‫‪Eleventh A ra b C onference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy. Khartoum.Sudan.

16-20 December‬‬
‫‪2012‬‬

‫‪B iorem ediation o f olive m ill w aste w ater and its use as a‬‬
‫‪biofertilizer‬‬
‫‪Yousseria M. shetaia \ Hussein Abd El Kareem2, Ola MGomaa2,‬‬
‫‪Lucy Wageeh2‬‬
‫‪1Microbiology Department, Ain shams University,2Microbiology‬‬
‫‪Department, National Centerfor Radiation Research and Technology‬‬
‫‪(NCRRT), Cairo-Egypt‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟ ﺠﻪ اﻟ ﺤﻴﻮﻳﻪ ﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﺻ ﺮ ف ﻣ ﺼﺎﻧ ﻊ ز ﻳ ﺖ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮ ن‬

‫و ا ﻣ ﻜ ﺎ ﻧ ﻴ ﻪ ا ﺳ ﺘ ﺨ ﺪا ﻣ ﻪ ﻛ ﻤ ﺨ ﺼ ﺐ ﺣﻴ ﻮ ﻳ ﻰ‬

‫ﺑ ﻤ ﺮ ﻳ ﻪ ﻣ ﺤ ﻤ ﺪ ﺣ ﺴ ﻦ ‪ -‬ﺣ ﺴﻴ ﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟ ﻜ ﺮﻳ ﻢ ‪ -‬ﻋ ال ﻣ ﺤ ﻤ ﺪ ﺟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻪ ‪ -‬ﻟ ﻮ ﺳ ﻰ و ﺟﻴ ﻪ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﻜ ﺮ وﺑﻴ ﻮﻟ ﻮ ﺟ ﻰ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‪ -‬ﺟﺎ ﻣﻌ ﻪ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺷﻤ ﺲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻴﻜ ﺮ وﺑﻴ ﻮﻟ ﻮ ﺟ ﻰ— اﻟ ﻤ ﺮ ﻛ ﺰ اﻟﺜ ﻮﻣ ﻰ‬
‫ﻟﺒ ﺤ ﻮ ث و ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮ ﺟﻴﺎ ا ال ﺷﻌﺎ ع‬
‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺮإح ﻧﻴ ﺖ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮن ﻣ ﻦ اﻫﻢ اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎ ﻋﺎ ت ﻓ ﻰ د ول اﻟ ﺤﻮ ض ا الﺑﻴ ﺾ اﻟﻤﺘﻮ ﺳ ﻂ وﻳﻨﺘ ﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣ الﻳﻴ ﻦ‬

‫ا ال ﻣﺘﺎ ر اﻟ ﻤ ﻜ ﻌﺒ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺒﺎ ه اﻟ ﺼ ﺮ ب ﻛ ﻞ ﻋﺎ م ‪ .‬ﺗ ﻢ ا ﺳﺘ ﺨﺪام اﻟ ﻤ ﻌﺎﻟ ﺠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺤﻴ ﻮﻳ ﺔ ﺑ ﻄ ﺮﻳ ﻖ اﻟ ﺤ ﺚ اﻟ ﺤﻴﻮ ى‬

‫ﻧ ﻴ ﺚ اﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮ ن و ﻧ ﻠ ﻚ ﻋ ﻦ ﻃ ﺮﻳ ﻖ ا ﺿﺎ ﻓ ﻪ ﻧ ﺴ ﺐ ﻣﺘﻐﻴ ﺮه ﻣ ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻴﺎ ه ﺻﺮف‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﻤﻴ ﻜ ﺮ وﺑﺎ ت اﻟﻤﺘ ﻮا ﺟﺪ‪ ٥‬ﻓ ﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪ /‬اﻧﻴﺮﻳﺎ‪/‬ﺑﻮﻇﺴﺪوم ﻗﺎ ﺋ ﻰ اﻟﻬﻴﻠﺮوﺟﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﺎ ن ﻓ ﻄ ﺮ اﻟﺒ ﺼﻠﻴ ﻮ م ﻛﺮإﻳﺴﻮﺟﺌﻢ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺨﻄﺮ‬

‫ا ألﻛﺜ ﺮ ﺗﻮاﺟﺪا وﻫﻮ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺌﻮل ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻜ ﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ‪ .‬أ و ﺿ ﺢ ﺗ ﺤﻠﻴ ﻞ ﻣﻴﺎه ا ﻟ ﻤ ﺮ ف وﺟﻮد ﻧﺴﺒﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻣ ﻦ‬

‫~‬ ‫رﻏﺴﻮرﺳﻴﺪول‬ ‫“‬ ‫ﻛﺎ رﻓﺎ ﻛ ﺮ و ل‬ ‫“‬ ‫ﻓ ﺮ وﻟﻴ ﻚ‬ ‫“‬ ‫ار ﺟﻴﻨﻴ ﻦ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎ ﺗﻴ ﻜ ﻮ ل‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴ ﻮ ﻣﺎ رﻳ ﻚ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻴﻨ ﻮ ال ت ﺧ ﺎ ﺻ ﻪ ( اﻟ ﺠﺎﻟ ﻴ ﻚ‬

‫ﺑﻴﺮؤ ﺟﺎﻟﻮل “ ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ﻣﻴ ﻚ ) وا ال ﺣ ﻤﺎدﻧ ﻰ اﻟﺪ ﻫﻨﻴ ﺔ و اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎ ت و اﻟ ﻤ ﻜ ﺮﻳﺎ ت وﺑﻌﻬﺾ اﻟ ﻤﻌﺎد ن اﻟﻤ ﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﻪ‪.‬ﺗ ﻢ‬

‫ﺗ ﻌ ﺮﻳ ﺾ ﻣﻴﺎ ه اﻟ ﺼ ﺮ ف ﻗ ﺒ ﻞ اﻟ ﻤ ﻌﺎﻟ ﺠ ﻪ اﻟ ﺤﻴﻮﻳﻪ اﻟ ﻰ ﺟ ﺮ ﻋﺎ ت ا ﺷﻌﺎ ﻋﻴ ﻪ ﻣ ﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﻪ و ﻛﺎ ن ﺗ ﻜ ﺴﻴ ﺮ اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮإل ت‬

‫االﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺠﺮﺑﻤﻪ ‪ ٤‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﺟﺮإى• ﻛﺎ ن اﻓ ﺼﻞ وﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﺤ ﺼﻴﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺛ الﺛﺔ اﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ‪ .‬واﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣ ﻤ ﻤﻠ ﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮم ﻗﺎ ﺋ ﻰ اﻟﻬﻴﺒﺮوﺟﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻰ ﻛﺎ ف ﻟﻠﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻓ ﻀ ﻞ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻜﺴﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻟﻠﺨﻴﻨﺌآلت ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ‬
‫أﻳ ﻀﺎ ا ﺳﺘ ﺨﺪا م ﻣ ﻌﺎ ﻣ ال ت ﻣﻨﺪ و ﺟ ﻪ ﻣﻨ ﻞ اﻟ ﺸ ﺴﻴ ﺐ و اﻟ ﺘ ﺮ ﻳ ﻴ ﺢ ﺑ ﻮا ﺳ ﻄﺔ ﻣ ﺨﻠ ﻔﺎ ت زرا ﻋﻴﻪ ﻛ ﺨ ﻄ ﻮ ة أ وﻟﻴ ﺔ ﻗ ﺒ ﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟ ﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟ ﺤ ﺚ اﻟﺤﻴﻮي ﻟﻠ ﺤ ﺼ ﻮ ل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻓ ﻀ ﻞ ﻧﺘﻴ ﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻜ ﺴﻴ ﺮ ا ﻟ ﻔ ﻴ ﻨ ﺄ ت و اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻗﺎرﺑ ﺖ‬

‫‪ .% v ٠‬ﺗ ﻢ ا ﺳﺘ ﺨﺪام ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟ ﺼ ﺮ ب اﺋ ﻤﻌﺎﻟ ﺠ ﻪ ﻛ ﻤ ﺨ ﺼ ﺐ ﺣﻴﻮ ى ﻟﺒﺬ ور اﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﻴ ﻪ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ اﺳﻔﺮﺑﺘﺎ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋ ﺞ ﻋ ﻦ‬

‫اﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻪ ا ﺳﺘ ﺨﺪام اﻟﻤ ﺨﻠ ﻒ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟ ﺞ ﻛ ﻤ ﺨ ﺼ ﺐ ﺣﻴﻮى‪.‬‬

‫‪Abstract‬‬
‫‪ mill wastewater (OMW) in s titu te s a major environmental‬ا ؛ ه ‪Olive‬‬
‫‪problem especially for the Mediterranean countries, where most of‬‬
the world’s olive oil production. Treatment of the OMW is highly
demanded due to the hazards of its high chemical oxygen demand
(COD), total phenolic content (TP), turbidity and color. In the present
study, Penicillium chiysogeniim was selected as the predominant
grown fungus ‫؛‬١ ٦ the presence of phenolic compounds (13 g/1).
Biostimulation was tried to assist; TP removal, decolorization,
turbidity and COD reduction before disposal to the environment,
^ p a ra te addition of glucose and urea resulted in 62% removal of the
phenol, while the addition of ‫آل؛ﺗﺲ‬0 ‫ ﺑﻢ‬resulted in 70% removal with
lower effect ©١ ٦ both turbidity and coloration. Consecutive use of the
filtration prior or post to the biostimulation revealed that the use 4
kGy enhanced phenolic degradation while the use of filtration post
b i o s t ^ l a t i o n was the most effective treatment for phenolic removal
(70%).). Turbidity was also decreased from 9.81 to 2.72, and the
decolorization was increased from 28.5 % (in control samples) to
77.6%) and COD was decreased by only 21%). Analysis of the treated
OMW revealed the presence of trace amounts of phenolic
compounds, sugars and some minerals, suggesting its potential use as
a bio‫'؟‬ertil‫؛‬zei'. Ocimum basilicum cultivated with the treated OMW
showed the highest germination percentage(60%) in comparison with
that irrigated with tap water and untreated OMW (50%, 20%o)
respectively.
Key words: Olive 11‫ ؛آآا‬W'aste water, biostimulation, phenolic content,
biofertilizer
Introduction
Olive oil production is an important e^nom ic activity of the Middle
East countries {]\ An estimated 10-30 million m3 o fth e olive mill
W'aste water (OMW) was generated every year from the olive oil
production industry(2‫ز‬. The mechanical extraction process ofthe olive
oil generates a significant amoupt of both solid and liquid wastes,
W'hich composed of many complex colored and recalcitrant
compounds with high organic loads ‫زي‬. The incorrect disposal of dark
colored effluent (OMW) posses a serious environmental problem,
particularly in the Mediterranean area. The high Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COO) ofthe OMW. coupled with its high phenolic content,
inhibit the degrading ^ a b ility ' ofthe microflora ‫؛‬١٦ the water bodies,
phenolic Instability leads to their polymerization during storage into
condensed high-molecular weight polymers which are difficult to
degrade (4). High toxicity ofthe phenolics, even at low eoncentrations.

٢
Eleventh A rab Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Khartoum.SudanJ6-20 December
20 ١2

has motivated the search and improvement o f m any treatment

techniques such as ^ y s ic o - c h e m ic a l ‫ ' ؛‬٠. filtration and aerobic or
anaerobic biological treatment. Great interest has been focused on the
biological treatm ent using aerobic bacteria and fungi V). In addition
to the ability to reduce C O D and phenolics, fungi are also effective in
decreasing the O M W coloration. A variety o f white rot fungi have
been used for rem ediation o f t h e O M W , including Coriolus versicolor
and Funalia trogii 8‫ \ا‬Geotrichum ccmdidum , Lentinula ^ e n t i n u s )
edodes ٠' and Phaneroehaete sp. ‫ر " ا‬. The presence o f O M W in the
rhizosphere soils induced 4 to 5- fold increase in the cultural fungal
population with rcspect to controls without O M W ‫ر‬. Seven
Penicillium strains have been isolated from an O M W disposal ponds,
they have the ability to grow and to reduce the chem ical oxygen
dem and by 60.75% and the phenolic contents by 54.50% .
Several studies related to the direct application o f O M W , either as a
fresh liquid or sludge to the soil as a fertilizer has been carried out
during the last 20 years ‫ ؛‬١. The obtained results indicated the
acceptable application o f O M W on the soils, as it enhanced the
herbicidal activity and enriched the hosting soils .
Therefore, the aim o f t h e present work was to enhance bioremediation
©‫'؛‬t h e ©live mill waste water thr©ugh bi©stimulati©n, gam m a radiation
and by biostimulation- filtration treatments to rem ove phenols and to
reduce colour intensity, turbidity and C O D content. This stud‫ '؛‬was
also concerned with applying o f t h e treated O M W as a biofertilizer.
Materia! and M ethods
Olive m ill waste water sample (OMW)
Wastew'ater samples W'ere eollected from Wady Food factory.
A lexandria-Egypt desert road. Three-phase extraction technique
was used for the olive oil extracti©n and th e olive mill w a s te
water w as centrifuged prior to disposal. Samples were collected
in clean sterile bottles and were transferred to the laboratory
within 2 hrs and stored at -4 C.
Biosiimulation ofthe olive mill waste water
Different concentrations of: growth enhancer (glucose),
nitrogen (urea) and phosphorous (KFI 2 SO 4 ), each was added to
the O M W to stimulate the biodegradation capability using 40
‫؛‬٦٦! o f O M W / 500ml Erlenmeyer flasks { 1 ) . Turbidity, total

٣
phenol removal and d e i l o u r i z a t i o n were evaluated weekly.
Effect o f gamma radiation
Different doses o f gamma radiation were used prior to b io tim u la tio n ,
the doses employed were: 2, 4, 8 ,‫ ة‬and ١٥ kGy. G am m a irradiation
was performed at the Indian cobalt source located at the National
Center for Radiation Research & Technology (N CRRT) -Cair(>Egypt
for the liquid cultures. The cultures were subjected to the chosen doses
at a dose rate o f 1.93 Gy/sec. Following irradiation, suitable nutrient
(K H oPO ^ was supplemented to OM W for biostimulation. Turbidity,
total phenolics and decolourization were carried out for irradiated
samples ‫؛‬٨ comparison to the control (non-irradiated OMW). Samples
were done in triplicates.
Consecutive “filtration- biostimulation” treatments of the
OMW
Biostimulation process was carried out prior and post filtration
process using glass wool and agricultural waste A glass funnel
(15cm diameter) was filled with glass wool, or agricultural
waste (guava seeds at the bottom and apricot seeds at the top
layer) (17). OMW effluent was biostimulated by
supplementation with phosphorus (0.5g/l) before or after
pouring on the top o f glass wool or a^ ic u ltu ra l waste. The
treated effluent was tested for turbidity, total phenol removal
and decolourization.
Results and Discussion
Biostimulation ofthe olive mill wastewater
Biostimulation process was performed by adding nutrients, that
increased the scant activity o f the indogenous microbial
populations ‫ رة؛ ا‬. O M W b io tim u latio n requires a provision o f
an extra carbon, nitrogen and phosphrus sources (1 16). OM W
after being s u p p l e e n t e d with the required nutrients were
statically incubated at room temperature for three weeks ‫ﻣﻤﺎ’هﺀ‬
Effect o f gam m a radiation on OM W biostimulation
Radiation is known to destruct benzene ring in aqueous
solutions. Irradiation o f water produces oxidizing (O H ) and
reducing ( e ’aq and H") species that react with and destroy
benzene ٠
Eleventh A rab Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy. Khartoum.Sudan. 16-20 December
2012

Fig. $١١٠١٧$ fluctuation of total phenol removal by different y-

radiation do$es, these shows that there i$ an arbitary attack of
phenolic ring. The optimum dose ١٧^$ 4 kGy which re$ulted in
total phenols removal 54.44% and decolouri$ation 29%, while
the total phenols removal without radiation was 68 %.
Phenol content in aqueou$solution reduced up to 90% at 5
kGy, doses up to 8.5 kGy were used for decomposition of
phenol in aqueous solution. Prom the above reported data it is
obviou$ that the radiation induced-phenol degradation proceeds
by rather complicated reaction mechanisms depending on many
factor$ such as the substrate and the applied dose.
Therefore^ it is obvious that the microbe itself is the main
factor for phenolic content degradation.
■٦ ■
—■ — Decolorizaton % —‫—م‬T.P.Removal % —٠— Turbidity
٢

kG y

‫ إل؛'ﺀ‬. ] Effect of introduce gamma radiation on OMW biostimulation.

Consecutive Filtration and biostimulation treatments ٠/ the
OMW
Coupling of the chemical and biological processes has received
a lot of attention in the recent years as a promising treatment
alternative for effluents that are toxic to treat biologically. The
use of more than one treatment method might provide complete
removal of colored compounds ٠ ٠. This new trend is expected
to gain more attention due to its ability to combine the positive
outcome of one or more method(s) and/or eliminating the
drawbacks of another. Filtration by agricultural wastes are
considered a promi$ing alternative to other conventional
industrial treatments, mainly because of they are inexpensive.
abundant, high binding efficiency and are environmental
friendly ‫ر‬. A wide variety of material are exploited for use in
biosorption or filtration; shells and/or stones of fruits and nuts,
olive waste, sugarcane bagasse and waste resulting from cereals
such as rice, maize and corn. These agricultural wastes could be
used in their native form or could undergo chemical or physical
mortifications.
The obtained results of the sequential treatment processes (Fig. 2)
revealed that for treatments no. 3, 4, 5 a TP removal, decolonization
and turbidity were higher than those obtained in the control sample
(Treatment, ١).
IE D e c o lo u r is a tio n (% ) ts T . P . R e m o v a l (% ) ® T u r b id it y ‫إ‬

Fig. 2 OMW ‫ الا ؛ ظ‬out treatment(controle sample) ( ١), treatment by

biostimulation (addition of phosphorous) ( 2 ), treatment by glass wool
filtration followed by biostimulation (3), treatment by agricultural
waste filtration followed by biostimulation (4), biostimulation
followed by agricultural waste filtration (5).
Treatment by glass wool filtration or agricultural waste
filtration followed by biostimulation (treatment 3,4) showed a
lower removal capabilities than that biostimulated firstly then
followed by agricultural waste filtration(treatment,5). This
could be attributed to the fact that Alteration could hinder the
fungal growth from contacting and degrading the OMW
phenols. Solely using of the biological treatment process was
not sufficient to remove most of the substituting compounds,
whereas biostimulation followed by agricultural waste
Alteration result in less toxic products. There for, the achieved
Eleventh A rab Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy. Khartoum.Sudan.16-20 December
2012

effluent quality related to phenolic contents offers farmers a

possibility to use OMW as a biofertilizer.
Chemical and physical comparison between the raw and the
treated OMW:
Characteristics of the OMW before and after its treatment
(consecutive biostimulation-agricultural waste filtration
treatment) were represented in Table (l).ln this study, pH of the
treated OMW was raised from 5.24 to 7.5. Durate et al., (1)
reported that, the acidic pH is one of the characteristic problems
posed by natural untreated OMW, which further turned neutral
after treatment. An increase in the pH values was accompanied
with utilization of the organic acids by the microbial growth
(13). A high COD value (152 g/1) represents the organic load of
raw OMW wasreduced to 120 g/1. Total phenolic content of
the raw OMW was reduced from 13 g/1 to 3.6g/l representing a
reduction value of 77%. These results indicated that
biostimulation followed by agricultural filtration treatment was
the most efficient treatment for TP removal, but not efficient
enough for COD reduction. Previous studies (18) showed the
possibility of OMW decolorization by Phanerochaete
chrysosporium when the COD of the medium did not exceed
60gl . Also Jaouani et ٠/. (23), reported the possibility of high
OMW decolonisation with COD value above 50gl by the
biological means.
Table ١. Physical and chemical ccmpariscn between the raw OMW
and the treated OMW (con$ecutive biostimulation-agricultural waste
nitration treatment).
Parameters Raw OMW Treated OMW
pH 5.24 7.5
COD (g/1) 152.302 120.302
TS (g/1) 100 60
Protein ‫ﺋﺈدر‬/‫اااآ‬ 377.23 146.95
TP (g/1) 13 3.6
Turbidity 9.8 2.8
Color 14 4
Reducing sugar (g/1) 10 5.9
Total sugar (g/1) 20.96 10

٧
The large proportion o f organic matter and valuable nutrients,
especially potassium, m ake O M W a valuable resource for beneficial
utilization, particularly in degraded agricultural soils. O M W W also
has been successfully assayed as a foliar fertilizer and as a soil-less
substrate in combination with p e a t (24).
Phenolic composition o f the untreated (raw) and treated O M W
was summarized in Table (2). Six phenolics were identified,
where Ferulic acid was found with a quite high concentration,
while the concentration o f apigenin was the lowest. ٢١٦^
biological treatment leads to a great reduction o f ferulic acid
concentration (89%), which confirm the results obtained by
Tillet et al ., {25) who reported that penicillium strains can carry
out degradation o f ferulic acid. Niaounakis and Halvadakis (2)
found that more than 30 different phenolic compounds have
been identified in OMW , where the types and concentrations o f
the phenolics reported in O M W were ¥aried tremendously.
Table. 1 Phenolic coi^pounds present in untreated and treated
‫ط‬

OMW.
Phenolic Before treatment ppm After treatment ppm
compounds
Gallic 4744.6 487.33
Apignin 382.73
Ferulic 26169.1 505.60
Re$$orcin©l ١ .4
Pyrogallol 4466.3 .48
Cinnamic 87752 1652.5
Applying ofthe treated OMW as a biofertilizer
O M W has a high potassium concentration and notable levels o f
nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, and iron as important factor in soil
fertility. Bioremediated OM W is an excellent fertilizer ١ and can
serve as a substrate for the nitrogen-fixing bacteria or polymer
production (6).

٨
Eleventh A ra b Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy. Khartoum. Sudan j 6-20 December
2012

25

□ T ap w ater
El U n t r e a t e d O M W
20 ■ T reated OM W

٥-

‫ه‬ - ٦

7 14
No o f w . . k s

Fig 3. The measurements of shoot length of Ocimum basilicum seeds watered

with tap water, untreated OMW and treated ©MW.
©٧٢ results indieated that, the growth of the Ocimum basilicum seeds
in pots watered with the treated ©MW was faster than that watered
with tap water, while the seeds watered with untreated ©MW showed
the lowest growth. A sever reduction in the Ocimum basilicum seed
germination pereent<‫؛‬ge (20 ‫م‬/‫ ره‬was obtained on applying the un treated
©MW. The shoot length was also greatly affected as it was nearly half
(12cm) the shoot length of that irrigated by the treated OMW
(2 ١.5cm). The irrigated seeds of Ocimum basilicum showed the
highest germination percentages (60%) (Fig.3). These results indicated
the adverse effect ofthe untreated OMW, which could be attributed to
its high phenolic contents. Kotsou et al., ٠suggested that the treated
OMW has a herbicidal effect, and also are beneficial for the crops ٢ ١
and the hosting soils ‫ر‬. Organic matter and humic substances are
stabilized by the treatment of soil with treated OMW (28). Lafka et
al., reported that ,the organic liquid bio-fertilizer is effectively a
replacement to the chemical material for any kind of crops.
Conclusion
The core problem of OMW treatment lies in the removal of ٢ ?,
decolonization, and COD reduction. Addition of phosphorus
source stimulated the TP removal more than the carbon and
nitrogen sources. In the present study, agricultural waste
Alteration was used post biostimulation, and revealed the
highest removal of TP (70%), increasing decolorization
(77.57%) and decreasing of turbidity(2.72). Treated OMW still
has high COD values; therefore, it was used as a cheap liquid
biofertilizer.
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