Name: ROCHEL P. BATALLADOR BEED-3 Nov.

13, 2023

Subject:

Teacher: Grace C. Remorin

"PROMOTION AND RETENTION AT THE END OF SCHOOL YEAR".

Promotion and retention at the end of the school year refers to the process of determining
whether a student should be promoted to the next grade level or retained in their current
grade level based on their academic performance and progress.

Promotion is the act of advancing a student to the next grade level, typically based on meeting
specific academic criteria and demonstrating sufficient mastery of the curriculum. Retention, on
the other hand, is the decision to have a student repeat the same grade level due to academic
challenges or insufficient progress.

The decision to promote or retain a student is usually made by a team of educators, including
teachers, administrators, and sometimes parents or guardians. This decision is based on various
factors, such as:

1. Academic performance: The student's grades, test scores, and overall academic achievement
are considered. If a student consistently meets or exceeds the academic standards for their
grade level, they are more likely to be promoted.

2. Progress and growth: The student's progress and growth throughout the school year are
evaluated. This includes considering their improvement in areas where they initially struggled
and their ability to meet learning objectives.

3. Attendance and behavior: Regular attendance and positive behavior are important factors in
determining promotion. Students who have excessive absences or behavioral issues may be at
risk of retention.

4. Individualized considerations: The team may also consider individual circumstances, such as
special education needs, English language proficiency, or other factors that may impact a
student's academic progress.

It is important to note that the decision to promote or retain a student should be based on a
comprehensive assessment of their academic performance and progress, taking into account
multiple measures of their abilities and potential for success. The goal is to ensure that students
are adequately prepared for the challenges of the next grade level while providing appropriate
support for those who may need additional assistance.
VALIDATION AND VALIDITY

Validation and validity are important concepts in the field of assessment and evaluation. Let's
understand what they mean:

1. Validation: Validation refers to the process of gathering evidence to support the use of an
assessment tool or instrument. It involves ensuring that the assessment measures what it is
intended to measure and that it provides accurate and reliable results. Validation helps
establish the credibility and usefulness of an assessment tool.

During the validation process, researchers collect data to determine if the assessment aligns
with the intended learning outcomes or objectives. They analyze the data to assess the
reliability and consistency of the assessment results. If the assessment is found to be valid, it
means that it accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.

2. Validity: Validity refers to the extent to which an assessment measures what it is intended to
measure. It is a measure of the accuracy and appropriateness of the assessment in relation to
the learning outcomes or objectives. Validity is crucial because it ensures that the assessment
results are meaningful and can be used to make informed decisions about student learning.

There are different types of validity, including content validity, criterion-related validity, and
construct validity. Content validity refers to the extent to which the assessment covers the
content or knowledge domain it is supposed to measure. Criterion-related validity examines the
relationship between the assessment results and an external criterion, such as another
established assessment or a real-world outcome. Construct validity assesses the extent to
which the assessment measures the underlying construct or concept it is intended to measure.

In summary, validation and validity are essential aspects of assessment design and
implementation. They ensure that assessments are reliable, accurate, and aligned with the
intended learning outcomes. By validating assessments and ensuring their validity, educators
can make informed decisions about student learning and provide meaningful feedback to
support their growth and development.