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J Engstruct 2004 10 005
J Engstruct 2004 10 005
www.elsevier.com/locate/engstruct
Received 14 October 2003; received in revised form 7 October 2004; accepted 8 October 2004
Available online 2 December 2004
Abstract
The flat slab system has been adopted in many buildings constructed recently due to the advantage of reduced floor heights to meet the
economical and architectural demands. Structural engineers commonly use the “equivalent frame method” with equivalent beams proposed
by Jacob S. Grossman in practical engineering for the analysis of flat slab structures. However, in many cases, when it is difficult to use
the equivalent frame method, it is necessary to use a refined finite element model for an accurate analysis. However, this takes a significant
amount of computational time and memory if the entire building structure were to be subdivided into a finer mesh. An efficient analytical
method is proposed in this study to obtain accurate results in significantly reduced computational time. The proposed method employs super
elements developed using the matrix condensation technique and fictitious beams are used in the development of super elements to enforce
the compatibility at the interfaces of super elements. The stiffness degradation due to cracking in the flat slab system considered in the
equivalent frame method was taken into account by reducing the modulus of elasticity of floor slabs based on linear elastic finite element
analysis in this study. Static and dynamic analyses of example structures were performed and the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed
method were verified by comparing the results with those of the refined finite element model and the equivalent frame method.
© 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Flat slab structure; Stiffness of slab; Stiffness degradation; Matrix condensation; Super element; Fictitious stiff beam
1. Introduction
0141-0296/$ - see front matter © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.10.005
252 H.-S. Kim, D.-G. Lee / Engineering Structures 27 (2005) 251–263
However, the equivalent frame method is commonly used 2. Analysis of flat slab structures using equivalent frame
for the analysis of the flat slab structures subjected to lateral method
loads in practical engineering [7–10]. In the equivalent frame
method, the flat slab system is modeled as an equivalent The equivalent frame method proposed by Grossman
frame and an elastic analysis is performed. The floor slab which is widely used in practical engineering has some
has larger flexural deformation around the columns when limitations in the application because it was derived from
the structure is subjected to lateral loads. Therefore, the buildings with regular arrangements of columns. Therefore,
the concept and shortcomings of the Grossman method are
floor slab is divided into a column strip and middle strip
presented below to develop an improved method which can
in the analysis and design of flat slab structures. The flat
be used for a wider range of structures.
slab is modeled using the equivalent frame having the
effective width assuming that the equivalent beams have 2.1. Grossman method for effective width determination
the same flexural stiffness as the floor slab system. The
depth of the equivalent beams in the equivalent frame Various studies on the resistance capacity for the
method was taken from the thickness of floor slabs. The lateral loads were performed by previous researchers [1–4].
determination of the effective width of a slab is one of the Grossman concluded that the flat slab system has a good
most important procedures in the equivalent frame method resistance capacity for the lateral loads as well as gravity
and many researches have been performed on an effective loads provided a proper detailing in the joint between
width [10–13]. The method proposed by Grossman for the the column and the slab through the review of previous
determination of the effective width [7] is widely used researches [7]. A new formula for the effective width was
in practical engineering. Grossman proposed an improved proposed by Grossman as shown in Eq. (1) by modifying
method to account for the degradation of the stiffness the previous procedures for the equivalent frame method.
Geometric parameters in Eq. (1) are shown in Fig. 2.
of the slabs depending on the level of the lateral drifts
by introducing the stiffness degradation factor based on αl2 = K D [0.3l1 + C1 (l2 /l1 ) + (C2 − C1 )/2]
the tests [1] performed at U.C. Berkeley. In the work by × (d/0.9h)(K FP ) (1)
Grossman [7], it was difficult to account for the stiffness
with limits: (0.2)(K D )(K FP )l2 ≤ αl2 ≤ (0.5)(K D )(K FP )l2
degradation in the slabs depending on the lateral drifts in
where,
the finite element method. However, it may be feasible
to include the stiffness degradation effect by adjusting α = equivalent width factor
the modulus of elasticity as a function of lateral drift of αl2 = effective width of slab at center line of support
the slabs to have a similar effect as using the equivalent K D = factor considering degradation of stiffness of slabs
beams with the effective width in the equivalent frame at various lateral load levels
method. Therefore, linear elastic finite element analysis
l1 = length of span of supports in direction parallel to
of flat slab structures were performed including stiffness lateral load
degradation in the slab by using the reduced modulus
l2 = length of span of supports in direction transverse to
of elasticity depending on the lateral drifts to investigate
lateral load
the possibility of using the finite element method to
overcome the shortcomings of the equivalent method in this C1 = size of support in direction parallel to lateral load
paper. Moreover, the limitations in the equivalent frame C2 = size of support in direction transverse to lateral load
method are presented and an efficient analytical method d = effective depth of slab
that can overcome those defects is proposed. Floor slabs h = slab thickness
are subdivided into many finite elements for the analysis of K FP = factor adjusting αl2 at edge exterior and corner
flat slab structures with irregular plan or having openings, supports (1.0 for interior supports, 0.8 for exterior
in this study, since it is practically difficult to use the and edge supports, 0.6 for corner supports).
equivalent frame method in these cases. When the entire
building structure is subdivided into a finer mesh for an
In the case of exterior columns, adjustments are made
accurate analysis of a flat slab structure, it would take by multiplying the effective width (αl2 ) by [l3 + (l2 /2)]/l2
a significant amount of computational time and memory. where l3 equals the distance between the column centerline
Therefore, an efficient analytical method that could provide and the parallel edge of the slab. The values in Table 1
accurate results with significantly reduced computational are used for the stiffness degradation factor K D in Eq. (1)
time was proposed in this study. Static and dynamic analyses depending on the lateral drift. The terms in Eq. (1) for
of example structures having various types of plans were effective width can be classified into three groups; the
performed to verify the efficiency and accuracy of the terms used to represent the elastic deformation of the floor
proposed analysis method. slab system, the term depending on the arrangement of the
H.-S. Kim, D.-G. Lee / Engineering Structures 27 (2005) 251–263 253
Table 1
Stiffness degradation factor depending on the lateral drift
Lateral drift KD
h s /800 1.1
h s /400 1.0
h s /200 0.8
h s /100 0.5 Fig. 3. Various types of plan of flat slab structures.
reinforcing bars in the slab and the term used to account (K FP ) for the column location in this case was not defined in
for the stiffness degradation in the slab. The bracketed term the Grossman method. In many cases, commercial buildings
([0.3l1 + C1 (l2 /l1 ) + (C2 − C1 )/2]) is for the effects using the flat slab system usually have slabs with openings to
of the slab length and cross section of columns on the accommodate escalators or equipment as shown in Fig. 3(c).
effective width of an equivalent beam and the factor (K FP ) It is difficult to apply the equivalent frame method to the
is concerned to the column location. These two terms can be structures having openings in the slab. Since the length of
simply considered in the finite element analysis. It is usually span (l1 , l2 ) and column location factor (K FP ) cannot be
reasonable to assume the term considering the effective easily determined for the structures having plans as shown
depth of slab and the arrangement of the reinforcing bars in Fig. 3(d) and (e), it is hard to apply the equivalent frame
(d/0.9h) as 1.0. However, in the case of very thin slabs method to those structures as well.
when d/ h is less than 0.9, it is recommended to reduce the Since the equivalent frame method cannot accurately
stiffness of the slab in the finite element analysis. However, represent the stress distribution that is one of the most
the stiffness degradation in the slab depending on the lateral important factors in the design of slabs, the moments in the
drift and the effective depth of slab cannot be easily included equivalent beams are used for the design of the slabs instead.
in the finite element analysis. The factor K D is introduced to In spite of the limitations mentioned above, the equivalent
account for the stiffness degradation in the slab. Therefore, frame method is widely used by the engineers in practice
if this effect could be considered properly, the finite element because there is no other appropriately simple analytical
method can be an alternative to the equivalent frame method. method for flat slab structures.
The equivalent frame method frequently used in practical 3. Analysis of flat slab structures using finite element
engineering for the analysis of flat slab structures has method
limitations in the application and accuracy because the
slabs are modeled by an equivalent beam assuming that The structures having irregular types of plans with which
the buildings have a regular arrangement of columns. The the equivalent frame method has limitations in analysis can
equivalent frame method can be easily applied to a flat slab be analyzed without any difficulties by the finite element
structure having the rectangular plan shown in Fig. 3(a). method. However, the stiffness degradation in the slab
However, it is hard to apply the equivalent frame method could not be considered in the finite analysis method as
to flat slab structures having irregular plans as shown in Grossman mentioned in his study. In order to overcome
Fig. 3(b)–(e). In the case of the plan shown in Fig. 3(b), this shortcoming of the finite element method, the stiffness
there is a slab in each of the three quadrants around the degradation in the slab was considered by using the reduced
inside columns but not in the fourth quadrant. The factor modulus of elasticity depending on the lateral drifts.
254 H.-S. Kim, D.-G. Lee / Engineering Structures 27 (2005) 251–263
(a) Plan.
Table 2
Stiffness reduction factors of structure and slab
Lateral drift Direction ∆ ∆C ∆S RK RKS Avg. of RKS
Fig. 11. Modeling procedure of flat slab system using super elements.
Table 3
Number of DOF’s and computational time of example structure with regular plan
Fig. 19. Plan of example structure with reentrant shape. (a) FEM.
Table 4
Number of DOF’s and computational time of example structure with reentrant plan
(a) FEM.
Table 5
Number of DOF’s and computational time of example structure with opening in slab
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