J. Inst. Eng. India Ser.
D (January–June 2017) 98(1):147–154
DOI 10.1007/s40033-016-0119-7
REVIEW PAPER
An Overview of Manganese Recovery by Hydro
and Pyro-Metallurgical Routes
Deepak Dwivedi1 . Navneet Singh Randhawa2 . Sanjay Saroj3 . Ranjeet Kumar Jana2
Received: 9 March 2016 / Accepted: 24 May 2016 / Published online: 17 June 2016
Ó The Institution of Engineers (India) 2016
Abstract This review comprises of information about the
recovery of manganese through leaching and carbothermic
reduction routes. In industrial processes, various critical
parameters such as ore size, temperature, pressure, gas
atmosphere and ore composition etc. affect the reduction or
recovery of Mn from ores. Authors have tried to bring
those critical parameters in this review which is currently
being considered as important industrial parameters for Mn
ore processing. This paper deals with both pyro-metallur-
gical and hydro-metallurgical routes for Mn ore reduction
and gives brief summary about the critical parameters.
Keywords Mn recovery  Mn ore  Hydrometallurgy 
Pyrometallurgy  Leaching
Introduction
Manganese is an important metallic element which is now
treated as an industrial major element used for iron and
alloy-steel production. The sector which demands the use
of manganese are steel production, carbon–zinc batteries
production, fertilizers, as well as colorants for bricks, dyes
and medicines [1]. The world’s annual consumption of
& Deepak Dwivedi
deepakdwivedi007@yahoo.com
1
Curtin Corrosion Engineering Research Centre,
Perth 6152, Australia
2
CSIR National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur
831 007, Jharkhand, India
3 chemical composition of ore. The chemical composition of
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar 382 424, Gujarat,
India
manganese is above 1,500,000 ton and it is destined to
increase [2]. Pyrolusite is an important manganese mineral
in manganese ores [3]. MnO2 is stable in acidic or alkaline
oxidizing conditions, this favours the reduction process
[4–6]. At present, the main reduction technology is
reduction roasting using coal as reductant and fuel in the
pyrolusite treatment industry [7]. The reason behind the
diminishment of traditional technologies are pollution
problems and greenhouse effect [8]. Therefore, production
of manganese demands more clean and eco-friendly pro-
cesses than the traditional processes.
Manganese Sources
Most common source of Mn is pyrolusite (MnO2) and most
of the Mn sources belong to sedimentary deposits which
contained iron rich [9] layers on it. Another competent
source of Mn is sea nodules which contain approximately
30–36 % Mn and mostly found in the Pacific ocean along
with the Atlantic ocean. Earlier, research was focused on the
recovery of Co and Ni from the sea nodule but now it has
shifted for the Mn recovery as well. Other sources of Mn
could be the waste batteries, electrodes, industrial wastes,
slag and sludge etc. But the ores or sources containing
[40 % Mn are only considered as metallurgical Mn source.
Mn containing minerals has been list out in Table 1 [10].
Experimental Requirements
The first requirement of the investigation is finding of
ore can be determined through the XRF. The preferable ore
size fraction should be 45–150 lm.
123
148 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. D (January–June 2017) 98(1):147–154

Table 1 List of Mn minerals along with Mn % [10] Effect of Variables

Mineral Composition % Mn composition
Effects of temperature, ore composition, porosity and size
Bementite Mn5Si6O15(OH)10 43.2 are the prime factor in manganese ore reduction [1, 3, 4, 6,
Braunite Mn2Mn6SiO12 66.6 7, 11–16]. The effect of gas atmosphere on the carbothermal
Cryptomelane KMn5O16 59.8 reduction of manganese ore has been treated as less impor-
Franklinite (Fe, Zn, Mn)O (Fe, Mn)2O2 10–20 tant factor. Not much publications are available in this field.
Haussmannite Mn3O4 72.0 Work on the effect of partial pressure of CO on manganese
Manganite Mn2O3H2O 62.5 ore reduction has been reported. It was found that decreasing
Manganian calcite (Ca, Mn)CO3 35.4 the CO partial pressure by about two-thirds is equivalent to a
Romanechite Ba MnMn5O16(OH)4 51.7 temperature increase of 60°–70°. Skjervheim and Olsen [15]
Pyrolusite MnO2 63.2 have found that CO partial pressure plays a vital role over the
Rhodochrosite MnCO3 47.8 rate of reaction as the partial pressure of CO increases with
Rhodonite MnSiO3 41.9 increase in temperature.
Wad Hydrous mixture of oxides Variable Eric and Burucu [16] showed that the argon and carbon
combination gave the greatest rate and extent of reaction,
followed by the other systems that are CO2 and CO. Data
Samples of manganese ore can be analysed by XRD, obtained by earlier researchers [12] for carbothermal MnO
optical and electron microscopy. Normally, X-ray diffrac- reduction in helium showed that MnO is reduced much
tion with a Cu-Ka X-ray source and a nickel monochro- faster in helium than in argon. Similar results were
mator can use for the study. The XRD can perform with a obtained for MnO, manganese ore and ferromanganese slag
step size of 0.02°. The voltage used should be 30 kV, with [13].
a current of 30 mA. The XRD patterns can be analyzed
qualitatively using ‘‘Traces’’ software with JCPDS-PDF2
database. Important Considerations in Pyro-Metallurgical
Samples for optical and electron microscope analysis Treatments in Manganese Ore
demand the preparation of sample by mounting it on an
epoxy resin mould. These moulds can be prepared by Importance of MnO/C Ratio
drilling through an epoxy blank, and filling the holes with
the ore. Resin should then be poured over the top of the Reduction in hydrogen was examined at different
blank and sample, and mixed with the sample to ensure that MnO/carbon molar ratios. MnO/C molar ratio in the range
the particles should be tightly held. The samples will be 1/0.34–1/2 does not affect the reduction reaction
held within a vacuum chamber for around 30 min before (1200 °C). If the MnO/C ratio lies below the 1/1.22, it
being left to harden for around 24 h. The samples will be won’t be treated as the important parameter in the reduc-
then ground using SiC paper, from 120 to 4000 grade; tion reaction. Kononov et al. [17] found that the ratio of
followed by 4, 1 and 0.5 lm diamond paste on a polishing MnO/C plays a vital role over the formation of phases
wheel. The samples will be washed using soap and water in during reduction, which can be identified by XRD.
an ultrasonic bath between the grinding and polishing, They observed that for samples with MnO/C ratio more
before being rinsed under ethanol. Optical photomicro- than 1 the main phase was MnO; only a small amount was
graphs can be obtained using an inverted stage metallur- manganese carbide Mn23C6. When the molar MnO/C ratio
gical microscope with an attached digital camera. Images was in the range of 1–1/2 or smaller, no oxide phase was
will be captured using the software package. detected.
Samples should be coated or placed on carbon tape for
SEM, EDS and EPMA analysis. Scanning electron Importance of Gas Atmosphere
microscopy (SEM) can be carried out using a high reso-
lution (1.5 nm) field emission SEM (FESEM) with a tilting There is no thermodynamic limitation to the reduction in
stage, back-scatter detector and cathodoluminescence the inert atmosphere; however, at such low temperature as
detector. FESEM should be used to observe the mor- 1200 °C, MnO reduction in inert gas is too slow to be
phologies (microstructure) and section profile of samples commercially viable. The challenge is to develop a tech-
obtained at different reaction stages. Energy dispersive nology providing an acceptable rate of manganese ore
X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) can be done by using an energy reduction at low temperature. Also, a technologically
dispersive x-ray analyser. important factor is the concentration of CO in the gas

123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. D (January–June 2017) 98(1):147–154
Fig. 1 Non-isothermal
carbothermal reduction of
Wessels ore in hydrogen. Ramp
rate 5 °C/min [17]
phase. Kononov et al. [17] have worked on carbothermal
reduction of manganese ore in hydrogen, results are illus-
trated through Fig. 1. Very few works have been done on
hydrogen atmosphere.
Effect of Particle Size
Effect of the ore particle size on carbothermal reduction of
manganese ores at 1200 °C in hydrogen has been reported in
earlier works [13–15]. No visible effect on the first stage of
reduction was observed for the Wessels. The first stage of
reduction of GE-PS ore with a particle size in the range
300–850 mm was slower than the rate of reduction of the ore
in the size range 45–250 mm; however, within these ranges,
the particle size had no effect. The second stage of reduction
of all ores was strongly affected by the ore particle size. The
reduction rate increased with decreasing ore particle size.
Researchers have studied about the Thermal analysis
and kinetic modeling of manganese oxide ore reduction
using biomass straw as reductant. They studied with
varying size fractions from a geometric average particle
diameter of 50–300 lm while keeping other conditions as:
the weight ratio of 10:3 (manganese oxide ore/straw), and
the roasting temperature at 500 °C for 80 min. Geometric
average particle diameter of corresponding size fractions
was calculated as:
dp ¼ f 1  f 2
where, dp is the average particle diameter, f1 and f2 are the
upper and lower particle sizes of the fraction. They found
that with the increase in average diameter from 75 to
275 lm, the recovery rate of manganese decreased from
95.9 to 76.5 %. They stated that the higher recovery for
149
smaller particle size was due to an increase in surface area
for the reaction with CO.
Effect of Carbon Content
The effect of carbon content on carbothermal reduction of
manganese ores was studied in hydrogen at 1200 °C by
changing graphite content in the mixture with the ore in the
range 5–30 mass%. Kononov et al. [17] (depicted through
Fig. 2), has studied about that Carbon content in the range
20–30 mass% will not affect the reduction rate. Carbon
content strongly affected the final phase composition of
reduced manganese ore. They found when carbon content
in the graphite–ore mixture was 12–16 mass%, manganese
oxide was reduced to metallic Mn and ferromanganese
carbide (Mn,Fe)23C6. In the sample reduced with
18 mass % carbon, only carbide (Mn,Fe)23C6 is observed.
When carbon content increased to 20 mass % and above,
they observed that (Mn,Fe)7C3 was formed.
Pyro Hydrometallurgical Routes
This process involves the initial pyro-metallurgical treat-
ment of ores which ends up with the hydrometallurgical
treatment. This process is suitable for the low grade ores
such as Mn sea nodules etc. and pyrometallurgy treatment
acts as pre-treatment of ores which involves reduction
roasting, chloridising, sulphatising (roasting with sulphuric
acid or treatment of ores with SO2 gas which act as a
reductant and sulphatising agent) etc. Sulphatising with
SO2 gas is specially utilized in Zn and Mn recovery from
the batteries [18], processing routes are mentioned in flow
123
150 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. D (January–June 2017) 98(1):147–154

Fig. 2 Reduction of Wessels

ore with different carbon
content (mass%) in the
graphite–ore mixture at 1200 °C
in hydrogen (mass%) in the
graphite–ore mixture at 1200 °C
in hydrogen [17]

Reductive Leaching with SO2 or Sulphite Salts

Mechanical
speparaon This process is suitable for the sources which contain large
amount of Mn oxides. In this process, SO42- and dithionate
(S2O62-) are the by products and dithionate intermediate
products can be utilized to stabilize the Mn(II) and Ca in
sulphuric solution. This could be considered as an advantage of
acid leaching reductive leaching with dithionate. This process was
developed for low grade Mn ores and recovery of Mn was
around 90 %. Another advantage and importance of
(either in
sulphaon presence of dithionate is that it can be used for low grade Mn slimes
sulphuric acid or
roasng ammonium salt) treatment but usually generation of dithionate is avoided as
it increases the residence time of oxidation (dithionate to
sulphate) [20, 21].
Fig. 3 Flow chart for Mn recovery from Zn–C spent batteries
Another method is direct SO2 leaching. This process is
(observed recovery was 93.4 %)
fast and offers good Mn recovery (around 90–95 %). Dif-
fusion of SO2 in the surface (due to low activation energy
diagram (Fig. 3). Pyro-hydrometallurgical routes are for this) [22, 23] of the ores are the important reaction step
favourable for the recovery of Mn, Co and Ni from the sea for this process and always considered as first order
nodules with good efficiency but the only industrial con- reaction.
cern is the energy consumption.
Another common process involves the reduction roast- Reductive Leaching with Organic Agents
ing (700–900 °C) of ores which proceed with the sulphuric
acid leaching. This process gives the low valent oxides Several organic agents are available and currently employed
(MnO) which is easily soluble in sulphuric acid [19]. for reductive leaching. Few are carbohydrates (as carbohy-
drate is cheap), saw dust, oxalic acid etc. Authors tried to
make a list of organic acid that are being utilized for the
Hydrometallurgical Routes process of reductive leaching mentioned in Table 2.

Bio leaching, electro leaching and acid leaching are some Electro-Reductive Leaching
of the leaching techniques used in Mn recovery process.
Bio leaching and electro-leaching involve chemical Mn can be dissolved through electro reductive process as
reduction as a primary step. MnO2 is a semiconductor and can be used as an electrode.

123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. D (January–June 2017) 98(1):147–154
Table 2 Organic reducing agents for Mn reductive leaching
Reductant Ore
Sawdust (C6H10O5)n Low Mn ore
Sucrose (C12H24O11) Pyrolusite
Lactose (C12H22O11) Low Mn ores
Glucose Mn nodules
Acid concentration, reaction temperature and potential
affect the efficacy of the process (extraction of Mn from
ore). Elsherief [28] observed that Hg or Hg sulphate can be
utilized for the reduction of Mn and MnO and is soluble in
acid.
Leaching with Various Agents
It has been observed that various reagents such as hydrogen
para oxide, HCl etc. have been utilized for Mn leaching
process. H2O2 offers advantage if Ag is also present in ore
because it acts as oxidation agent for Ag and reductive
agent for Mn. Jiang et al. [29] observed 98 % Mn recovery
with 85 % Ag recovery for the ore which contained 12.2 %
Mn. HCl is also being utilized for Mn recovery and HCl
converts Mn to MnCl2 along with additional Cl2 and
addition of Na2CO3 evolved CO2 and causes MnO2 pre-
cipitation (purified—98 % pure with 17–50 % Mn along
with significant SiO2). But this process is industrially
unacceptable as it consumes lot of acids for maintaining
acidic conduction because Cl acts as reductive agent in
acidic condition [30]. HNO3 is another option for reductive
leaching [31] agents but since it is costly, it has not been
utilized extensively yet.
Reductive leaching can also been done with the help of
ferrous containing solution. Flow sheet of the complete
process is mentioned in Fig. 4 [32].
Fig. 4 Flowsheet for the
process of Mn recovery using
pickle liquor to leach ore
151
Recovery % References
90–95 % Mn (99.6 % pure) [24]
94–95 % Mn recovery [25]
90–92 % Mn recovery [26]
(%) Cu 100, Ni 90, Co 60 [27]
Bio Leaching
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans are used to covert Fe and S ions
to its oxidative forms through oxidation. The thermophilic
sulfolobus is another microorganism which is generally
utilized at high temperature process. Microorganisms help
in the recovery of Mn and Fe from MnO2 and Fe2O3
through aerobic or anaerobic condition [33]. In aerobic
condition, MnO2 is used as an electron acceptor for their
respiration whereas in anaerobic condition, Fe, S and Mn
reducing bacteria donate electron with the help of oxidation
of organic substrate. Reducing compounds are known as
the by-product of metabolism [5, 34–39].
Anaerobic bio leaching is an emerging technology as it
is eco-friendly and cheap but has not been commercialized
yet [40].
Important Considerations in Hydrometallurgical
Treatments in Manganese Ore
Effect of Grain Size
Ismail et al. [6] carried out a comparative study on acid
leaching of low grade manganese ore using some industrial
wastes as reductants. They have gone through solid
grinding process.
123
152
The purpose of solid grinding is to create sufficient
surface area to allow complete digestion in a relatively
short period of time and to reduce the power input to the
reactor agitation. They observed the influence of grain size
on Mn conversion with different grain sizes 100 % passing
through 5, 16, 52, 100, 150, and 200 mesh.
They revealed that the manganese and iron conversions
were increased with decreasing grain sizes which is a
common phenomenon [41], due to the creation of layer
surface area which increase the chance of good contacts
between sulfuric acid and manganese dioxide and ferric
oxide in the fine particles and consequently facilitates the
diffusion of the reactants and the reaction products through
the particles.
Effect of Temperature
It can be seen that increasing the temperature from 25 to
90 °C increases the recovery of manganese from 67.3 to
98.1 % and for iron from 10 to 35.6 %. It concluded that in
the presence of H2O2 and at 25 °C, a recovery of 82.5 %
was obtained for manganese and that elevated temperatures
did not affect the manganese recovery (opposite to the case
of oxalic acid); however, the iron recovery increased from
9.5 % (at 25 °C) to 21.8 % (at 85 °C). Similarly, it has
been found that manganese recovery in the presence of
H2O2 decreased at elevated temperatures (more than
55 °C). Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to hydrogen and
water during an exothermic reaction.
Effect of Time
Ismail et al. [6] have studied the time factor on Mn
reduction in the period range from 15 to 180 min. They
found that the dissolution of manganese from low grade
manganese oxide ore by either sawdust or lactose may
involve at least four steps in series, hydrolysis to
monosaccharaides, diffusion of the reductant from the main
bulk of the liquid through the boundary layer to active
sites, i.e. to manganese mineral grains, the nucleation of
products at the active sites, and hydration of the products
and diffusion into the solution.
Therefore, the reaction is a time dependent reaction.
They observed optimum reaction time of pyrolusite ore is
90 min in sawdust case and 120 min in lactose case.
Effect of Liquid/Solid Ratio
Ghafarizadeh et al. [42] has investigated about the effect of
liquid/solid ratio, exhibited through Fig. 5. They found
increasing the liquid to solid ratio from 5 to 30, the
leaching recovery of manganese increased from 64 to 99 %
123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. D (January–June 2017) 98(1):147–154
Fig. 5 Effect of liquid/solid ratio upon the leaching recovery of
manganese; oxalic acid concentration 0.31 mol/L, H2SO4 concentra-
tion 2 mol/L, time 90 min, temperature 70 °C [42]
and for iron from 12 to 21 %. It was found that at the
conditions studied a complete recovery of manganese was
achieved at the liquid/solid ratio of 30/1.
Effect of Sulfuric Acid Concentration
Ismail et al. [6] have studied about the effect of sulfuric acid
concentration on Mn recovery at different sulfuric acid con-
centrations ranging from 10 to 40 % in both sawdust treatment
method and lactose-treatment method, while keeping the stoi-
chiometric amount of acid to MnO2 constant at 2, consequently
the solid/liquid ratio was varied from 14.29 to 3.57 in sawdust
case and from 12.5 to 3.13 in lactose case. They revealed that
the conversion extent of manganese was increased by
increasing sulfuric acid concentration in both sawdust and
lactose cases, where by increasing acid concentration from 10
to 40 %, the manganese recoveries were increased from 61.75
to 91.6 % and from 59.19 to 88.50 % in sawdust and lactose
respectively. Although, in lactose case, manganese recovery
increased from 82.85 to 86 % by increasing acid concentration
from 20 to 25 %, the 20 % acid concentration was favourable
because the iron recovery was lower than that in 25 % acid
concentration, where iron recovery increased from 36.75 to
47.35 % by increasing acid concentration from 20 to 25 %. The
optimum sulfuric acid concentration required for leaching of
pyrolusite ore is 30 % in sawdust case and 20 % in lactose case.
At these concentrations, the manganese recoveries were 89.25
and 82.85 % for sawdust.
Ghafarizadeh et al. [42] have also investigated the effect
of H2SO4 concentration on the simultaneous leaching of
manganese and iron in the absence of any reducing agent,
graphical representation is shown in Fig. 6. They found
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. D (January–June 2017) 98(1):147–154
Fig. 6 Effect of H2SO4 concentration on the leaching of manganese
in the absence of reductants: temperature 70 °C, leaching time
90 min, S:L 1:10 [42]
that increasing the sulfuric acid concentration from 0.5 to
2 mol/L, increased the recovery of manganese from 28.8 to
37.3 % and for iron from 6.1 to 22.5 %. However, the
manganese recovery was decreased slightly at acid con-
centrations higher than 2 mol/L.
MnO2 has also been innovatively reduced by biomass
straw. Interested readers may follow a research done by
Zhao et al. [43].
Conclusion
Reduction of Mn ore demands emerging and eco-friendly
technology which could produce the Mn in a more clean
and eco-friendly manner than the present. The variables
like temperature, particle size, gaseous atmosphere etc.
also requires extra care during the operation. As in current
era, demand of alloy and advance material is increasing so
the new innovative routes should be developed to reduce
the production time and cost.
References
1. R. Sahoo, P. Naik, S. Das, Leaching of manganese from low-
grade manganese ore using oxalic acid as reductant in sulphuric
acid solution. Hydrometallurgy 62, 157–163 (2001)
2. J.S. Zhang, Current challenge and chance in China’s Mn-indus-
try. China Manganese Ind 1, 6–9 (2007)
3. M. Harris, The history, production and uses of electrolytic
manganese. ATB Metall. 17, 121–127 (1977)
4. P.K. Sahoo, K.S. Rao, Sulphation-roasting of low-grade man-
ganese ores—optimisation by factorial design. Int. J. Miner.
Process. 25, 147–152 (1989)
5. C. Abbruzzese, M.Y. Duarte, B. Paponetti, L. Toro, Biological
and chemical processing of low-grade manganese ores. Miner.
Eng. 3, 307–318 (1990). doi:10.1016/0892-6875(90)90126-V
153
6. A.A. Ismail, E.A. Ali, I.A. Ibrahim, M.S. Ahmed, A comparative
study on acid leaching of low grade manganese ore using some
industrial wastes as reductants. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 82,
1296–1300 (2008)
7. G. Furlani, F. Pagnanelli, L. Toro, Reductive acid leaching of
manganese dioxide with glucose: identification of oxidation
derivatives of glucose. Hydrometallurgy 81, 234–240 (2006)
8. C. Acharya, R.N. Kar, L.B. Sukla, Studies on reaction mechanism
of bioleaching of manganese ore. Miner. Eng. 16, 1027–1030
(2003)
9. T. Kaneko, T. Matsuzaki, T. Kugimiya, K. Ide, M. Kumakura, A.
Kasama, Improvement of Mn yield in less slag blowing at Bof by
use of sintered manganese ore. J. Iron Steel Inst. Japan 79(8),
941–947 (1993)
10. C. Tony, Mineral Commodity Report 7. Manganese (Institute of
Geological and Nuclear Science Ltd, New Zealand, 2011)
11. R. Rait, S.E. Olsen, Liquidus relations of ferromanganese slags.
Scand. J. Metall. 28, 53–58 (1999)
12. O.I. Ostrovski, T.J.M. Webb, Reduction of siliceous manganese
ore by graphite. ISIJ Int. 35, 1331–1339 (1995)
13. M. Yastreboff, O. Ostrovski, S. Ganguly, Carbothermic reduction
of manganese from manganese ores and ferromanganese slag, in
8 th International Ferroalloys Congress, pp. 263–270 (1998)
14. M. Tangstad, The high carbon ferromanganese process-coke bed
relations. Dr. Ing. Dissertation NTH, Trondheim, Norw (1996)
15. T.-A. Skjervheim, S. Olsen, The Rate and Mechanism for
Reduction of Manganese Oxide from Silicate Slags (SINTEF,
Trondheim, 1995)
16. R.H. Eric, E. Burucu, The mechanism and kinetics of the car-
bothermic reduction of mamatwan manganese ore fines. Miner.
Eng. 5, 795–815 (1992)
17. R. Kononov, O. Ostrovski, S. Ganguly, Carbothermal reduction
of manganese oxide in different gas atmospheres. Metall. Mater.
Trans. B 39, 662–668 (2008)
18. H. Abbas, M.A. Askar, E.M. Abd-Elaziz, Recycling of zinc–
carbon spent batteries: I. Production of manganese and zinc as
sulfates. Egypt. J. Chem. 42(4), 361–373 (1999)
19. J.M.M. Paixao, J.C. Amaral, L.E. Memoria, L.R. Freitas, Sulfa-
tion of Carajas manganese ore. Hydrometallurgy 39(1–3),
215–222 (1995)
20. C. Ward, C.Y. Cheng, M.D. Urbani, Manganese—from waste to
high-tech material. Publ. Australas. Inst. Min. Metall. 2(2004),
241–246 (2004)
21. C.B. Ward, Acidic leaching of manganese from lean oxide ores
with extraction stage for purity. WO Patent No. 2005012582
(2005)
22. P.K. Naik, S.C. Das, L.B. Sukla, Extraction of manganese from
low-grade Nishikhal ore using pyritiferous lignite in acidic
medium. Miner. Metall. Process. 19(2), 110–112 (2002)
23. P.K. Naik, K.C. Nathsarma, S.C. Das, V.N. Misra, Leaching of
low-grade Joda manganese ore with sulfur dioxide in aqueous
medium. Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. Sect. C Miner. Process. Extr.
Metall. 112(2), C131–C134 (2003)
24. U. Sanigok, M. Bayramoglu, Bench-scale manganese sulfate
production from low-grade pyrolusite ores—part III. Chim. Acta
Turc. 16(1), 9–20 (1988)
25. F. Veglio, L. Toro, Reductive leaching of a concentrate manganese-
dioxide ore in acid-solution—stoichiometry and preliminary
kinetic-analysis. Int. J. Miner. Process. 40(3–4), 257–272 (1994)
26. A.A. Ismail, E.A. Ali, I.A. Ibrahim, M.S. Ahmed, A comparative
study on acid leaching of low grade manganese ore using some
industrial wastes as reductants. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 82(6),
1296–1300 (2004)
27. R.P. Das, S. Anand, S.C. Das, P.K. Jena, Leaching of manganese
nodules in ammoniacal medium using glucose as reductant.
Hydrometallurgy 16, 335–344 (1986)
123
154
28. A.E. Elsherief, A study of the electroleaching of manganese ore.
Hydrometallurgy 55(3), 311–326 (2000)
29. T. Jiang, Y.B. Yang, Z.C. Huang, G.Z. Qiu, Simultaneous
leaching of manganese and silver from manganese–silver ores at
room temperature. Hydrometallurgy 69(1–3), 177–186 (2003)
30. Y.M. Abdrashitov, Y.K., Dmitriev, N.V., Zakharova, S.N.,
Lakeev, V.V., Lapin, O.N., Loginov, A.I., Pavlov, N.N., Sil-
ishchev, I.A., Sorokin, V.D., Shapovalov, Acidic leaching for Mn
recovery from manganese ores with oxide product precipitation.
RU Patent No. 2176679 (2001)
31. W.F. Drinkard, Jr., H.J., Woerner, Leaching of metallurgical dust
wastes in nitric acid for recovery of metal values. WO Patent No.
9716230 (1997)
32. F.E. Brantley, C., Rampacek, Manganese and iron recovery from
leach solutions. US Patent No. 3397130 (1968)
33. H.L. Ehrilch, Manganese oxide reduction as a form of anaerobic
respiration. Geomicrobiol. J. 5, 423–431 (1987). doi:
10.1080/01490458709385977
34. W. Schwartz, R. Naveke, Biotechnische Laugungarmer erze mit
heterotrophen mikroorganismen. Metall. Jahrg 34, 847–850
(1980)
35. H.L. Ehrlich, Manganese as an energy source for bacteria, in
Environmental Biolgeochemistry, ed. by J.O. Nriagu (Ann Harbor
Science, Michigan, 1976), pp. 633–644
36. L. Toro, B. Papponetti, C. Abbruzzese, A. Marrabini, M.Y.
Duarte, Leaching of Mn2? from concentrates of MnO2 by
123
J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. D (January–June 2017) 98(1):147–154
microorganism, in Microbiology of Extreme Environments and Its
Potential for Biotechnology, ed. by M.S. Costa, J.C. Duarte,
R.A.D. Williams (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988), pp. 395–396
37. B. Papponetti, L. Toro, C. Abbruzzese, A. Marrabini, M.Y.
Duarte, Manganese leaching from MnO2 ore by Aspergillus
niger: role of metabolic ontermediate, in Biotechnology in Min-
erals and Metal Processing, ed. by B.J. Scheiner, F.M. Doyle,
S.K. Kawatra (AIME, Ann Arbor, 1989), pp. 33–37
38. D.R. Lovely, Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction.
Microbiol. Rev. 55, 259–287 (1994)
39. K.H. Nealson, D. Saffarini, Iron and manganese in anaerobic
respiration: environmental significance, physiology and regula-
tion. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 48, 311–343 (1994). doi:
10.1146/annurev.mi.48.100194.001523
40. E. Young, L. Seung, R. Noh, K. Sukcho, H.W. Ryu, Leaching of
Mn, Co and Ni from manganese nodule using bioleaching
method, Korea. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 92, 354–359 (2001)
41. F. Habashi, A Textbook of Hydrometallurgy. (Metallurgie
Extractive Quebec, 1993). https://books.google.co.in/books?
id=howKAQAAMAAJ
42. B. Ghafarizadeh, F. Rashchi, E. Vahidi, Recovery of manganese
from electric arc furnace dust of ferromanganese production units
by reductive leaching. Miner. Eng. 24, 174–176 (2011)
43. Y. Zhao, G. Zhu, Z. Cheng, Thermal analysis and kinetic mod-
eling of manganese oxide ore reduction using biomass straw as
reductant. Hydrometallurgy 105, 96–102 (2010)