting organizations, shall be

accredited by the Bureau, and registered with the Regional
No. of Workers No. of Safety Man Office concerned.
200 and below 1 part-time safety man
Over 200-1000 1 full-time safety man
For every 1000 workers 1 full-time safety man

Non-Hazardous Workplace

No. of Workers No. of Safety Man

Less than 1000 1 part-time safety man
Every 1000 1 full-time safety man

Duties of the Safety Man- A part-time safety man shall be

allotted at least four (4) hours per week to perform the duties
as safety man.

Safety Man- The employment of a full-time safety man may

not be required if the employer enters in to a written contract
with a qualified consultant or consulting organization whose
duties and responsibilities shall include the following, among
others:
LECTURE 3: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY (PERSONNEL AND
FACILITIES)
DOLE D.O. 13
GUIDELINES
• Construction Safety and Health Program
• Personal Protective Equipment
• Safety Personnel
• Emergency Occupational Safety and Health
Personnel and Facilities
• Construction Safety Signages
• Workers’ Welfare Facilities
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM
• Composition of Safety and Health Committee
• Specific Safety Policies
• Penalties and Sanctions
• Orienting, Instructing and Training all Workers
• Construction Waste Disposal
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
• Every employer shall, at his own expense, furnish
his workers with PPE.
• Provide adequate and approved PPE type.
• Provision of PPE shall be in accordance with OSHS
Rule 1080.
SAFETY PERSONNEL
Minimum Requirements
Emergency Health Provider- shall be considered as having
complied with the requirement of accessibility to the
nearest hospital facilities.
Workers’ Welfare Facilities- Employer shall provide for
adequate supply of safe drinking water, adequate sanitary
and washing facilities in order to ensure humane conditions
of work.
SAFETY ON HEAVY EQUIPMENT
1. PRE-CONSTRUCTION- All heavy equipment
operators tested and certified by Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority
(TESDA)
-All heavy equipment tested and certified by DOLE
or its recognized organizations prior to
commissioning.
2. DURING CONSTRUCTION
• Routine Inspection
• Certified Operators
-Routine inspection of all heavy equipment must
be performed by DOLE accredited safety
professionals
-Heavy equipment which do not comply with
minimum standards shall be immediately removed
from work site
-Only certified operators shall be allowed to
operate heavy equipment.
3. POST-OPERATION and POST-CONSTRUCTION-
Mobilization and Transport of Heavy Equipment
-Erection/Set-Up of Heavy Equipment.

• General Constructor (GC) to provide full-time SAFETY SIGNAGES- Signages for the mandatory use of
general Construction Safety and Health Officer appropriate PPEs
• GC to provide additional CSHO in accordance to
-Areas where there are potential risks of falling objects
OSHS Rule 1033 - Training and Personnel
Complement -Areas where there are tripping or slipping hazards.
• Each construction subcontractor to provide CSHO
- Areas where explosives and flammable substances are
to oversee the management of Construction of
used/ stored
Safety and Health Program.
-Fire alarms and firefighting equipment
Number of Workers
-Areas where danger from toxic or irritant airborne
No. of Workers Emergency Personnel
contaminant/ substances may exist. ID contaminant and
50 or less 1 certified first aider
prescribe RPPE to be worn
51 to 200 1 full-time registered nurse
201 to 300 -1 full-time registered nurse - Areas near electrical facility/ equipment pose
-1 part-time physician electrocution potential
-1 dentist
-1 emergency clinic -Areas near exposed mechanical moving parts pose injury
300 above -Full-time registered nurse potential
-Full-time physician
-Dentist -Instructions on the usage of specific construction
-Infirmary or emergency hospital equipment
with 1 bed capacity, plus 1 bed for
each 100 over 300 -Periodic updating of man-hours lost
-Alternative compliance is a STANDARD COLOR OF SIGNAGES- Signages should be
treatment room if there is a
regularly inspected and maintained in good condition.
hospital within 5km radius or within
Signages that are damaged or illegible or that no longer
25 minutes travel
apply should be removed and replaced by the safety officer,
as needed
Red- Fire protection. To call attention to fire protection
equipment apparatus and facilities.
Green- Safety, Designating “Safety”
White- Traffic. White, Black, or a combination of these are
the basic colors for the designation of traffic and
housekeeping markings
Yellow- Caution. To designate caution and far marking
physical hazards, such as striking, against stumbling falling,
tripping and “caught in between”
Orange- Alert. To designate dangerous parts of machines
energized equipment. Electrical hazards.
Blue- Precaution. To designate caution, limited to warning
against starting use of, or, the movement of equipment
which is under repair
Purple- Radiation. To designate hazards. Yellow is used in
combination with purple for markers, such as tags, labels,
and SIGNAGES
Measurement of Signages
S- area of safety sign
L- distance of observation
-S and L are expressed in the same unit of measurement
C.H.S COMMITTEE
Composition
• Project Manager (or representative) as
Chairperson
• General Construction Safety and Health Officer
• Construction Safety and Health Officers
• Safety Representatives from each subcontractor
• Doctors, Nurses and other Health Personnel.
• Worker’s representatives (minimum of 3)
Authority and Duties
• Plan, develop and oversee the implementation of
accident prevention programs for the construction
project
• Direct the accident prevention efforts for the
construction project in accordance with these
rules and the Construction Safety and Health
Program
Function
• Conducts regular meeting
• Studies injury rates
• Investigate accidents
• Schedules inspections
• Arrange trainings
• Recommends protective devices & methods.
• Develop or revise safe practices and rules.
• Sell safety (promotions activities)
DUTIES
Safety Officer
• Serves as Secretary to the HSC.
• Acts in an advisory capacity on all matters
pertaining to HSC for the guidance of the employer
and the workers.
• Conducts investigation of accidents and submits
separate report and analysis of accidents to the
employer
• Coordinates all health and safety training
programs for the employees and employer.
• Conducts health and safety inspection as member
of the committee.
• Maintains or helps in the maintenance of an
efficient accident record system and coordinates
actions taken by supervisors to eliminate accidents
causes
• Provides assistance to government agencies in the
conduct of safety and health inspection, accident
investigation or any other related programs.
• For purposes of effectiveness in a workplace
where fulltime safety man is required, he shall
report directly to the employer
Construction Manager- Monitor and enforce safe operating
methods and procedures on all phases of construction
activities.
Construction Supervisor- Instruct crafts people in the safe
procedures and practices in the performance of specific
tasks
Craft Personnel- Follow the general and specific work
practices
SAFETY AND HEALTH INFORMATION
Workers should be adequately and suitably:
• Informed of the potential safety and health
hazards to which they may be exposed at their
workplace.
• Instructed and trained on the measures available
for the prevention, control and protection against
those hazards
Workers should be adequately and suitably informed,
instructed and trained:

• Each supervisor or designated representative shall

conduct daily toolbox meeting

GENERAL SAFETY POLICY

-A brief statement of the company’s commitment to safety.

“ABC Construction Company is committed to provide every

employee to work under the safest possible conditions. To
this end, every reasonable effort will be made in the
interest of accident prevention, fire protection and health
preservation.” – John D. Hancock, President & CEO,
January 1, 2005

SAFETY PROGRAM- Activities designed to assist employees

in the recognition, understanding, and control of hazards in
the workplace

Elements:

• Safety and Health Organization

• Safety Training
• Safety Inspection
• Work Permit System
• Fire Protection
• Emergency Preparedness
• Accident/ Incident Investigation

COST OF THE C.S.H. PROGRAM- The total cost of

implementing a Construction Safety and Health Program
shall be a mandatory integral part of the project’s
construction cost as a separate pay item, duly quantified
and reflected in the Project’s Tender Document and
likewise reflected in the Project’s Contract Documents
LECTURE 4: PREMISES OF ESTABLISHMENTS
GENERAL PROVISIONS
“Building premises shall have adequate fire, emergency or
danger sign and safety instructions of standard colors and
sizes visible at all times, in accordance with table II, “Standard
colors of signs for safety instruction and warnings in building
premises”.
Other visible signs that may be needed to direct the driver of
motorized vehicle such as STOP, YIELD, and DO NOT ENTER,
properly positioned within the compound of the
establishment shall be used to increase safety especially
during the night.
Handicapped employees should be restricted only to
designated workplaces.
Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times through
cleanliness of building, yards, machines, equipment, regular
waste disposal, and orderly arrangement of processes,
operations, storage and filing of materials.
PERSONAL FACILITIES- Adequate comfort rooms and
lavatories separate for male and female workers; Adequate
dressing rooms for female workers and locker rooms for male
workers shall be provided.
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE
• All buildings, permanent or temporary shall be
structurally safe and sound to prevent their collapse.
• Roof shall be of sufficient strength to withstand
normal load, typhoons and strong winds in addition
to normal weather conditions and where required to
carry suspended loads.
• Foundations and floors shall be of sufficient strength
to sustain safely the loads for which they are
designed and under no condition shall they be
overloaded.
• Plans for proposed new construction and alterations
or substantial repairs of buildings shall be submitted
to the Building Official for examination and approval.
SPACE REQUIREMENT
• Workrooms shall be at least 2.70 meters in height
from the floor to the ceiling. Where the rooms are
air-conditioned and the process allows free
movement, existing heights of not less than 2.40
meters may be allowed.
• The maximum number of persons employed in a
workroom area shall not exceed one person per
11.50 cubic meters. In calculating the area, no
deductions shall be made for benches or other
furniture, machinery or materials but heights
exceeding 3.00 meters shall not be included.
• Adequate spaces shall be provided between
machinery or equipment to allow normal operation,
maintenance or repair and free flow of materials
under process or in finished form. Passageways
between machinery or equipment shall not be less
than 600 mm.
WALKWAY SURFACE
• The parts of floors over which any person is liable to
walk shall be sufficiently even to afford safe walking
and safe trucking of materials. Such parts of floors
shall be free from holes and splinters, improperly
fitted gutters or conduits, protruding nails and bolts,
projecting valves or pipes, or other projections or
obstructions which create stumbling hazards.
• Floors, stair-treads and landings shall not be slippery
under any condition, or made of any material which
will become slippery through wear.
• Stairways, ramps, elevator platforms and similar
places where slipping may be especially hazardous
shall be provided with non-slip walkway surface
OVERHEAD WALKS, RUNWAYS AND PLATFORMS
• Walks, runways, working platforms or open sided
floors 2.00 m. or more above the floor or ground
level, except platforms used for motor or similar
equipment, which do not afford standing space for
persons, shall be guarded on all open sides by
standard railings and toeboards.
• Runways used for filling tank cars or for oiling
purposes may have the railing on one side omitted if
necessary but the hazards of falling shall be reduced
by the use of runways not less than 560 mm. in
width.
• All runways of platforms constructed over conveyors
or machinery shall be guarded on all open sides by
standards railings and toeboards.
STAIRS AND FIXED LADDERS
1. Strength
All stairs, platform, and landings shall be of sufficient
strength to sustain safely a liveload of not less than
490 kg/m2 with a factor of safety of four (4).
2. Width
Stairs, except service stairs, i.e., stairs giving access
to oiling platforms, shall not be less than 1.10 meters
in width, clear of all obstructions, except handrails,
and shall in no case be less than 900 mm. without
the handrails.
3. Pitch
Except for service stairs, the pitch of stairways be
between 30 deg. to 38 deg. from the horizontal but
shall not be less than 20 deg. or more than 45 deg.
Where the pitch is less than 20 deg., a ramp shall be
installed, and where it is more than 45 deg., fixed
ladder shall be provided
4. Height
No stairway shall have a height of more than 3.60
meters between landings.
5. Headroom
Headroom shall be provided at all points in the stair
well. ‘The vertical clearance shall not be less than
2.00 meters from the top of the tread in line with the
face of the riser.
6. Treads and Risers
Except for the service stairs, treads shall not be less
than 250 mm. in width exclusive of nosing and
projections, and the riser shall not be more than 200
mm. and not less than that provided hereabove.
There shall be no variation in the width of the treads
and the height of the risers in any flight. The top and
bottom of any flight of stairs shall be clearly
distinguished
7. Railings
• All stairs having four or more risers shall be equipped
with stair railings on any open side.
• Enclosed stairways less than 1.12 meters width shall
be equipped with atleast one handrail preferably on
the right-side descending.
• Stairways 1.12 meters more in width shall be
equipped with one stair railing on each open side and
one handrail on each enclosed side.
• Stairs railings shall be constructed in a permanent
and sufficient manner of wood, pipe pipe, structural
metal or other materials of adequate strength.
• The height of the stair railings from the upper
surface of the top rail to the surface of the tread in line
with the face of the riser at the forward edge of the
tread shall not be more than 900 mm. or less than 800
mm.
• Handrails shall be continuous throughout a flight of
stairs and at landings without obstruction other than
those intended to prevent persons from sliding.
• If made of wood, handrails shall be atleast 50 mm. x
50 mm. in cross section, and if of metal pipe, at least
25.40 mm. and not more than 67.50 mm. in diameter.
• Handrails is mounted directly on walls or partitions
shall be fixed by means of brackets attached to the
lower side of the rail so as not to interfere with the
smoothness of the top and side surface of the rails.
• Brackets shall be spaced not more than 2.00 meters
apart and shall be of sufficient length to provide a
clearance of atleast 40 mm. between the rails and the
wall or any obstruction on the wall.
• The completed structure shall be capable of
withstanding a load of at least 100 kgs. applied in any
direction at any point of the trail.
• The clear width of service stairs, such as stairs in
engine and boiler rooms or of stairs leading to service
platforms around machinery, shall be at least 560 mm.
• The pitch of service stairs shall not be more than 60
deg. and the width of the treads shall not be less than
150 mm.
• Ramps used by persons for ascent or descent form
one level to another shall be limited to a rise of not
more than 1 in 10 and shall conform to all construction
requirements applying to stairways.
• Ramps subjected to heavy stresses from trucking or
handling materials shall be provided with additional
strength by the use of heavier stock, closer spacing of
posts bracing or otherwise designed with a factor of
safety of four (4).
LADDERS- All metal parts of fittings of ladders shall be made
of steel, wrought iron, malleable cast iron or other materials
of equivalent strength.
FIXED LADDERS INSTALLATION
• The perpendicular distance from the centerline of
the rungs to the nearest fixed object on the climbing
side of the ladder is at least 900 mm. for a pitch of
75 deg. and 750 mm. for a pitch of 90 deg.
• The distance from the back of the rungs to the
nearest fixed object is at least 150 mm
• Except in the case of ladders equipped with cages,
baskets, or equivalent guards, a clearance of 200
mm. from either side of the ladder to a fixed object
shall be provided.
• No fixed ladders be installed with a pitch over 90 deg
FIXED LADDERS USED TO ASCEND HEIGHTS EXCEEDING 9.00
METERS
• Shall be provided with landing platform for each 6
meters or fraction thereof.
• The sections of the ladder shall be staggered.
NOTE: If (a) or (b) is not practical, ladders equipped with
cages, baskets, or equivalent guards shall be provided.
FLOOR AND WALL OPENINGS
LADDERWAY OPENING- Ladderway floor openings shall be
guarded on all exposed sides, except at the entrance to the
opening, by permanent railings and toeboards. The passage
through the railings shall be provided with a barrier or gate so
arranged that a person cannot walk directly through the
opening
STAIRWAY OPENINGS
• Stairway floor opening shall be guarded on all
exposed sides by permanent railings and toeboards,
except the entrance to the stairway.
• For infrequently used stairways where traffic across
the openings prevents the use of permanent railings,
the guards shall consist of flush-hinged covers of
adequate strength equipped with railings attached
thereto so as to leave only one side exposed when
the covers are open. When the openings are not in
use, the covers shall be closed or the exposed sides
guarded
Hatchway, chute, pit and trap door openings shall be
guarded by:
• Removable railings with toeboards on not more than
two sides and permanent railings with toeboards on
all other exposed sides, or
• Flush-hinged covers as prescribed for stairway floor
openings.
CONSTRUCTION OF RAILINGS
WINDOW OPENINGS- Window openings at stair landings,
where the opening is more than 300 mm. in width and the sill
is less than 1.00 m. 900 mm. above the landing, shall be
guarded securely by bars, slats, or grills to prevent persons
from falling through
YARDS
SURFACE
• Plant yards shall be properly drained and graded to
facilitate safe access to buildings and safe handling
of materials and equipment.
• Properly covered or enclosed drain pools and catch
basins shall be provided where necessary.
• Ditches, pits, and other hazardous openings shall be
provided with adequate covers, enclosed or
surrounded by sufficient guards,
• Walkways, roadways, and railroad tracks shall be
carefully laid out in a manner to avoid dangerous
grade crossings
WALKWAYS
• Safe walkways shall be constructed along the
shortest line between important points.
• Walkways shall not be located under the eaves of
buildings where they may become slippery.
• Where it is necessary for pedestrians to cross
railroad tracks or vehicular roadways, bridges or
underpasses shall be provided, and the track or
roadway should be fenced to prevent direct crossing
at such points.
• Walking along railroad tracks by unauthorized
persons shall not be allowed.
• Railings shall be installed along walkways, on bridges
on steep slopes, at slippery places and at places
where pedestrians are liable to injury by passing
vehicles.
ROADWAYS
• Roadways for automobiles, tractors, or other
vehicles shall be soundly constructed with good
wearing surfaces.
• Roadways shall be of adequate width, and were used
by, two-way traffic shall be at least twice the width
of the widest vehicle normally used plus 1.25 m.
Sufficient clearance from overhead structures shall
be provided.
• Where the installations of grade or level crossing
cannot be avoided such crossing shall be protected.
• Adequate railings or walls shall be provided along
bridges, slopes and sharp curves.
GATES
• Where the premises are surrounded by fencing,
separate entrance and exit gates shall be provided
for pedestrian, vehicular and railroad traffic.
• Gates for pedestrian traffic shall be located at a safe
distance from those for vehicular and railroad traffic,
shall be of sufficient width to permit the free
passage of employees during rush hours, and, if
 possible, shall be so located not to cross vehicular or
railroad traffic.

PARKING OF VEHICLES- Regulations covering the use of

driveways for entry and exit, speed limits, space allotments
and methods of parking shall be provided and strictly enforce
where parking space is provided for automobiles of the
employee