a THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY I . (LINES AND PLANES) g Chapter 10 M1. Introduction: In plane the position of a point is determined by two numbers x, y obtained with reference to two straight lines in the plane generally at right angles. The position ofa point in space is determined by three numbers x, y, z. The plane is regarded a Rx R or R? space and the tnree dimensional space as R x Rx R or simply R? space. In plane we sce that there is a one — one correspondence between the points in plane and the ordered pair (x, y). Now we will see that there is a one — one Correspondence between the points in 3-space and the ordered triple (x, y, z). Iwo ordered triples are regarded as equal if and only if the corresponding components are equal. Thus (x, y, 2) = (@, b, ¢) if and only if x = a, y = b, and 2=¢ An equation in two variables represents a curve in plane, while an equation in three variables represents a surface in three dimensional space or simply 3-spece. "he simzclest equation in two variables is the linear equation ax + by +c = J Which represents a straight line, while the simplest equation in three variables & + by + cz + d = 0 represents a plane. Thus equation can take several forms “peading upon the information given and the information sought. Wy. 2. Rectangular Coordinate System: 0 order to tocate points in three dimensional space we must have some fired 'efetence frame, We obtain such a frame by selecting a fixed point O and ‘lecing at O three mutually perpendicular lines as indicated in the figure below, . i itive directis i ad is shown by an ch of these lines a positive direction is assigned and is " wWaead, These three lines are called the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis,‘The y-axis and y-axis together determine a horizontal plane called the xy-plane, Svsailarly the .xz-plane is the vertical plane containing the x-axis and z-axis, ard the yz-plan2 is the plane determined by the y-axis and z-axis If P is any point in space it has three coordinates with respect to this fixed frame of reference, and these coordinates are indicated by writing P(x, y, 2). These coordinates can be defined thus: x is the directed distance of P from the yz-plane, y is she directed distance of P from the xz-plane, zis the directed distance of P from the xy-plane. In the figure these are the directed distances DP,-EP and FP respectively. These line segments-form the edges of a box, with each face perpendicular to one of the coordinate axes. With the fettering of the figure, A is the projection. of P on the x-axi B is the projection of P on the.y-axis, and C is the projection of P on the z-axis, Clearly an alternate definition for the coordinates of P is: x is the directea distance OA, y is te directed distance OB, zis the directed distance OC. The symbol P(x, y, =) der tes that the coordinates of the point P are x, Y,2- Conversely, Siven an three numbers, x, y, z we can find a point P whost coeliat an - To effect thiz we measure off OA = x units along # ee . y-axis anc equal to y units > 2} to the 2 and :uahto z units. Then P is the required folk aoe cain a ae ra of 5 Point in space is uniquely determined by three coordina 2 see that there is a cne — one é points space and the ordered triples (x, y, z). unbatner teen Itis clear thet if X is negative, the point (~, y, z) lies in tack of the y2-plan® iy is negative the Point lies to the left of the xz-plane, ‘and if zis negative the Png463 jes below the xy-plane. These three coordinate planes divide space into & separate pieces called octants. The octant in which all three coordinates are postive is called the first octant. The other octants could te named, but there is Peal reason for doing so. eit jy3. Convention for Signs: | when the diréctions of the x and y-axis have been fixed, the positive direction of tie z-axis is chosen along the direction in which a right-handed screw will move when rotated from x to y. Such a system of axes is called a right-handed system. 14, Translation of Axes: The technique of introducing a new system of coordinate axes through a poi ; other than tne origin O and parallel to the x, y, z axés is called translation of axes. It is also known as shifting, of origin or change of origin: Let OX, OY, OZ; and O’*’, z O'Y', OZ", be two sei of * ‘ (i parallel axes through O and O/ Tespectively.. Let (a, b, c) be the coordinates of | 0' referred to OX, OY, OZ. Let the coordinates of a point P in ' x face be-(x, y, z) referred to the : : X,Y, Z coordinate system and 1 Lia et. &, y', 2°) be its coordinates =)“ ' ef t , , / erred. to =X’, Yigg Bak xe Aa Coordinate system. é ae 5 from P to X’Y’-plane meet the XY-plane in N. Since ‘i > Perpendicular from 5 endicular to XY-plane. + XY" plane jg parallel to XY-plane, PN is also perpendicular to XY-plane, Let °S be perpensicular to XY-plane. Then NN’ = SO” = © Z=.NP ic NN’ + N’P= et?! Similarly x 2% Zs ‘Ls, ‘at =e . bra: Some Results of Veetor Ale ne or solid geometry can be presented i imensio! : want geometry of cre ae ‘when vectors are a presentation can t rs. from vect . timplgeiecceees some useful results - yoint then ® te060 0 oy origin and PO ¥ 289 Pos < then, a, bs ¢ c ie., If1, m, n are direction cosines of a tine 22! are called direction ratios of the line, S i ; tance n) Note 1: Diraciis ratios of « tine jéiaing Fé, yi, Z1) and Q(%2, Y2 pees ee Te Ba ee¥- DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY I 467 an F Nae 2: Ifa, b, ¢ are direction ratios of a line then direction cosines are given by ‘LL m_a_ JP Fae 1 tafe et ee a. bo JPtRTEe LFF Pa a b 16, L= c > mM = —__ ns PRA J®tera PP TA Hote 3: One should always make direction ratios. It is only when 1, relation ? + m? + n? = 4, Example: Find the direction cosines of the line joining the points P(2, :, 4) and 6, 7, -2). is : a distinction between’ direction cosines end ™, n are direction cosines, that we have che Solution: Direction ratios of Pt Qare 4-2,7-3,-2~-4 ie, 2,4,-6 or 1,2,-3 direction cosines are ee nt a ag 114449 {T4499 (T+449 Pree ae | 7 ir sia SLI Angle Petween Two Straight Lin+s: "Wty My are direction. cosines of a line L and b;, of ence M2, Nz are direction cosines the angle between the two lines is ‘xaight line M, then 8 € (0, x], Y cos = ibe + mim + mn Ms the angle between two non-intersecting (skew) lines :s between tye, the angle © lines drawn parallel to them throvgh any Poiat in spac, "un, Tetrehed-on: Af Ro hedrcn is » three dimensional figure bounded by four lanes. It has four *, each vecte.: arising as a point of intersection of three of the four planes. “dges each edge arising as the line of intersection of ‘wo of the four MSS. Cy = 6, 7 construct a terrahed:an, we "e ; a a, ,Wth three points A,B,C i 1, {tY point D, not lying on the Dhue 4 3. + wtetmined by the points A, «,. Theu the four faces of "ir “IR stem are the four gles ABC, LoD, CAD, ABD; tie four Vetticgs D gad te the points +, B, C. : cs bea? and the six edges are the lines A elloo 468 CALCULUS AND ANALYTIC GEOMEnpy AB, CD; BC, AD; CA, BD. ‘The two edges AB, CD joining separately the points A, B and C, D are caeg pair of opposite edges. Similarly BC, AD and CA, BD are the two other pairs of opposite edges. * 10.1.13, Volume of a Tetrahedron: SONS Let a, b, ¢ and d be the position e \ N vectors of the vertices of the tetrahedron ABCD. A c Volume of tetrahedron \ ‘ = J (area of & ABC) \ 3 wee (h, the length of the altitude 7 from D to the plane ABC) = area ot ABC) b d (area of the parallelogram with AB and AC as adjacent sides) « h 6 i (volume of the parallelopiped with AB, AC, AD as coterminus edges) = 178, HE at, AB] = gina g-ad-al Cor: If AGa, ys, 21), BO, Y2s 2 Cs, ys, 23) and D(x, ys, z4) are the vertices of the tetrahedron. ~ = Pe - x, 2-2-4] = AC = [x3 x, ys — yn, 23-21) — aad AD = [u- x, yey, 4-2) ere Cais volume of tetrahedron is M-M Ye Yay | al— BK yyy wz ee A ee ee ' | 6 % ys 2 xq ya a Maoh Yam Yr 2 Solved Examples: +“mple I: The points .x@, 2, -4), B(-1, I: », C(-2, 3, 3), D3, -2» oi 0.1 crs Of a t2trahedror . Find volume of the tetrahedron, eu. Solution: Volume of thé t2trahedronssf pIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 1 a _ 469 3 2 ai 1 edo ee Stiste| 6} -2 3 3 I Brey ee substracting first row from others Br Da eget te hE Saag av lehaee oh =e | 6] -5 1, 7 0 = 7 aca AL 7 0 eg 5A OO 4 4 55 | teed 2 : d oe ayes tage) Sl 6-4-5 = 446 + 28) + 1(25 - 42) + 2-20-6)} = $2 = 17-52) = s = 10% = 10.5 cubic units yample 2: Show that the points (1, 6, 1), (1, 3, 4), (4, 3, 1) and (@, 2, 0) are. the vertices of a regular tetrahedron. Solution: Let the given points be A(I, 6, 1), B(I, 3, 4), C4, 3, 1) and DO, 2, 0) Now AB = J(PST) F © 3 + 1 = LOFT = {78 =3/2 AC = JU -47 + Saye OFT = (B= /T AD= (=O s ©- 2 FU - O {TF l6F1= /18 =3/2 IF Gl ay G-= (949 = 18 =3 fT Be= /(-4/ “BD SOE OT IE = (TATA C= f18 = 3/7 wD = LETT EUS Os TORT AT = B= AB = AC = AD = BC = BD = CD ence the given points form the vertices of a. pimple 3: Find the coordinates of the point tng, 6) in the ration 3: 5- lon: Here ratio m:n = 3:5 i€&, y, 2) is the required point ies iets egular tetrah2dron. dividing te join of (-3, 1, 4) and470 CALCULUS AND ANALYTIC GEOMETRY ge SO +H). 20418 _ 19 5+3 8 4 ; dois te Jo Hence the required point is (o pe =) 44 Example 4: Find the locus of the point which is equidistant from the points (1, 2, 3) and (3, 2, 1). Solution: The given points are A(-1, 2, 3) and BQ, 3, 1). If P(x, y, 2) is a point on the locus PA = PB (QFIF t-te R= FO- FF e-P he, 2x-4y-62 +1 + 449 a -dx—by- 22 44941 or 6x + 2y-4z =Oor3x +y-22=0 Sxampie S: Find,the direction ratios, direction cosines and measures of direction angles of the straight line through the points (1, -2, 0) and 6, -10, 1). Solution: Direction ratios of the line are 5-1,-10 + 2, 1-Oi.e., 4-8 1 ang [ECO FE = [+ STI= JB =9 icsctoncodites ot tis agate =", a 9° 9° 9 and the measures of the direction angles are 4 -8 ; cos 5 , cos"! ( =), cos 4 Sxample 6: Find the direction cosines of a straight line that has all the direction angles congruent. Solution: Here a = f = 7 sheeiore costa + cos7B + cosy = 1 = B3cosa=1, > cosa=4 ah, 1s Hence the direction cosines of the straight line are 1 1 1 a 1 1 1 —, —, — or - —, - —, - = WL ST FT ¢ Example 7: The direction cosines of two straight lines are given che equations, 1+ m+n=0, P + m- m9 =0. Find measure of te of) between them. eu. ![SIONAL GEOMETRY } ane DIMEN t 471 solution: Vo ctesaml se ame dees eg te dang Resear P+m-nr=0 FromI n=— (1+ m) Substituting the value in equation II, we get y+ m?-(+m)?=Oie, -2Im=0 either 1= 0 or m if 1=0, n=—m or IE If m=0, n=-l or = 1 =L 1 0 -l1 1 1 ,m,n are ——, 0, —— Sei ee Thus the digection cosines of the two lines are 0, - >, az If 0 is the measure of the angle between them then ades Peecontthy wero tbe seyret ghsta {= {=F LE 2 EXERCISE 10.1 Show that the points (3, -1, 3), (I, —1. 2), (2, 1, 0) and (4, 1, 1) are the vertices of a rectangle. 4G, 2, 0), BG, 3, 2) and C9, 6 the coordinates of the point of intersection of th with the side BC. Find the ratio in which the yz-plane divides the line segment joining the points 4, 7) and (-3, -5, 8). (P.U. 1990) What are the direction cosines of the coogdinate axes. A le makes angles of 30° and 60° with ‘ae x and y-axes respectively. What igle does it make with the z-axis? 3) are the vertices of a triangle ABC. Find e internal bisector of the angle Aas 472 CALCULUS AND ANALYTIC GEOMETRY Prove that if méasures of the direction angles of a straight line are a, B and then sinta + sin?B + sin?y = 2 i . Show that measures of the If the edges of a rectangular parallelopiped are a, b, ¢. aah st 2) angles between the four diagonals are given by arc cos ( apres (P.U. 1989) ‘ 1 Prove that the acute angle between any two diagonals of a cube is, cos“! —. : (P.U: 1989) A straight line makes angles of measures a, ; 7, 6 with the four diagonals of a cube, prove that Cova + Cost + Costy + Costs = 4 (PLU. 1988, 91) 10. Find the angle between the two straight lines whose direction cosines. are given 12. If ky m, m; 14. ICA, Bare th 15 by the following equations. @) t-2m-2n=0 Im + mn + nl =0 Gi) lt+m+n=0 2im + 2in- mn = 0 Gil) $+ 2m-n=0 Im + mn + nl = 0 (P.U. 1987) direction cosines are Proportional to 3, -2,3 ears oo fo the: linea whose’ 1, mg, ng; 1b, ms, ns are directi i a ] 13, ms, ection cosint thi tuall ee ce Prove that the line whose direction ienmengebtrean wh 35 my ™ +m + ny makes congruent angles with @.U: 1986) Positions is given by (68)? = (Sy + (mp the a angle 68 between Bo : P.U. © points (3, 4, 5), 1,3 PPA |?~ | PB ja = constant = kGay), find the locus of 'a point P such that Find the angle between the two str; the equations | 4 2m + 3n = 1, ‘aight lines if 1 eit direction o es heir di are B eet si u ~4In = 9, @.U, 19Te ee Exercise 10.1 1. Solution: Let the points be AG, —!, 3), BL, -1, 2), (2, 1, 0) and D4, 1, 1) ap= Jd-3 +l T+ a- = favorit = {5 cp = {@=a' + d-Iy tl 9 = {ae0tl = Jo 2. AB=CD and AC= (@=3 FU + IP + O-3P = [T44r9 = [ p= [Ase taney = (OF aaT = AC = BD . = {isd = [93 sc= f@-IP s+ I+ O- aD= {4-3 + (1 + IP + (1-3 = ae de 5 BC = AD. Hence ABCD is a rectangle. 2. Solution: ‘: The internal bisector AD of A divides BC in the ratio of the sides AB and AC. ie. BD: DC = AB: AC AB= (G=3? + GaP tO-OF = f4ei4d = f9=3 AC= [9-3 + © 2 + 3-OF ‘a [THF 1649 = {10 = 13 * BD:DC=3:13 9) + 13(5) _ 38 . face fox 2 SSA ES Sas = A(3,2,0) cs 36) + 13) _ 57 3413 16 pe BDF @ : ts ee c 3+ 13 16 15.3.2)” (-9,6-3) Hence requiréd point D is ( tok 17 16 3 Solution: . Suppose that the yz-plane divides the join of the given points in the rato s Then x-coordinate of the point which divides the join of the given points 19 the nQ) 2S which must be zero ani Irwin the yz-plane. One. 3m-%~ 0 of Mu 3 met n 3 * mek nO i. 4 4 ie mine?459 4, Solution: For x-axis the directional angles are 0, 90°, 90°. Hence direction csines of x-axis are 1, 0, 0: Similarly we can see that the direction cosines of y-axis are 0, 1, 0 and those of z- axis are 0, 0, 1. 5. Solution: Here’ @ = 30°, B = 60°. We know cos? a + cos” B + cos? Y +‘ cos? 30° + cos? 60° + cos? ¥ = 1 3 1 2 - o gg Oe eee “7 = 90 ” Hence the line makes an angle of 90° with z-axis. 6. Solution: We know that if @, B, 7 are the direction angles of a straight line then. cos’ +.cos’*B + cos*y = lie. 1 -sin’a + 1~ sin? B + 1—sin?y = 1 Le. sin? @ + sin? B + sin? y = 2 as required. z 7. Solution: The edges OA, OB F and OC are a, b, ¢ respectively. We take O as the origin, OA * as x-axis OB: as y- axis and OC as Z- . ee axis. 5 x af» OC Therefore the coordinates of the vertices of the rectangular parallelopiped are 0(0, 0, 0), ACa, 0, 0), BO, b, 0), C(O, 0, ©, Dla, by 0), EO, by ©), F(a, 0, c) and Pa, b,c) The four diagonals are OP, AE, DC and BF. * Direction ratios of OP are a, b, ¢ and direction ratios of AE are —a, b, c. Therefore if @ be the angle between OP and AE then aG@) +bibtecce a? + b? + c? ype tO ebro ee eee [Pte +e . [eres a + b? + 0? oe Lar eb + ee a+ b+ @ = are cos a2 + b? +. c? Similarly we can find the angles between the other diagonals. These angles will be one of are’ cos EU ES a +b? +c?460 8. ! Let a side of thé cube be a. So as in. last question the vertics are “ 00, 0, 0), Ala, 0, 0), BO, a0), CO, 0, a), Dia, a, 0), E(O,a, a), F(a. 0, a), Pla, a, a) Direction ratios of OP are a, a, a and those of AB’are —a, aa. ~. If @ is the angle between OP and AE then eh P+ eae cosd = TA TRL 1 -1 out cos e+ar+2 3 2 = 9; Solution: See figure of question 8. Then as in that question the-points are” 0(0, 0, 0) , A(a, 0, 0), BOO, a, 0) , C(O, 0, a) , D(a, a, 0) , E(O, a, a), F(a, 0, a), P(a, a, a) - The diagonals are OP, AE, DC and BF. The d.c’s of OP are a eos Z (@+ e+e fetta fata re eget ce Nie MY erty ees at PS of Bo d.c!s of AE are — com Sas ee dolsokDeiare 1 Dee 3/-)- 3 * r 1 1 and acs of BE are NB Se ‘ ‘ be Let the d.c's of the line which makes angles @, 8, ¥ and 5 with the diagonals m,n. 2 1 m a = my, cos & = ——— + + cos B = te es A ts, cosy = 4 - 4 8 LEE Fe rad * cos 6 = +o Re F‘ 461 Squaring and'adding we get Cos*a + Cos" + Cos*y + Cos’6 = 4, (04 whew ya 10.() Solution: The direction cosines of the two lines are givne by 1-2m-2n = 0 ie .@ im + mn + nl = 0 (ii) From (i) |= 2m + 2n ©. (ii) becomes m (2m,+.2n) + mn +n (2m + 2n) = 0 see 2m? + Smo + 2n? = 0. or (m+ 2m) (2m +n) = 0 - . Either m + 2n =0 Lasse (iil) or Im+n=0 »¢ ze . (iv) From (iii) m= —2n , v. } = —4n + 2n = —2n L Be cer eeah A) 5 From iv) = SAM SD Dag Se i eo eee Seas (B) gee ee ‘ ‘The equations (A) and (B) give the direction ratios of the two lines If a be the angle between the two lines then 2 1) (2) +2 thee 2 ee EVO PZ 0 farit4. f4+4arl ou : : a= 00° =5 (ii) The direction cosines of 2 two lines are given by l+m+n=0 2im +.2in — mn = 0 From (i) n= —(/+ m). Substituting in (fi) we get = 2Im — 21 (1 + m) + m (1 + m) = Cie. im — 27 — 2m + Im + mi’ or) -2P + Im + m? = 0 or 2? — Im— So the direction cosines of two line are given by ,i+m+n=0 w\e 18 is the measure of the angle between the two lines(iii) The direction cosines of the two liens are given by 21+ 2m-n=0 ‘ im + mn + nl =0 5 From (i) n= 2! + 2m, substituting in (ii). : ae Im + m(2L + 2m) + 1(21 + 2m) = 0 ie. 2P + Sim + 2m*=0 or (2l-+m) (I+2m)=0. So the direction cosines of the two lines are given by 21+ 2m=n=0 es a Wem 20 A hai 2+2m-n=0 0+2m 0 From (A) te m From (B) < = cos 6 = UU. Solution: Let the required d.c's bg J, m, n then oo 2m +3n=0 and(d-2m- ber which give = BL By, eat! is 7 a3 ; go + bmynare 4. 12. Solution: If 8 is the angle between the line whose d.c's are J, my, ny and the line whos d.c’s are proportional to N+ b+ by, my + my + my, my + hy + pa. cos 0 = AG + +h) + my (im, + mz + my) + ny (ny + ny + AY % Mi +h + hy + (mm, ~) > nd ae: my + my) + Oa, + ns mye K LL Ce 1? + me + a2 + hh + mim + nny + diy + mums + mins mm, + yn + fils + mummy + mans [WP + me? + nese tem? + ny? £132 + my + mye (3 hh + Zbl + Digi, ) x ae Ra teh a463 ‘As the lines are perpendicular yf, + mymp + tim, = 0 bls + moms + nns = 0 lto+to ee L hls + mums + mins = 0. +. cos @ = ———— —_ i ee {1T+1+1+0+04+0 43 This is independent of /'s, m's, n's. Hence the result. 13, Solution: , Asi, m,nand1 + 6/,m + 6m,n + Snare d.c's we have - Pemt+n=1 sraceasl( (1+ 6D? + (m + 6m)? + (n + Gn)? = 1 or P +m? +n? + (6D? + (Sm)? + (5n)? + 2/61 + 2m Sm + 2n én=1 or (6D? + (6m)? + (6n)? =-2 (162 + mbm en6n) wee (2) cos 69 = 1 (1 + 61) + m(m + 6m) + n(n + Sn) =P +1514 m2? + mdm 4 n2+n5n~ = ie { (5? + (Sm)? + (6n)?} 2 . ie >h-2 sin? # = 1 (60? + my? + Sn} Seq ( + 60 y = (61)2+(Sm)?+(6n)’ ie. (68)? = (61)? + (6m? + ($n)? 14. Solution: Let P(x, y, z) be a point on the locus. ‘ The equation (PA)? — (PB)? = K becomes ; L 403P 5 G-4 FSP P-L (+1? + (-3P + 47 P=K 12 | 6x — 8y ~ 102 + 50-2x + 6y - 142-59 = K OF ~8x-2y- 242-9 =K or Bx + 2y + 2424+94+K 50 1S. Solution: The direction Cosines of the two lines are given by 1+ 2m +3n=0 3im+mn-4In=0 From (i) | = a (ii) 2m — 3n, substituting in (ii) ie, 2™C2m— 3n) + mn ~ dn (-2m ~ 3n) = 0 » 6m? --9mn + mn + 8mn + 12n2 = 0 or ~6m?-+12n? (m+ Za) (m- fFn) = 0 Either m+ f2n=0 ™-J2n=0, if m+ /3n=0 =0 or m?-2n?=0 Coyle = 422 4 sin? a = (6)? + (6my? + (Sn? As$B issmall CoS KO = (72g 2__ 1s -2J2K + 3K m=-J2n = = 7 Ken tf =K d.c's of one line are given by #342/2 ! moon m n 1 J2 As before we can get dc's of the second line as * ! m n , i -2/24% {2 } It 8 1s the angle between the Ovo lines then cog = 2B-VMCVT+H+ VT 7+). Lg (O-TIM IG . fli s ar 2 Nowit m= J/2n=0. m= J/2n or lotq yeNsiONAL GEOMETRY T e THE PLANE gu Dein A plane surface (OT briefly a plane) is a surface such that every point on’ the graight line joining any two points of the surface lies on the surface. Aplane in 3-space is uniquely determined by specifying a point in the plane and a rector perpendicular to the plane. A vector perpendicular to a plane is called a normal to the plane. iL, Equation of Plane: To find the equation of the plane through a given point A(x, ys, Z:) and with the ‘non-zero normal vector n = [a, b, c]. Let P(x, y, 2)-be any point in the dane, Itis obvious that the vector { Wis Perpendicular to n. /s Batecaiy ga ‘ ieee y et Sf aS De 4S AP is perpendicular to n. yy 2. AP =o eee ts het gag aid IO i ake ~ x) + by-y) + o@—-m) = 9, * ite recy; ie ao required equation of the plane. This is known as point normal form of the On of the plane, Theorem: 4, y nt, © and d are constants and a, b and c not all zero, then the equation ax + +d = 0 represents a plane having vector, n = [a, b, c] as a normal. ha s By hypothesis, a, b and c are not all zero. For the moment, we assume #0. The equation ax + by + cz +d = 0 can be re-written as al, es f)tbyta=o te . ak ~(4 Sane 4 ~4)) + bfy-a + ez- 4 Yin. ( : ) Vy 1 Ming "SS a point normal form of the equation of she plane passing through the ~4 in ( a 0) and having n = [a, b, ¢] a normal. en either b 40 of ¢ #0. These ceses can be handled in a similar way‘ CALCULUS AND ANAL’ 474 YTIC GROWETyy The equation ax + by + cz + d = 0 is called the general form of the equai ofaplane. | “a 10.2.4. Normal Form of the Equation of a Plane: To find the equation of a plane in terms of p, the lenght of the Rormal from S 10 be always origin tc it and 1, m, n, the direction cosines of the normal. @ is regarded positive). Let OA be the normal from O to the given plane; A being the foot of perpendicular. Then | OA | = p andl, m, nare direction cosines of OA. Hence the coordinates of A are (Pl, pm, pn). Let P(x, y, z) be any point on the plane. = {x~pl, y- pm, z- pn] It is obvious that OA is perpendicular to AP. OA. AP=0 i.e. (1, m,n) . [x - pl, y- pm, z- pn] = e., Ix - pl) +.m(y - pm) + n(z~ pn) = 5 x + my + nz = p(? + m +n?) or iIk+my+nz=p because ?+m?+n?=1 jane 10.2.5. Toreduce the general equation ax + by + cz + d= 0 of aP the normal form Ix + my + nz = p. w ae sents of As the two equations represent the-same plane, ‘comparing coefficiem! ecuations we get i= Va oper aus the direction cosines. 1, m,'n_of a normal ‘0 the plane a P a,b, ¢ and pet sd {73058 ae il’ is’ sat Bun p is chways regarded Positive, therefore, we take positive of nee!© pefore the expression V La? * qhus if d be positve recording as dis negative or Positive, malo and p= d SS SS If, d, be negative, we have only to change the signs of all these. Thus the normal form is obtained by dividing the given equation throughout by ~ { Sa? according as d is negative or wscitive. Example: Reduce the equation 2x - y + 2z + 1 = 0 to the normal form. a? Or the direction cosines of a normal to the plane are — Z, + 2 and the length of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane is +. 112.6. Intercept Form of the Equation of a Plane: To find the equation of a plane in terms of intercepts a, b, c which it makes on the axes. Let the equation of the plane be d Ax + By + Cz +D =0 vee @ The plane meets the axes in the points (a, 0, 0), , b, 0), (0, 0, ¢). As these points \ie on plane (i), we get D Aa+D=0 ie,A= o> D Bb+D=0 be, Bop? D Co+D=0 Le, ge Di+Ds0 @® becomes - Px- 2y- oo ich is the required equation. @ |x + 14 2 =1 whi bd c476 10.2.7. Plane Through Three Points: To find the equation of the plane p: (x1, Yue 21) (Xa, ¥2s Z2) (3, Yos 2) Let the required equation of the plane be ax + by +ezt+d=0 assing through the three non-collinear poiny As the given points lie on the plane, we have ax, + byy tou td =0 (i) ax, + by2 + cz +d =0 (iii) ax; + bys + cz3 +d = 0 (iv) Eliminating, a, b, c,d from (i) — (iv), we have x 7. 2 oT my ua it =0 m y2 2 | x ys Zz 1 which is the required equation of the plane. Note: 1. Through three collinear points, infinite number of planes pass. 2, In actual numerical exercises it is more convinient to follow the method used in the example below. Example: Find the equation of the plane through the ‘three points AQ, 1, 1), BQ, 3, 1) and C(-2, 1, 2). Example: The general equation of a plane through (2, 1, 1) is a(x - 2) + b(y- 1) + c@- I) =F Be TS sasith @ It will pass through B and C if 4a+ 2b+0c=0 ang —4a+ Ob+c=0 + These give 2= Db 2% op 22 Dat Substituting these values in (i) we have Ax -2)-2y-1) + 4@-1) =0 18, X—2y + 47-4 = 0 as the required equation. 2 10.2.8, Angle Between Two Planes: The angle between two’ plan Vectors. Thus the angle betwi aK + by MALY bez + dy es is defined as the angle between their nos een the two planes; Sidl \ aoe + hee & Ge a deepateNSIONAL GEOMETRY | 471 ot equal to the angle between the lines with direction ratios 7 aby cr & ax be, c2 pis. therefore, = cos! ( 41a + bibs + st) a Mary Stary therefore, two planes are parallel or perpendicular according as the normals to em are parallel or perpendicular. Thus the iwo planes. ax+by+oz+d,=0 and ax + by + oz +d) =0 will be parallel, if ay/az = bib, = cy/cy and will be perpendicular, if ajay + bib: + cc: = 0 29. Distance of a Point From a Plane: The perpendicular distance of a point P(x, Yi. 41) from the plane utbytezt+d=0is 1+ by ten ta PFE Proof: Let Q(xo, yo, zo) be any point in the plane, and position of the normal. n = [a, b, c] be so that its intitial point is at Q. Asin the figure, the distance D is equal to PQ Cosé p= QPCosd [nj _ [QP - al f- ; In| lol / 8 / But QP = [x1 ~ xo, yx — Yor 21 ~ Za] / Won = [x xo, iyo 1 ~ Bd fa, el = a(x, — x0) + bys ~ Yo) + C21 ~ 2) “nl = aepre This distance p= later — 70) + bs — yo) + oC - 2)1 = 18% + byr + cz — (axe + byo + cz) [PTFE wee the point Q(xo, yo, 20) lies in the plane, its coordinates satisfy the equation * Plane, so that %o + byo + czy + d = 0 or aXo + byo + Cz = —d478 , CALCULUS AND ANALYTIC SEOMETR . iy | ax, + dy; + cz: +d | Note: By distance between two points w2 mean the straight distance between the two points.’and by distance of a point from a line Perpendicular distance of the point from the line or plane. So we get distance = D = or plane we Mean the 10.2.10, Solved Examples: : ‘ample 1; Find the distance between the Parallel planes x + 2y -~ 27 = 3 and 2x! + 4y — 42 = 7. Solution: To find the distance between ‘the planes, we may select an. arbitrary point in one of the planes and compute its distance to the other plane. BY setting y =Z=0 inthe equation x+ 2y — 2z = 3, we obtain the point PG, 0, 0) in this plane. Thus the requiréd distance is the distance from P to the plane 2x + 4y-4z-7=0 | 2G) + 4@) - 4@) -7 fed LPP 6 «Fxample 2: Show that the points (0, -1, -1), (4, 5, 1), @, 9, 4) and (-4, 4, 4) are coplanar. ie., Solution: The equation of the plane through the points (0, -1, =1), (4, 5, 1) and G, 9, 4) is x y z 1 0 -1 -1 1 a 4 5 1 1 3 9 4 1 ee ‘Thus the given four points are coplanar if 4 4 4 1 0 -1 -1 1 ae 4 5 1 1 | 3 9 4 1 2 4 4 4 1 NowLHS=| 0 -1. =1 1 4 5 i 1 3 9 4 1 Adding 4th column in 2nd and 3rd column BS Mess OE 4 5 5 al 0 0 1 j=] 4 6 2 4 6 2 1 5 B40 ase a 3... 10| ENSIONAL GEOMETRY 1 gp 479 = 430 - 20) - 520 ~ 6) + 5(49 — 18) 40-70 + 110 = C. Hence the four Points are coplanar. ple 3: Find the equation of the Plane through (5, -1, 4) and i toeach of the planes, x + y-27-3 = 9 and ne + 2 2 0. ars solution: A plane through (5, -1, Ais a(x - 5) + bly + 1) + ez-4)=9 As itis perpendicular to the two given planes, we have atb-2c¢=0 2a-3b+c=0 aed b ——— = it 1-6 4-1 See Hence the equation of the required plane is -Stytl+z-4=0 ie.,xty+z-8=0 si 4: Find the equation of the plane through the points (1, 0, 1) and o tebe 1¥ fh , 2, 1) and perpendicular to the plane x- y-z-+ 4 = 0. (.U. 1988) Solution: A plane through (1, 0, 1) is a(x - 1) + b(y- 0) + c@-1) =0 ® eaatilk As it passes through the point (2,°2, 1) a+2b+0c=0 sates a Also plane I is perpendicular to the plane x~-y~z + 4 = 0, therefore a-b-c=0 From II & Ill we get. : ice: Dee ee es or 2-0. O+1 1-2 i ion of the plane is Required equation oxy +32-5=0 ie., i= -1)=0 H 5 K-l-y + 3@ «ofthe plane through the iersetion of the planes ple 5: Find the onan aq + 5 = 0 and the point (1, 1 ). Tty+2=6 and 2x + 3Y Solution: ‘Tthe plane ‘ K+ y $26 + KOx +3 esses trough the intersection of the It will pass through (1, 1, 1) if at 520 given planes for all values of k.ee... ; | 480 CALCULUS AND ANALYTIC g; EOMETpy “3+ 14k =0 or k= 3 14 Putting k = > in @ é | tting k= in (D, we ger 20x + 23y + 262 - 69 = 0 which is the required equation of the plan, Example 6: Find the measure of the acute angle between the planes 2x +y-z=7, x+2y+72=.6 P.U. 199) Solution: The direction ratios of the normals to the two planes are 21, -1 and 1, 2,1. i The angle between the two Planes is the same as the angle between the Dormals ¢o the two planes. Therefore, if @ is the angle between them $ Cop = 2211.24 Csi /4+T41. JT 441 A 1 6 2 EXERCISE 10.2 Find the equation of the plane through the three given points @ .@, 2, -1), G, 4, 2), 7, 0, 6) Gi). @, -1, 2), ©3, -2, -1),.7, -1, 3) Convert the equations of the planes 3x - 4y + 5z = 0 and 2x -y~-2z = 5 to normal forms. Also find the measure of the angle between them. Find the equation of the plane through the point (2, -3, 1) and which is normal 0 the straight line joining the points (3, 4, —1) and (2, -1, 5). Find the measure of the acute angle between the planes. () ix-y+z-6=0, x+y +2z-3=0 Gi) 2x+y-z-=5=0, xt y-224+7 ‘ ine segme® Find the equation of the plane which is perpendicular bisector of the tine 30 Joining the points (3, 4, -1) and (5, 2, 7). ee. o Find the’ equation of the-plane passing through the point (-1, _ ?) Perpendicular.to the planes x + 2y-24=5 and 3x + 3y + 22 “eu. 199!) . S ‘ 6. Find the equation of the plane through the points (2, 2, 1), 3,6 Perpendicular to the plane 2x + 6y + 6z = 9. ig IS ‘ rig Wiite the equation of the family of all planes Whose distance from the oF, : 5 Seven. Find those members which are parallel to the plane x + y+ 2+. gi[AL GEOMETPY 1 481 Tomson rind the equation of the plane which passes through ‘the poi 1 re * i 9 point (3, 4, 5), hi a }- istercept equal to ~5 and is perpendicular to the plane 2x + y -2 2 as an x (P.U. 1985) Find the equation of the plane which passes through the int i i oe 4 ¥24 20, 2y-42e a 9 ada ae intersection of the planes @) is perpendicular to the plane 3x + 2y +32 = 7 (i) passes through the point (2, -1, 1), : Write the equation of the family of planes having x-intercept 5, y-intercept 2 and a non-zero, Z-intercept. Find the member of the family which is perpendicular to the plane 3x-2y +z-4=0. . A variable plane is at a constant distance p from the origin and meets the axes in A, B, C. Through A, B, C planes are drawn parallel to the coordinate planes. Show that the locus of their point of intersection is x? + y? + 2? = p?. (P.U. 1991) 2 13, The vertices of a tetrahedron are (0, 0, 0), G, 0, 0), (0, ~4, 0) and (9, 0, 5). Find the equations of the planes that form the sides. 14. Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes 2x-v + 3z=0 and x + 2y-2z-3=0 and (i). at a unit distance from the origin. (i) perpendicular to the plane 3x - 2y (ii) having x-intercept 6. +4z-5=0 (P.U. 1988) 1S, Find the locus of the point whose distance from the origin is three times its distance from the plane 2x -y + 22 = 3-t { Exercise 10.2 1.()) Solution: The three points are P (2, 2, =1), Q (3, 4, 2) and.R (7,-0, 6) The general equation of a plane through P (2, 2, -1) is ‘ : a2 + bly-%W+e~@+1) =0° Tt-will pass through Q and R, if a+ 2b + 3c = 0. and 54 —2b-+- 7c = 0; These give as or ae 20 8 12 5 Subsituting these values in (i), we ahve ‘o 5 (KF 2) +2 (y.-2) 4 3(2+1)=0, 1.6. 5x + 2y —3z- 17 = 0 as the required equation. (ii) The three points are P (4; -1, 2), Q (-3, -2, -1) and R (7, -1, 3) Equation of a plane through P (4, ~1, 2) isa (x4) + by + I) te(@-2= Since the other two points lie on this plane -Ta-h-3c =0 and 3a + 0b+c=0 Wt 0 F which vive By i ptits Pe) 3 Hence th, uation of the plane is $+2(y+ 1)-3(z-2) =0 Le. xt 2y-3z+4=0 4er ea aE = 465 2. Solution: 3x—4y + 52=0 Dividing by f 3+ (C4y + es =5 {2 We get the normal form of the equation 3 4 ie) OT 5 yr 2=0. sf os Pat sf2. And (2x-y-22=5 2 [AFT F4= 3 we get Bla 7 [ay + 4 = 3 we get —x- —y- z= Dividing by ela Se. aeog Measure of the angle between the planes is given by 3° 2 4 1 ae 2 cos 6 = : el \¢ ae (3) sya. 3. As fo) \. Se igfeS 2 se tegiiaw nade LN Pa cared S fk. 1sf2 3f2 SAAS 0g rence OS © 15 fT 2 3. Solution: ‘The direction ratios of the given line are . (2-3, =1-4,5=(- I] or [-1, -5, 6], : 7 Hence the required plane, through the point (2, ~3, 1) is (1) %-2) + C5) +3) +6 @-1)=0 or. -x—Sy+6z-19=0 or x +5y-624+19=0 4. Solution: (i) ~The direction ratios of the normals to the planes are 2, —1, 1 and 1, 1,2 _ Measure of the angle between them is given by an | nt ' eon 0 @Q) ) GQ) + G) 2) 3 ate | fEsCp+r. /PFPeR © 3 (ii), The direction ratios of the normals to the planes are 2,1,—1-and 1, -1, * Let @ be measure of the angle between the’planes. Then 2-142°°3 1 cos @ = = == Hence @ = ©, Fe.ye 8 3 5. Solution: The diyéction ratios of the line joining the given points are §-3,2-4,7-(1) ie. 2,-2,8 Also the mid-point of the segment joining the given points is +4 7- ) 7 a AS) ). Henee the required plane #® ,: 466 | 2(x-4) + (-2)(y-3) + 8-3) =0 or 2x -2y,+82=26 of x-y+4z2=13 6. Solution: Equation of a plane through the point (-1, 3, 2) is a(e +1) +b(y-3).+e(@-2)=0. * It will be perpendicular to the two given planes if a a+2b-2c=0 and da+3b420= b ¢ | | = a me Le. — = AGS S63 BE ees +. The required equation of the the plane is 10 (x + 1)~8 (y-3)—3 (2-2) =0 ie, 10x — 8y—3z + 40 =0 7 Solution: Any plane through (2, 2, 1) is a(x—2) +b(y-2) +#e(@-1)=0 Tt will pass through (9, 3, 6) if a(9-2)+bB3-2+c¢6-1)=0 which give ie, Jatb+5c=-0 seen The plane (1) will be perpendicular to the given plane if . 2a + 6b + 6c = 0 Dir eat ea itn! ates Gi) From (ii) and (iii), we have a b Sop tae De : M24 82. WOE BS Substituting in (i), we see thy the equation of the required plane is 30-2) 440-9 - 5(z-1)=0 or 3x + 4y~Sz=9 8, |. - Solution: “The equation of the family in normal form is Ix + my + nz = 7 where J, m, n-are direction cosines of a normal to the plane. The equation of the = 0.in the normal form is z oe @ $e = fay fs TS ector with direction cosines j plane x + y +2 + A plane parallel to (1) has normal v Buel ge tke Gera aEe zw) | s of the family parallél to (1)- They are Thus, there are two members oh i ! Thy cheno Lat bre (Br f 3 a 9, Solution: i Let the equation of the plane be !we have » 2) 378 ee ae Cee eee Be Bue 5 From (2) and (3) Bae tie 22 18 16 Equation of the plane is x , Iby | 16z ey AY TE 2 ase 19K - By - 16 = es Tat 98 x. — 18y ~ 16z + 95 10. ° Solution: Let the equation of the plane be 2xt y—4 + k(y + 2z) = 0 or Dee Uh RIE Oe aa ey ee ee @ 0) It willbe perpendicualr to: 3x + 2y — 3z = t if 23+ (et 1).2+2k-(3)=0 kee The required plane is 2x + 3y + 42-4 = 0 ‘The plane (i) will pass through the point (2, —1, 1) if 224k + DC) + %k.1-4=0 ie. The required equation of the plane is 2x +2y + 22-4=0 oF Gi) 4-kK-1+2k-4=0 ==9 k=1 xty+2=2 11. Solution: ‘The given plane is 3x—2y #2-4=0 . @ Let non-zero z-intercept be c. Equation of the required family of planes 1s x : 24 XL 4 Ba, where cis a parameter. Go Ue ew Uf a member of this family is perpendicular to (1), then we have gia a 2. —=0 or = Sa ae $ ie c= ‘The required plane is = + % +, i 5 2 12. Solution: ‘ —_cecthe equation of the planebe,. 4468 Bla aes P+m4+nt=1 y pi = ai pint pint “Thus coordinates of A; B, C are espectivley (pil, 0,0) , (0, plm, 0} . (0; 0, pin Equation of the plane through A (f .0 :0) and parallel to yz plane is”x =P / Samilarly pI 2 m ; un Boo) ane through alo it 0 jand parallel to zx plane is y ant plane through € (0 .0, m and parallel to xy-plane is z= 2. : 1 8 Twit t= Em=B n=” Since cin oan Pr of Pah a Fei, .e 2 z 13. Solution: Lat the vertices be denoted by A = (0, 0,0), B= (3, 0,0), C = (0, -4, 0) and D = 0,0,5). < Equation of any plane through the point A is ax + by + ez = 0X) « If it passes through, Brand C, then a = 0 and b = 0, Thus the plane through A, B, 2 Cis cz=0, of 2=0. Similarly, the plane through A, B and D is y = 0 and the plane through A, C and Dis x _= 0, Now we fined the plane through B, C and D. This can. be. written in the intercept form as { ° Xe 24 Bai of 20x-15y + 122 = ee 30-40 S 14. Solution: Any plane through the intersection of the given planes is Ix—y +3z4+k(x + 2y- 2-3) =0 F or (2+ k)x + Qk- Dy + G-2k)z= 3k a, ® Now the perpendicular distance of this plane from the ofigin is 3k —— 1 (of given JQ +ky + Qk - LY + (3 - 2kY “Squaring, and cross multiplying we get 92 = OK = 12k 14s k= a|~ Putting this value of k in'(1) we get 19x + 8y + 42 = 21 which is the required equaiton of the plane at a unit distance from the origi®- Since the plane (1) is perpendicular to the plane 3x —2y. + 42—6 = 0, therefore, e 20 3.4 Wy 2 Qk- 1) + 4G 2k) = 0 oF 9k. = 20 ie. k= |Putting this value of k in (1) we have 38x + 3ly ~ 132-60 = 0 which is the required plane? (iii) Here x-intercept = edie 6, 3k. = 6k +12 or k= —-4 : k+2 Equation of the required plane is é --2x-9y + 11z+12=0 ie. 2x + 9y-11z-12 =0 15. Solution: » Given plane is 2x-y +'2z2-3 =0 Let P (x, y,,z) be any point on the locus PO = 3. distance of P from (i) where O is the origin. 2x-y + 27-3 : of x LYS 223: a J4+ 144 OF + y? +2 = (2x-y + 22-3)? or Xt yd 2? = dx? ty? 4 gy? 49 4xy + 8xz— 12x — 4yz+6y—-12z hee 3x? 32? ~ dxy + 8xz- dyz- 12x + 6y—- 122 +9=0 1 lets: ie(ONAL GEOMETPY I 481 pimeNst uation of the plane which passes through ‘the point (3, 4, 5), has an x- pind te €4 ; 1 egcept equal to -5 and is perpendicular to the plane 2x + 3y-z = 8. inter (P.U. 1985) the equation of the plane which passes through the intersection of the planes y+ y-4=0, y+ 22= 0. and which : {9 is perpendicular to the plane 3x + 2y- 32 = (i) passes through the point (2, ~1, 1), Find = Write the equation of the family of planes having x-intercept 5, y-intercept 2 and non-zero, Z-intercept. Find the member ‘of the family which is perpendicular to heplane 3x-2y +z-4=0. |, Avariable plane is at a constant distance p from the origin and meets the axes in A,B, C. Through A, B, C planes are drawn parallel to the coordinate planes. Show that the locus of their point of intersection is x? + y? + 2? = p?. PU. 1991) The vertices of a tetrahedron are (0, 0, 0), (3, 0, 0), (0, ~4, 0) and (9, 0,°5). Find the equations of the planes that form the sides. 4, Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes k-v+32=0 and x + 2y-2z-3=0 ; and (i) at a unit distance from the origin. ; i) perpendicular to the plane 3x - 2y + 4z~ (iii) having x-intercept 6. (P.U. 1988) ' Find the locus of the point whose distance from the origin is three times its distance from the plane 2x - y + 22 = 3. THE STRAIGHT LINE 0. SL. Definition: ‘TA and B are two distinct but fixed points in 3-space, we define the straight line £ 8S the set of all points P such that the vector AP is collinear with the vector presented by a single linear equation in Al — B. Tn plane analytic geometry a line is r ton i ‘0 linear equations in *¥-In 3-space a line is, represented (a8 we will see) Py Ww a7 482 CALCULUS AND ANALYTIC SOMETp ny 10.3.2. Symmetric Equations of a Zine: Let L be a line passing through | the point A(x, yi, 21) and parallel . toa non-zero vector a=li+ mj + nk where 1, m, n are the direction cosines of the vector a, as well as, those of the line L. Then L is the set of points by P(x, y. 2) such that the veetor AP is parallel to the given vector a Thus there is a scalar t € R such that ee us x AP =ta or [x-%, y— yn, 2- zi) = tll, m, an] which gives x - x, = tl, y- yi = tm, 2-2 = tn Eliminating t we get. >—™! a = ah a eo as the equations of the line in the symmetric form. ‘The equations (A) written as x=uttl yey ttm zeutim are called the parametric equations of the line L. Note 1: The equation (A) may be written as the equations of three planes ve they ore not independent, since any two may be combined to give the en the third: plane, Because the coordinates of every point on the line must each of these three equations; each plane contains the line and is perpen yy one of the coordinate axes. These planes are called the projecting planes © “ine? it i In particular, as the x-axis is the intersection of the XZ and XY pi equacions are y = 0, z = 0 taken together. Similarly the equations of are x = 0, 2 = 0 and of the z-axis are x = 0, y = 0. is | s | Note 2: If 1, m, n are proportional 10 ‘1, mi, m, equations (A) becom? K=m LL yoy 2 27-4 : h m, nh ‘ ‘These may also be taker: as the equaticns cf the line L.a gg DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY I 483 i ple: Find the equations ¢v’the line passing through the point (0, ~3, 2) and parallel to, the line joining the points (3, 4, 7) and (2, 7, 5). Solution: The direction ratios of the line joining the points G, 4, 7) and: @, 7, 5) ge2-3.7-4 S-Tor -1,3,-2 or 1,-3.2. rence the equations of the required line through the point (0, ~3, 2) are x_yt3_ 2-2 Pos 2 933. Two Point Form of a Line: ‘The Tine passing through ‘the points (x1, ys, zi) and (X2, zy Z2) has x2 ~ X1, y2~Yu 22 ~ 21 aS its dize-tion ratios. Thus the required equations of the line are REE VPI ee X2-X y-y An-kh Example: Find the equations of the line through the points 3, 4, 5) and 6, -2, 3). Solution: The direction ratios of the line are 2, -6,-2 or -2, 6,2. The equations of the line are BA gee i 2 2 2 6 depending ‘upon which point we select as (x1, y1, 21). ‘The alternate answers give the same projecting planes. 103.4. General Equations of a Line: A straight line is determined when two planes intersect in space, Io ax+bytoz+d,=0 and ax + by + oz+h=0 are the equations of two intersecting planes, any point v-i:vse coordinates satisfy both equations is a point on the line determined by the two planes. Conversely, the coordinates of any point on the line will satisfy both the equations, ‘Thus the equations of two intersecting planes may Le consitered as the equations Of a line, The general equations of a line may be reduced to the symmetric form by eliminating first one variable, say x, and so obtaining a projecting plane in the other two variables; and ther, by elimir"ng a secona variable, Say y, and so Obtaining another projec-ing plane ! -d z, If the two resulting equations are Solved for 2, the symme.ic for’. may be obtained by equating these values of z, Example: Reduce the equariors of the tine 3 + 2y + 2 +5=0 X-y + 22-4 = 0 ‘to the symmetric form484 CALCULUS AND ANALYTIC SEOMETR, 2 Y Solution: Solving the pair of equetions simultaneous!: ly — first elimina then eliminating x, we get ating y, pe Bo ey yeesr ta 8 2 Equating these values of z, and rearranging terms, we get —Sx + SY Ts sy ae = Y+I75 _ 2-0 8 2 215 1 be 2585 4 pes aso = +2 10.3.5. Distance of a Point From a Line: To find the perpendicular distance of the point P(x:, yi, 21) from the line. x-a_y-b Poy ya) Let d = | PM | be the | perpendicular distance of the cit’. Px, y1, 21) from the given | i line, Then d= |®M| =| AP|Siné é whary Als, ©, ¢) is a point on the | lice and @ ‘s the me-sure of the _ ay ‘x Ala «1 tle cet-sen’ "4 and ihe line. "a, nj be the direction vector of the line then CIES | AP| [| b|Sin@ _ | AP xb] Bee SENT relagery es etek AP xb |b | #0 foc all lines, we have: d = 1M as the formula. 10.3.6. So'ved Examples: Za. ste 1: Show that the straight lines tf x-l_ i sf gta Re = 2r4 { ah 1 1 { 2¢2 pe*vendicular ao all ; tion: “The direction ratios cf the two lines are 1, 2, 1 = As / fh 1) G) + @ CD + (1) @) = 7. The two lines are perpendicular. ue poitt * Sct Hs ui Winle"2: Fiad the equat!uns 9° the straight line passing thro 2) end percendicainc tw cot! Cf cae straight tinesz, MENSIONAL GEOMETRY I 485 32 te BRL Zeytl_z+2 saa za SF = 3 (P.U. 1985) seition: “The direction ratios of the given lines are 2, 2, 2 and 3, -1, 2. Let 4, My Bh be the direction ratios of the required line, then by the condition of i Mendicularity, we have Fe + 2m; + 2m = 0 3, -m + 2m = 0 ho | ™ _ &, 442 6-4 2-6 he mM gp hmm Re Fa 8 a . . the equations ot the required line through (2, 0, -2) are x-2 Ly _ z+2 3 1 4 Example 3: Prove that the planes 4x + 4y-5z- 12 =0 ad 8x + 12y — 13z — 32 = 0 intersect and the equations of their line of 2222 2 (.U. 1988) intersection can be written as Solution: The direction ratios of the normals to the two planes are 4, 4, —5 and 8,12, +13. As these direction ratios are not proportional, the two planes intersect. To find the equations of the line in the symmetric form we choose z = 0. Then Wehave 4x+ 4y = 12 and 8x + I2y = 32, which give x= 1,y = 2 Hence (1, 2, 0) is a point on the line. Similarly taking x = 0, we have 4y~52 = 12 and 12y — 13z = 32 which give y = {2 = -2. Hence (0, %, -2) is an other point on the line. . Thus the equations of the line in symmertric form are Ertl y-2. 2 2-0 g Zhe O-1 4-2 «2-0 2 “ample 4: Find the equations of the line through the point (1, 2, 3) and paraue “TO the line xty +2z-5=0= x tytz76 Solution: 1f1,, am, my are the direction ratios of the required line, we have L-m,+2n,=0 and 3h +#m+m= “hich give mem a 4 Hence the equations of the required line through the point (I, 2, 3)are x1 -3486 ° CALCULUS AND ANALYTIC GEOMETRY Example 5: Find the equations of the perpendicular from the point (2, 4, ~1) tg the line x+5 y+3 z-6 oline <= 7; aa (P.U. 1989) Solution: The line is xt+5._. y+3 _ z-6_ i gr ee Let BC-5 + t,-3 + 4t, 6- 9t) be a point on the line, AB = [-7+t,-7 + 41,7-94 If B is foot of the perpendicular from the point A(2, 4, -1) to the line 1(-7-+1)+4(-7+4t)- 9(7-91) =.0 which gives t = 1.- “point B is (—4, 1, -3) and the. equations of the perpendicular from the point (2, 4, -1) to the line are BoP Yee ee ee sed eed 4-2 1-4 341 6 3 z ixample 6: Determine whether the following given pair of lines intersect or not, an’ find the common point if they do; x43 y¥ 2 227 pg RTO YTS. 2 2 6 1 -3 Solution: The parametric form of the equations are x= 2-3, y=-2t, 2=6t+7 and x =t'-6, y=-3t’?-5, 2=2t' +1 (P.U. 1990) If the two lines intersect, 2-3 =t'-6 o 2 = -3t' - 5 and 6t + 7 = 2t’ + 1 should be consistant. i, fe Solving the first two equations we get t = — pa va-4. : ines But these values of t and t’ do not satisfy the third equation. Hence the two do not intersect. 0 , 1 Example 7: Show that for the thrée points (x1, Y1» Z1)s (2, Yas Z2)s 5» mM Yo 4 X Ye Xa Xs Ys be collinear = 0 is a necessary condition2 yes pIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY I ee py taking three suitable points, show that -he above condition is not sufficient. (P.U. 1987) Solution: Let the three points be collinear. ‘then [x1, Yi, 21] = mlX2, y2, 22] + n[Xs, ys, 23] xX = MX, + nx; yi = my2 + nys and Z = zz + NzZs of X1—mx2— 1%; = 0 yi ~ My2— ny; = 0 and 1 — Mz2—nz3 = 0 Eliminating m, n we get x yt a x2 y2 co] Xs ¥3 as y y2 ys =0 of - Now consider the three points (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1) and (0, 1, 0). They are . 0 0 0 obviously not collinear, but o o 1 | =0 0 1 0 Hence the condition | x1 = yi | x2 y2 cot =0 x3 ys Zs is necessary but not sufficient. EXERCISE 10.3 Find the equations of the line passing through the points (-3, 1, 4) and 6, -1, ©. Determine whether the given pair of lines in each case intersect or not, and find the common point if they do. ® x=p-1, y=2+P 2 2p and xal42q y=6+o 275734 @ 223 yo? = Ea = 3 x= 4 2p, y=2t+ 2, 27573 P.U. 1990) Find the coordinates of the four of the perpendicular from the point (3, 0, ~2) to the straj x-2 -2._ 221 : © straight line rg = aS ris Also'find the length and the-equations of the perpendicular. @.U, 1989) Find the equations f the strsi2"" pre pratiey Sevag enie @, -3, 2) and 487 :