Green Chemical Engineering 1 (2020) 40–47

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Green Chemical Engineering

journal homepage: www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/green-chemical-engineering

From laboratory research to industrial application: a green technology of

fluidized mineral processing for manganese dioxide ore reduction
Zheng Zou a, c, Guoqiang Shao a, Yu Ge a, Shan Wang b, c, Zhaohui Xie a, Qingshan Zhu a, c, *,
Hongzhong Li a, c, *
a
State Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing, 100190, PR China
b
National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
c
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China

H I G H L I G H T S G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T

The fluidized reduction of MnO2 ore has

a predominant green feature.

Exploitation involves laboratory
research, kilogram-scale unit and indus-
trial system.

Fluidization research includes experi-
ment, modeling, simulation and
optimization.

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The efficient utilization of manganese dioxide (MnO2) ore is essential for the sustainable development of man-
Fluidized reduction ganese (Mn) industry. Confronting the great challenge of chemical engineering scale-up, a commercial fluidized
Manganese dioxide ore reduction project of MnO2 ore with the capacity of 200,000 t a-1 is carried out based on deep experimental
Green technology
investigation, extensive kilogram-scale test and detailed engineering design. Compared with other production
Process intensification
technologies and equipment, it is proved that the fluidized process shows distinguished advantages of lower
System integration
energy consumption, higher production efficiency, larger automation degree and less environmental pollution.
The comprehensive studies of experiment, modeling, simulation and optimization are required for a more
promising development of fluidization engineering in the future.

1. Introduction
Mn is a significant strategic metal resource that has many important
industrial applications such as alloy, electron, medicine, chemical and so
on [1–4]. The annular production of metal Mn has exceeded 16 million
tons since 2017, and it will substantially increase with the higher demand
of stainless steel, power battery and other manganese products [5,6].
Nevertheless, the exhausted manganese carbonate (MnCO3) resource is
unable to meet the huge industrial demand, and the low-grade MnO2 ore
has become to be the substitutional material gradually [7–11].
MnO2 can hardly react with acid to obtain Mn by electrolysis directly,
so MnO2 ore are primarily reduced to be the soluble MnO by using
different reductants [4,12]. In general, the traditional carbon reduction
should be conducted at a high temperature (t > 800  C) to meet the
thermodynamic requirement of carbon gasification [13]. In order to
reduce the process energy consumption, many researchers have also

* Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: qszhu@ipe.ac.cn (Q. Zhu), hzli@ipe.ac.cn (H. Li).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gce.2020.09.015

Available online 30 September 2020

2666-9528/© 2020 Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communication Co. Ltd. This
is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Z. Zou, G. Shao, Y. Ge et al. Green Chemical Engineering 1 (2020) 40–47

As shown in Fig. 1, according to the thermodynamic analysis of

Ellingham diagram for the MnxOy–CO/H2 system calculated at the at-
mospheric pressure, it is proved that MnO2 is able to be reduced by the
coal gas at room temperature spontaneously. Therefore, the conduction
of fluidized reduction of MnO2 ore at a low temperature is feasible.

3. Procedures and results

3.1. Laboratory experiment in determining fluidized conditions

The MnO2 ore sample was obtained from Yunnan province, China.
The main chemical composition of sample is analyzed and listed in
Table 1, and it belongs to the low-grade manganese ore with the presence
of 20.2 wt% Mn. From the X-ray diffraction analysis illustrated in Fig. 2,
it is indicated that the manganese in the ore mainly exists in the form of
MnO2, with the predominant gangue minerals including quartz (SiO2)

Fig. 1. Ellingham diagram for the MnxOy–CO/H2 system at atmo- Table 1

spheric pressure. The particle size distribution of MnO2 ore.
Particle size/μm Proportion, % Mn content of ore, wt%

contrived several new reduction methods with low temperatures by using dp > 147 3.55 21.8
hydrogen [14], carbon monoxide [15,16], methane [17] or other re- 74 < dp < 147 14.58 26.6
43 < dp < 74 36.15 20.9
ductants [3,4,18,19]. However, most of the above technologies are
dp < 43 45.72 17.5
achieved by using the low efficient rotary kiln or shaft furnace accom- Weighted average 20.2
panied by the severe pollution of smoke dust, sulphur oxides (SOx), ni-
trogen oxides (NOx) and other greenhouse gases discharging [20].
Distinguished from other chemical reactors, the fluidized bed is able
to offer distinct advantages over many process technologies: superior
mass and heat transfer rates with a higher production efficiency, the
ability to easily move solid like a fluid for the equipment simplification,
and the capacity to process material with a wide particle size distribution
[21]. Until now, the fluidized beds have been widely applied for the
roasting of ores including pyrrhotite for sulfuric acid, nonmagnetic iron
material to magnetic form (Fe3O4) in beneficiating low-grade iron
resource, metal sulfides for recovery of zinc, copper, cobalt, nickel, and
other processes [22]. Whereas, chemical engineers have to confront the
uncertainties when scale-up new commercial fluidized plants, which
include the variation of fluidized hydrodynamics and its influence on
chemical reaction rate, conversion efficiency and thermal condition.
Besides, the unpredictable factors involving impurity of feed, length of
operating period and equipment reliability still increase the design re-
quirements. Typically, a complete treatment of chemical project exploi-
tation would involve laboratory experiment, kilogram-scale unit and
large industrial system to carry out a successful scale-up. Fig. 2. XRD pattern of MnO2 ore sample.
To solve the prominent problems of low production efficiency, high
energy consumption, complex equipment system and serious environ-
mental pollution during the conventional reduction process of MnO2 ore,
by virtue of the high mass and heat transfer rates coupled with flexible
operation, the fluidized technology is adopted in the reduction roasting
of MnO2 ore from laboratory experiment to industrial application.

2. Fluidized reduction of MnO2 ore

Distinguished from other processing techniques, the particles of

MnO2 ore are diminished to tens of micrometer with large specific area
and held in suspension by the coal gas flow, which is used as the
reductant to decrease the fluidized reaction temperature. The reduction
process of MnO2 is executed step by step and expressed as [23]:

2MnO2 þ CO=H2 ¼ Mn2 O3 þCO2 =H2 O (1)

3Mn2 O3 þ CO=H2 ¼ 2Mn3 O4 þCO2 =H2 O (2)

Mn3 O4 þ CO=H2 ¼ 3MnO þ CO2 =H2 O (3)

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of fluidized reduction apparatus.

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Z. Zou, G. Shao, Y. Ge et al. Green Chemical Engineering 1 (2020) 40–47

Table 2
Different oxidation preventions for reduced product and the corresponding
leaching recovery results [11].
No. Process Recovery rate,
%

1 Cooled to 25  C by N2. 96.6

2 Cooled to 25  C by N2 and exposed in air condition for 24 h. 67.6
3 Cooled to 80  C by N2 and exposed in air condition for 24 h. 65.5
4 Cooled to 25  C by N2, exposed in vacuum and air conditions 95.7
for 1 and 24 h, successively.
5 Cooled to 25  C by N2 and stored in the water. 95.4

Fig. 4. Effect of roasting temperature and reaction time on the leaching re-
covery rate of Mn [11].

and hematite (Fe2O3). Similar to the common industrial material, the ore
particles exhibit a wide size distribution as shown in Table 1. And the real
and bulk densities are 2000 and 1100 kg m3, respectively.
Fig. 3 shows the schematic diagram of experimental apparatus. The
reduction roasting was carried out in a 16 mm i.d. quartz tube, after the
MnO2 particles were preheated by the electric furnace to the pre-
determined temperatures (400, 500, 600 and 700  C) for different cases,
the former fluidizing nitrogen gas was switched to the coal gas (15v% H2,
25v% CO, 3v% CH4, 5v% CO2, 5v% H2O, 47v% N2, determined from the
component of common producer gas) with the superficial fluidizing gas
velocity being 0.1 Nm s1, which was operated in the bubbling fluid-
ization regime applied for the slow solid processing reaction. After the
fluidized roasting was completed, the reduced product was leached by
the sulfuric acid and the reduction efficiency could be indicated by the
leaching recovery of Mn, which is calculated by the mass percent of
leached Mn to all Mn within the reduced product.
In principle, the investigation of reaction kinetics is the fundamental
element in developing and analyzing a new chemical technology. From
the experimental study of fluidized reduction kinetics shown in Fig. 4, it
Fig. 6. The multi-cell bubbling bed in cold model.
is proved that both roasting temperature (t) and conversion time have a
positive impact on the reduction of MnO2 ore. The recovery rate of Mn is
able to exceed 96% just within 8 min for the temperature range of of 65% for the coarse particle (dp > 74 μm) that is reduced incompletely,
500–700  C, while, the rate declines to be 84% for t ¼ 400  C even with a so the lowest reduction temperature should be higher than 500  C in
longer reaction time of 10 min, this is induced by the lower leaching rate consideration of reaction efficiency and recovery rate of Mn [11].
To avoid the reduced product being reoxidized by the oxygen of air
during the practical industrial process, the effect of reduction tempera-
ture on the reoxidation of product is investigated and illustrated in Fig. 5.
It can be found that the recovery rate increases with reduction temper-
ature rising, this is because the ore particles sinter to exhibit denser
structure and prevent the diffusion of air at higher temperature, which
can be indicated from the decrease of specific particle surface area [11].
Comparing the leaching rates obtained from different oxidation pre-
ventions shown in Table 2, it is proved that the last two approaches (4
and 5) could be easily adopted in the industrial process with a favorable
protective effect.

3.2. Kilogram-scale test coupled with process intensification

In practice, it is far from straightforward to infer the behavior of in-

Fig. 5. The effect of reduction temperature on the reoxidation of product [11].
dustrial fluidized reactor from that of laboratory unit for the hydrody-
namic variations during the scale-up process [24,25]. The main object of
kilogram-scale test is to regulate the fluidized residence time with wide
particle size distribution and enhance the gas-solid contact by dimin-
ishing bubble size, both of which affect the solid circulation, gas distri-
bution, fluidized chemical and thermal conditions further.

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Z. Zou, G. Shao, Y. Ge et al. Green Chemical Engineering 1 (2020) 40–47

a b c
d /μm G /(kg h ) MRT/s d /μm U /(m s ) MRT/s 6.0x10
5.0x10 650-750 32.5 459 650-750 μm No baffle
650-750 0.10 407
160-250 32.5 331 3.0x10 160-250 μm No baffle
160-250 0.10 220

E(t)/s
650-750 65.0 407 4.0x10
650-750 0.15 271
160-250 65.0 220 160-250 0.15 190
4.0x10
2.0x10

2.0x10 0.0
3.0x10

E(t)/s
E(t)/s

d
2.0x10 6.0x10
650-750 μm With baffle
160-250 μm With baffle

E(t)/s
1.0x10
4.0x10
1.0x10
2.0x10

0.0 0.0
0.0 0 300 600 900
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
t/s
t/s t/s

Fig. 7. The effect of solid feed rate (a), fluidizing gas velocity (b) and vertical baffle (c–d) on the solid RTD.

Fig. 8. The axial distributions of bubble sizes for the free (a), two- (b) and four-layers (c) of louver baffled fluidized beds.

It is known that the conversion rate of reactant would reduce with the with the computational fluid dynamics (MRT) simulation due to the
bed diameter increasing for the poorer fluidization quality, together with difficulties through experimental method. The detailed description of
the lower reduction rate for coarse particles determined in section 3.1, so modeling approach, simulation setup and computation validation can be
the regulation of solid residence time distribution (RTD) is conducted in a referred to our former report on the CFD investigation of baffled fluidized
cold multi-cell bubbling bed (0.3  0.12  0.6 m3, being equally divided
into three stages by the vertical baffles) shown in Fig. 6 with the solid
flow path depicted, which is closer to the ideal plug flow reactor (PFR)
than the other bed configurations [26]. It should be noted that, for the
color interference of manganese ore in obtaining the residence time
through the tracer technology, the pure silica sand with binary mixture
particles (coarse: dp ¼ 650–750 μm, fine: dp ¼ 160–250 μm) were used as
the fluidized material to analyze the RTD characteristics. As shown in
Fig. 7a and b, the calculated mean residence times (MRT) of binary
particles decrease with the solid feed rate (Gs) or superficial fluidizing gas
velocity (Ug) rising, which reveals that the overall reaction time of solid
phase can be adjusted by utilizing these two methods, simply. Comparing
the discrepancies of RTD peaks between fine and coarse particles illus-
trated in Fig. 7c and d, it is implied that the RTD for particles with
different sizes could be regulated to match with the optimum reaction
time through the comprehensive effects of vertical baffle, solid feed rate
and superficial fluidizing gas velocity, which is the key issue to the high
quality of reduced product.
The bubble size is also a very important parameter in determining the
gas-solid contact, which affects the fluidized reaction efficiency further.
In this study, the bubbling behavior was identified and analyzed coupled
Fig. 9. Illustration of continuous hot unit in kilogram-scale.

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Z. Zou, G. Shao, Y. Ge et al. Green Chemical Engineering 1 (2020) 40–47

100 Table 3
The calculated results of material and energy balances for three different
schemes.
Recovery rate of Mn, %

Parameter Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3

95
Temperature of the 1st stage preheater ( C) 195 133 254
Temperature of the 2nd stage preheater ( C) / 315 /
Temperature of fluidized bed ( C) 837 600 600
Temperature of combustor ( C) 600 550 392
90 Amount of coal gas (Nm3 h1) 8646 8467 8848
Amount of air (Nm3 h1) 1840 609 1097
Utilization of coal gas (%) 100 90 90

85 600 oC
Ug=0.1/(Nm s-1)
-1
Gs=6/(kg h )
80
10 15 20 25
t/min
Fig. 10. The leaching recovery rate of Mn obtained from the continuous hot
unit in kilogram-scale.
bed [27]. From the axial distributions of computed bubble sizes for the
free, two- and four-layers of louver baffled fluidized beds depicted in
Fig. 8a–c, it can be concluded that the presence of horizontal baffle is able
to restrict the bubble growth, yield more uniform flow structure and
enhance mass exchange throughout the bed.
On account of the process intensification effects validated above, a
continuous hot unit in kilogram-scale with a similar configuration to the
cold model is built and displayed in Fig. 9. The key reaction parameters of
reduction temperature, gaseous reactant flow volume, solid feed rate and
fluidization pressure drop can be monitored and regulated according to
the control system automatically. From the recovery rate of Mn obtained
from the hot unit illustrated in Fig. 10, it can be found that the reaction
rate in kilogram-scale obviously declines even with the same coal gas
component and fluidizing gas velocity as the laboratory experimental
conditions determined in section 3.1. And this is aroused by the marked
hydrodynamic changes during scale-up and the distinct reaction mech-
anism between batch and continuous processes, which have been re-
ported by the other researchers as well [28]. Therefore, the reduction
conditions for the continuous reaction are optimized to be roasting for
30 min at t ¼ 600  C.
3.3. Industrial project utilizing system integration
Distinguished from the fundamental researches of laboratory batch
experiment and continuous process in kilogram-scale described above, the
30
industrial plant requires a series of processing steps and their integration to
form a complete manufacturing system for the MnO2 ore reduction. It in-
cludes the procedures of grinding and separation of raw ore, dehydration
and preheating of mineral particles, fluidized reduction of MnO2, cooling
and storage of reduced product, purification and recycling of end gas. All
the above processes should take account of raw material alteration,
product quality control, system dynamics analysis, process parameter
control, equipment selection and operation, project economic analysis and
environment/safety/health factors, comprehensively.
An industrial project for the fluidized reduction of MnO2 ore with a
capacity of 200,000 t a1 (25 t h1) is determined according to an
existing electrolytic manganese plant with the annual output of manga-
nese amounting to 30,000 tons. Practically, the system optimization will
be almost required at the design stage for an original chemical technol-
ogy. According to the comparison of material and energy balances taken
over the complete process among three different schemes shown in
Fig. 11a–c and Table 3, it is confirmed that scheme 2 including two-stages
preheating of the MnO2 particles and second combustion of the exhaust
gaseous reductant is the optimal process with the minimum energy
consumption.
Ultimately, the complete process flowsheet for the industrial project
of MnO2 ore reduction is established and shown in Fig. 12. The prepared
ore particles with the averaged size of 75 μm are fed into the 1st- and
2nd-stage cyclone preheaters sequentially, the preheated powders
(t  350  C) are introduced into fluidized bed and reduced at the

Fig. 11. a-c. Three alternative schemes for the complete industrial process of MnO2 ore reduction.

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Z. Zou, G. Shao, Y. Ge et al. Green Chemical Engineering 1 (2020) 40–47

Fig. 12. The complete process flowsheet for the industrial project of MnO2 ore reduction.

Fig. 13. The overview of industrial project (a) and the detailed illustration of fluidized reduction bed (b).

temperature of 550–650  C for 25–35 min, the reduced particles are particle size adjustability of grinder, bad effect of ore block on the
cooled to be t < 100  C by the drum cooler and transported into the fluidization quality have been solved by raising heat-exchange area,
storage with the bucket elevator, in the end, the product will be pumped improving grinder structure and supplementing screening equipment,
to the acid leaching section and transformed to be manganese sulfate respectively. From the typical product results of industrial process listed
(MnSO4) being used as the material for producing electrolytic manga- in Table 4, it is confirmed that the leaching recovery rate of Mn is able to
nese. For the gaseous reactant, the coal gas generated from gasification keep above 91% normally.
furnace is compressed by the blower and supplied into fluidized bed
acting as reductant and fluidizing gas simultaneously, the coal gas is 4. Economic and environmental aspects
burnt in the combustor and conducts the heat exchange with ore particles
in the two-stages preheaters subsequently, the off gas is released up to the As shown in Table 5, compared with the production efficiencies of
national standard through the purifications of cyclone separator and bag shaft furnace, reverberator and rotary kiln that have been traditionally
filter, ultimately. applied for the industrial reduction of MnO2 ore, it is proved that the
Fig. 13a shows the overview of industrial project with the workshops
of ore preprocessing, fluidized reduction, product storage and coal
gasification. As the key equipment, the detailed illustration of fluidized Table 4
The typical product results of industrial MnO2 ore reduction process.
reduction bed is depicted in Fig. 13b, the main bed dimensions equal to
4.8 (width)  2.0 (depth)  5.3 (height) m3; the mineral particles are fed Sample Mn content of ore, % Temperature/ C Recovery rate of Mn, %
and discharged from the inlet and outlet valves, respectively; both the 1 19.31 540 93.79
solid RTD and bubble size can be controlled by the vertical and horizontal 2 19.98 547 93.89
baffles according to the intensification effects investigated in section 3.2; 3 20.82 556 93.42
4 20.23 558 92.83
in order to develop a more uniform fluidized state, the coal gas is
5 20.78 559 91.24
introduced into two wind boxes and released from the top outlet; besides, 6 20.64 559 93.36
the escaped solids are recycled into bed from the loop-seals to realize the 7 21.12 564 93.61
full utilization of MnO2 ore. 8 20.24 560 93.68
9 20.29 550 95.22
During the commissioning period of this industrial process, the
10 20.07 546 91.13
technical problems of insufficient cooling capacity of drum cooler, poor 11 20.33 552 93.26

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Z. Zou, G. Shao, Y. Ge et al. Green Chemical Engineering 1 (2020) 40–47

Table 5
Comparison of production technologies for different equipments.
Item Fluidized bed Shaft furnace [31,32] Reverberator [20] Rotary kiln [33,34]
1
Capacity per unit/(Kiloton Year ) 200 9 2 18
Material type Powder (dp < 0.1 mm) Granule (dp < 10 mm) Bulk, granule or powder Bulk, granule or powder
Reducer Coal gas Coal Coal Coal
Reduction temperature/ C 560 850–900 800 750–850
Reduction time/min 30 100 200 120
Recovery rate of Mn >91% 93% 78–91% 91–94%
Reduction coal consumption/(kgce t1)a 80 100–150 100–130 100–120
Overall coal consumption/(kgce t1)a 110 180–270 260 328–397
a
Note: Coal consumption for the processing of raw ore.

Table 6 integrated to form a complete manufacturing system for the MnO2 ore
The annual economy analysis of industrial system. reduction. The great success of this commercial project improves in-
Type Item Unit Quantity Price Total price dustry to search for the continuous improvements of fluidized bed
(¥/Unit) (¥ million) design, scale-up, operating measurement and control procedures with the
Cost MnO2 ore t 200,000 360 72.00 target for higher product quality, lower energy consumption and cleaner
Bulk coal t 18,500 780 14.43 process. Researches in this area should move towards the comprehensive
Pulverized t 5000 420 2.10 studies of experiment, modeling, simulation and optimization for a more
coal promising development of fluidization engineering.
Electricity kW⋅h 11,150,000 0.4 4.46
Labor and 3.00
others Declaration of competing interest
Total 95.99
Output Product t 145,000a 690 100.05 The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
Profit 4.06
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
a
Noted: On average, 1 t of MnO2 ore can produce 0.725 t of reduced product. the work reported in this paper.

fluidized process has a predominant feature of lower reaction tempera- Acknowledgements

ture for the smaller particle size [29], greater capacity per unit due to the
continuous operation, higher leaching recovery rate for the decreased
effect of side reactions [10,30].
The overall project profitability has a critical effect on the stable
operation and sustainable development of industrial process. By virtue of
higher production efficiency, obvious scale advantage, lower energy
consumption and larger automation degree, the commercial project for
fluidized reduction of MnO2 ore is economically viable based on the
analysis evaluated in Table 6.
The environmental considerations have been also taken into
throughout all stages in the industrial design, types of emissions are
controlled through the green and clean process technologies. In particular,
the solid emissions to atmosphere are produced from drying, grinding and
reducing operations, the big and small particles are separated and collected
by multi-stages of cyclone and bag filter with the smoke dust concentration
meeting emission standard; NOx and SOx formed in the combustor can
react with MnO2 to form the harmless N2 and MnSO4, so there is only NOx
with an average concentration of 130 mg m3 (being lower than the
discharge standard) monitored at the off-gas outlet of system [10]; besides,
almost no wastewater is produced within the recirculating cooling water
system.
5. Conclusion and outlook
Comparing with the shaft furnace, reverberator and rotary kiln, it is
proved that the fluidized process has a predominant green feature of
lower reaction temperature, higher production efficiency, and smaller
energy consumption for the industrial reduction of MnO2 ore. The
complete treatment of a green technology exploitation would involve
laboratory research, kilogram-scale unit and industrial system, respec-
tively. A successful scale-up for the fluidized reduction process of MnO2
ore is carried out based on deep experimental investigation and detailed
engineering design. The fluidized reaction conditions and oxidation
preventions are determined from the laboratory research. The important
fluidization parameters of solid residence time and bubble size are
regulated according to the effects of vertical and horizontal baffles in
kilogram-scale unit. The series of industrial processing steps are
The authors are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation
of China under Grant No. 21878304 and 21736010, the Science Fund for
Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of
China under Grant No. 21921005, and the Fund of State Key Laboratory
of Multi-phase Complex Systems under Grant No. MPCS-2019-A-07.
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 BAHASA INDONESIA

FROM LABORATORY RESEARCH TO INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION: A GREEN

TECHNOLOGY OF
FLUIDIZED MINERAL PROCESSING FOR MANGANESE DIOXIDE ORE
REDUCTION
LAYLA QADARISA
2021710450068
UNIVERSITAS JAYABAYA
UNIVERSITAS JAYABAYA

Urgently Penelitian
Masalah yang menonjol dari efisiensi produksi yang
rendah, konsumsi energi yang tinggi, sistem peralatan
yang kompleks dan pencemaran lingkungan yang serius
selama proses reduksi konvensional bijih MnO2.
UNIVERSITAS JAYABAYA

Rumusan Masalah
01. Bagaimanakah proses reduksi MnO2 ?

02. Apakah suhu yang rendah mempengaruhi proses fluidisasi ?

03. Apakah proses fluidisasi ramah lingkungan ?

 UNIVERSITAS JAYABAYA

TUJUAN PENELITIAN

01 02 03
Mengefisiensi
Pemanfaatan yang Mengurangi
produksi yang lebih
efisien dari bijih pencemaran
tinggi, tingkat
MnO2 untuk lingkungan akibat
otomatis yang lebih
pengembangan reduksi bijih MnO2
tinggi dan konsumsi
industri
energi yang lebih
rendah
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OBJEK
PENELITIAN

Mangan (Mn) merupakan logam transisi yang sangat keras, rapuh, dan
mempunyai warna abu-abu putih yang secara alami dapat ditemukan dalam
berbagai mineral, tapi tidak pernah secara sendiri/tunggal. Mangan adalah
salah satu elemen paling umum di kerak bumi dan tersebar luas di seluruh
permukaan planet.
Mangan adalah sumber daya logam strategis yang signifikan memilki banyak
aplikasi industri penting seperti elektron, obat-obatan dan kimia.
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METODE PENELITIAN
FLUIDASI REDUKSI BIJIH MnO2
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PROSES PENELITIAN
PROSES PROSES PROSES PROSES
1 2 3 4

Sampel bijih MnO2 Sampel MnO2 direduksi Gas nitrogen fluidisasi Setelah fluidisasi
diperoleh dari provinsi dengan alat sebelumnya dialihkan ke permanganan selesai,
Yunnan, Cina. eksperimental yang gas batubara, dengan produk tereduksi dilindi
sampel dianalisis dimasukkan kedalam kecepatan fluidisasi oleh H2SO4 dan efisiensi
ukuran partikel, tabung kuarsa 16 mm, superfisial menjadi 0,1 reduksi dapat ditunjukan
proporsi dan beratnya, setelah itu dipanaskan Nm/s1. Sampel yang dengan pemulihan
sampel juga difraksi oleh tungku listrik dipanaskan dalam tabung pelindian Mn, yang dihitung
dengan sinar-X. dengan suhu 400, 500, lalu difluidisasi dengan dengan persentase massa
600 dan 700 derajat alat ekperimental yang Mn terlindi terhadap semua
Celcius. sudah di setting Mn dalam produk
sebelumnya. tereduksi.
 UNIVERSITAS JAYABAYA

HASIL PENELITIAN
Pada prinsipnya, penyelidikan kinetika reaksi merupakan elemen dalam mengembangkan dan
menganalisis teknologi kimia baru, dari studi eksperimental kinetika reduksi terfluidisasi
menunjukan bukti bahwa kedua suhu pemanganggan (T) dan waktu konversi berdampak positif
pada reduksi bijih MnO2.
Tingkat pemulihan Mn mampu melebihi 96% hanya dalam waktu 8 menit bahkan dengan waktu
reaksi yang lebih lama yaitu 10 menit.
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GRAFIK & DIAGRAM

HASIL PENELITIAN

Pengaruh suhu pemanggangan dan waktu Pengaruh suhu reduksi pada reoksidasi
reaksi terhadap laju pemulihan pelindian produk
Mn
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Terbukti bahwa proses terfluidisasi memiliki fitur ramah

KESIMPULAN lingkungan yang dominan dengan suhu reaksi yang lebih
rendah, efisiensi produksi yang lebih tinggi, dan konsumsi energi
yang lebih kecil untuk pengurangan industri bijih MnO2.
Kesuksesan besar dari proyek ini meningkatkan industri untuk
mencari perbaikan berkelanjutan dari fluidized bed,
peningkatan skala, pengukuran operasi, dan prosedur kontrol
dengan target kualitas produk yang lebih tinggi dan proses yang
lebih bersih.
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THANK YOU