Sympathetic nerve fibres come from upper Additionally, they may present nasal

two thoracic segments of spinal cord, pass obstructive disorders, such as septal
through superior cervical ganglion, travel in deformity, turbinate enlargement, and
deep petrosal nerve and join the adenoidal hyperplasia, which worsen nasal
parasympathetic fibres of greater petrosal symptoms, especially nasal obstruction
nerve to form the nerve of pterygoid canal (Mariño-Sánchez et al. 2019).
(vidian nerve). They reach the nasal cavity Although the genetic basis of AR has
without relay in the sphenopalatine been evaluated intensively, the entire
ganglion. Their stimulation causes hereditary profile of AR has yet to be fully
vasoconstriction. Excessive rhinorrhea in clarified because allergic diseases result
cases of vasomotor and allergic rhinitis can from a complex interplay between genes and
be controlled by section of the vidian nerve the environment as well as the age at which
(Dhingra, 2016). the exposure occurs. In a longitudinal cohort
The conducting piece of the study, allele frequencies of 39 single
respiratory system consists of the nasal nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were
cavity, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. investigated for association with the exact
The luminal surfaces of this entire portion allergic phenotypes of three genomewide
have a lining of ciliated pseudostratified metastudies in Sweden. Among them, 12
columnar epithelium and contain goblet SNPs were found to be associated with AR.
cells. Their role is to secrete mucus that The TLR6-TLR1 locus likely has a central
serves as the first line of defense against role in the development of allergic disease.
incoming environmental pathogens. Cilia The associations between genetic variation
move the mucus-bound particulate up and in the SSTR1-MIPOL1 and TSLP-
away for expulsion from the body (Kia’i & SLC25A46 loci and age at onset are the first
Bajaj 2023). report of age-at-onset effects in AR. Many
AR is an organ-specific other genetic variations, DNA methylation,
manifestation of allergic disease. As such, or changes in miRNA expression profiles
it coexists with other organ-specific have been reported in association with
disorders that have a common allergic atopy, asthma and atopic dermatitis. Studies
basis. Most children and adolescents with on migration provide a litmus test for this
allergic rhinitis (AR) present extra-nasal theory as allergic manifestations should
multimorbid conditions, including change as patients move between
conjunctivitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, geographically distinct areas. Andiappan et
rhinosinusitis, or seromucous otitis. al. demonstrated that 70–80% of Singapore-