2.

0 literature reviewing

A literature review entails conducting an examination of published works, within a field or

research area typically spanning a certain timeframe. It takes the form of a essay or annotated list
emphasizing the significant contributions made by various works. (Kennedy, Mary M., 2007).
A literature review can also be defined as a collection of research articles related to a topic
summary and analysis of previous research related to the topic containing scientific books and
articles published in academic journals and it also may be a specific research paper or part of a
research paper. A formal literature review is an evidence based in depth analysis of a topic. there
are many reasons for writing one and these will affect the length and style of your review but at
its core a literature review is a critical assessment of the current collective knowledge on a topic
rather than being an exhaustive list of everything published. A literature review should be an
informative personal but unbiased summary of the data that provides a balanced overview that
includes conflicting findings and inconsistencies as well as established and current thinking
(Winchester & Salji, 2016)

Kennedy, Mary M. "Defining Literature." Educational Researcher 36 (April 2007): 139-14

https://guides.lib.odu.edu/c.php?g=966167&p=6980532

Winchester, C., & Salji, M. J. (2016). Writing a literature review. Journal of Clinical Urology,

9(5), 308–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/2051415816650133

a formal literature review is also an extension of data collection to gain a personal understanding
of the subject s background and requires more than a quick literature review and a few abstracts
conducting a literature review is essential to developing a research idea to confirm what is
already known about a topic and identify gaps in knowledge and how your research could
contribute to understanding it helps formulate hypotheses and formulate research questions after
completing a study. A literature review is also critical to evaluating your data and determining its
relevance and clinical utility. A literature review will allow you to identify other studies that
support or confirm your findings as well as conflicting results allowing you to position your
research. in this area dissemination of research findings whether through publication of a peer
reviewed article or an oral presentation uses the information gathered in a literature review to
provide benchmarks for your new knowledge and to help you identify and implement potential
implications of research findings. The purpose of a literature review is to find previously
published research articles related to a particular topic, help gather ideas or information, stay
abreast of current trends and discoveries, and help develop new questions. The literature review
is important because it explains the rationale behind the research on the topic. It also helps show
why the topic is important to the subject and helps focus your own research questions or
problems. With the help of the literature review we can find the relationships between the
studies. We can fight prejudice and eliminate unconscious bias. It also helps to identify critical
gaps disagreements or missing methodologies or theoretical approaches (Coughlan, n.d.)
https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/55172_Coughlan.pdf

in this chapter we will go through the adoption of 5G technologies and the factors that influence
5G technology from not being able to be deployed in Sri Lanka in detail and discuss about those
problems individually to get a better understanding about the issues.

2.1

5G technology is the latest advancement in mobile communication that offers many advantages
and features compared to previous generations of mobile networks (What Is 5G?, n.d.). These
benefits include ultra-fast speed, low latency, massive capacity, increased reliability, better
coverage, energy efficiency and better data security (Benefits of 5G Technology: 5G Features
and Advantages | Intel, n.d.). 5G technology can handle multiple devices simultaneously,
making it the perfect Internet of Things (IoT) with billions of connected devices and sensors
(ADVANTAGES OF 5G AND HOW WILL BENEFIT IOT | IOT Solutions World Congress | MAY
21 – 23 BARCELONA, 2019). It is also designed to be more reliable, with fewer dropped calls or
connections, which is important in critical applications such as healthcare and transportation. 5G
technology is expected to provide faster and more reliable Internet connections, allowing more
devices to connect to the Internet and use new technologies and applications with lower
latency(Fruehe, 2022). It is also expected to enable faster and more efficient communication
between humans and machines, leading to better collaboration and coordination(Fruehe, 2022).
5G technology should enable new and better experiences in areas such as virtual and augmented
reality, games and video streaming(Fruehe, 2022). Despite the many benefits of 5G technology,
there are several challenges to its implementation, especially in Sri Lanka. One of the biggest
challenges is infrastructure, as the deployment of 5G technology requires new equipment such as
base stations, antennas and optical cables. The limited availability of digital infrastructure such
as towers, antennas and fiber connections in the backhaul is also a challenge(Cherukuri, 2022).
Frequency allocation is another major challenge in implementing 5G technology, as current
spectrum policies and regulations may not be sufficient to meet 5G demand. Financial and
investment constraints affecting the adoption of 5G technology include financial issues,
investment requirements and financial performance of telecommunications companies. Issues
related to geography and population density include the lack of digital infrastructure in rural
areas, which can make it difficult to provide reliable and fast internet access in remote areas.
Population density can also be a challenge when deploying 5G, as densely populated areas can
have a higher demand for connections, which can strain the network and lead to slower
speeds(Cherukuri, 2022). In short, 5G technology offers a number of advantages and features
over previous generations of mobile networks, including ultra-fast speeds, low latency, massive
capacity, increased reliability, better coverage, energy efficiency and better data security.
However, the deployment of 5G technology in Sri Lanka faces a number of challenges, including
infrastructure issues, spectrum allocation, financial and investment constraints, and geographic
and population density issues. These challenges must be addressed to ensure the successful
deployment and reap the benefits of 5G technology (What Is 5G?, n.d.).

Benefits of 5G technology: 5G features and Advantages | Intel. (n.d.). Intel.

https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/wireless-network/5g-benefits-features.html

Fruehe, J. (2022). What are the features and benefits of 5G technology? Networking.

https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/tip/What-are-the-features-and-benefits-of-

5G-technology-for-businesses

ADVANTAGES OF 5G AND HOW WILL BENEFIT IOT | IOT Solutions World Congress |

MAY 21 – 23 BARCELONA. (2019, July 10). IOT Solutions World Congress |

MAY 21 – 23BARCELONA.

https://www.iotsworldcongress.com/advantatges-of-5g-and-how-will-benefit-iot/

Cherukuri, N. (2022, December 20). The Future Of 5G: Benefits And Challenges.

Forbes.https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2022/12/20/the-future-of-5g-benefits-

and-challenges/?sh=1082a5d84eaa

Specified, N. (2023, August 3). What is 5G? Benefits of 5G Network Technology Explained.

https://www.verizon.com/about/our-company/5g/what-5g

https://www.verizon.com/about/our-company/5g/what-5g

What is 5G? (n.d.). Everything You Need to Know | 5G FAQ | Qualcomm.

https://www.qualcomm.com/5g/what-is-5g
2.2

The deployment of 5G technology in Sri Lanka, depends on several factors, and there could be
various reasons why 5G deployment may be delayed or challenging in a particular region. Here
are some common reasons:

Infrastructure Challenges

Spectrum Allocation

Financial and Investment Constraints

Geographical and Population Density

2.2.1

Infrastructure Challenges

To get 5G up and running, we need to upgrade our existing communication infrastructure. This
means putting in new equipment like base stations, antennas, and lots of fiber optic cables. It's a
big job, and it takes time and money. The deployment of 5G technology presents several
infrastructure challenges, which are discussed in the following sections.

Web Development: some of the infrastructure needed for 5G already exists, such as macro
cells, but for 5G to be fully operational, small cell technology will need to be added to increase
network capacity in densely populated areas (Essentra Components USA, 2021, December 10).

Limited availability of digital infrastructure: deployment of 5G wireless technology faces unique

challenges across the United States, including the limited availability of digital infrastructure
such as towers, antennas and fiber-optic connections for backhaul ( Wiley Rein LLP, 2017)

Technical Challenges: the deployment of 5G technology faces a number of technical challenges,

including the need to obtain a single frequency from fragmented frequency bands, the lack of
infrastructure, and the need for optical fibers. (PMC, 2021)

Cyber Security Challenges: the deployment of 5G infrastructure faces cybersecurity challenges

as it handles higher data loads, making it an attractive target for malicious cyber actors. Federal
agencies have highlighted cybersecurity as a key concern when deploying 5G infrastructure.
(GovernmentCIO Media, 2023)

In short, it can be stated that the infrastructure challenges for the introduction of 5G technology
are network development, limited availability of digital infrastructure, technical challenges and
cyber security challenges.

Essentra Components USA. (2021, December 10). Five key challenges for 5G deployment.
https://www.essentracomponents.com/en-us/news/industries/telecoms-data/five-major-
challenges-of-5g-deployment

Wiley Rein LLP. (2017, August 1). 5G Deployment Faces Unique Challenges Across the US
https://www.wiley.law/article-5G-Deployment-Faces-Unique-Challenges-Across-the-US

PMC. (2021, March 17). Potential impact of 5G communication technology on ophthalmology.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7968572/

GovernmentCIO Media. (2023, May 16). Federal law enforcement agencies weigh the
cybersecurity challenges of 5G deployment. https://governmentciomedia.com/federal-law-
enforcement-leads-weigh-cybersecurity-challenges-5g-deployment

Sri Lanka’s 5G readiness: policy, infrastructure, and investment considerations. (2023, July 19).
isp.page. https://isp.page/news/sri-lankas-5g-readiness-policy-infrastructure-and-
investment-considerations/

Unleashing the power of 5G in Sri Lanka: opportunities and challenges. (2023, July 5). isp.page.
https://isp.page/news/unleashing-the-power-of-5g-in-sri-lanka-opportunities-and-
challenges/

Rahman, A., Arabi, S., & Rab, R. (2021). Feasibility and challenges of 5G network deployment
in least Developed countries (LDC). Wireless Sensor Network, 13(01), 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.4236/wsn.2021.131001

talkingeconomics - My Way or the Huawei: Global Battle for 5G Dominance and its Impact on
Sri Lanka. (2019, June 12). https://www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics/2019/06/12/my-way-or-
the-huawei-global-battle-for-5g-dominance-and-its-impact-on-sri-lanka/
Huge investment required to deploy 5G in SL. (n.d.). Print Edition - the Sunday Times, Sri
Lanka. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/220807/business-times/huge-investment-required-to-
deploy-5g-in-sl-490667.html

Abbey, N. (2023). Challenges in implementing 5G. STL Tech. https://stl.tech/blog/challenges-in-

implementing-5g/

2.2.2

Spectrum Allocation

5G needs a specific range of frequencies, which we call "spectrum," to work its magic.
Sometimes, it takes a while for the government to allocate and regulate these frequencies.

Beside Ahmad et al. (2020) One of the most important issues in the implementation of 5G
technology is spectrum allocation. Frequency allocation refers to the process of assigning certain
frequency bands to different wireless communication services. 5G requires many frequencies to
support the high data volume and low latency of the technology. However, current frequency
policies and regulations may not be sufficient to meet 5G demand. DSS allows multiple wireless
services to share the same frequency band dynamically based on the demand of each service.
This can help optimize the use of the available frequency and make the use of frequencies more
efficient Ahmad et al. (2020) . In short, it can be stated that spectrum allocation is a major
challenge in the implementation of 5G technology. A possible solution to this problem is
dynamic spectrum allocation, which can help optimize the use of available spectrum (Ahmad et
al., 2020).

Ahmad, W. J. W., Radzi, N. a. M., Samidi, F. S., Ismail, A., Abdullah, F., Jamaludin, M. Z., &
Zakaria, M. N. (2020). 5G technology: towards dynamic spectrum sharing using
cognitive radio networks. IEEE Access, 8, 14460–14488.
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2966271

2.2.3

Financial and Investment Constraints

Rolling out 5G costs a pretty penny. Telecom companies have to invest heavily in all that new
tech. Economic challenges or tight budgets can slow things down. Getting the necessary funds
for setting up a 5G network is a big task. Sri Lanka needs to figure out how to secure the
investments required to make this happen.
The adoption of 5G technology in Sri Lanka is also affected by financial and investment
constraints, as discussed in the following paragraphs with APA style references. According to
the ReadMe article (2022), the struggle due to Sri Lanka's economic problems raises questions
about the profitability of investing in 5G technology. The article suggests that the country's
economic situation may not be favorable for investing in 5G technology. Looking at the
investment requirements mentioned in the research paper (Wijesiri, R., & Meegahapola, L.,
2021), the deployment of 5G technology requires significant investments in infrastructure such
as towers, antennas and fiber optic connections. Sri Lanka's limited resources may limit this need
for investment. In terms of financial performance, the adoption of 5G technology may also affect
the financial performance of Sri Lankan telecommunications companies. According to Sri Lanka
Telecom's 2022 Annual Report (Sri Lanka Telecom, 2023), the COVID-19 pandemic has
affected the company's revenues and profits, which may affect the company's ability to invest in
5G technology. In summary, financial and investment constraints affecting the adoption of 5G
technology in Sri Lanka include financial challenges, investment requirements and financial
performance of telecommunications companies.

ReadMe. (2022, December 22). 5G in Sri Lanka: Question of feasibility amid a troubled
economy. https://readme.lk/5g-in-sri-lanka-telcos-question-amid-a-troubled-economy/

Wijesiri, R., & Meegahapola, L. (2021). Sri Lankan Mobile Broadband Future With 5G.
ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355182464_Sri_Lankan_Mobile_Broadband_Future_
With_5G

Sri Lanka Telecom. (2023). The SLT-MOBITEL proposition as it grows.

https://www.slt.lk/sites/default/files/sustainability_reports/SLT_AR_2022_Interactive
%20PDF.pdf

2.2.4

Geographical and Population Density

Sri Lanka has varied terrain, and not all areas are easy to cover. It can be tricky to provide
seamless 5G coverage in both densely populated cities and remote rural areas.
The deployment of 5G technology is affected by geographical and population density issues. The
following points discuss these issues:

According to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) (2023), 5G deployment in rural

areas can be difficult due to geopragmatic challenges due to the lack of digital infrastructure such
as towers, antennas and optical fibers. This can make it difficult to provide reliable and fast
Internet access to remote areas. Given the population density issues mentioned in the Brookings
Institution article (Wheeler, T., 2019), population density can also be a challenge for 5G
deployment. In densely populated areas, the demand for connections can be higher, which can
strain the network and lead to reduced speeds. In addition, the high cost of deploying 5G
infrastructure in densely populated areas may hinder adoption.

In summary, the challenges of deploying 5G technology in Sri Lanka are geographical

challenges such as the lack of digital infrastructure in rural areas and population density issues
such as the high cost of deploying 5G infrastructure in densely populated areas.

Federal Communications Commission. (2023). Establishing a 5G Fund for Rural America.

Retrieved from https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-23-74A1.pdf

Wheeler, T. (2019). 5G in five (not so) easy pieces. Brookings Institution. Retrieved from
https://www.brookings.edu/articles/5g-in-five-not-so-easy-pieces/

Rubik, B. (2021, October 10). Evidence for a connection between coronavirus disease-19 and
exposure to radiofrequency radiation from wireless communications including 5G.
PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8580522/
Remarks by President Trump on United States 5G Deployment – The White House. (2019, April
12). The White House.
https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-
united-states-5g-deployment/
5G technology and networks (speed, use cases, rollout). (2023, February 24). Thales Group.
https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/mobile/inspired/
5G
2.3

5G technology is the latest advancement in mobile communication that offers many advantages
and features compared to previous generations of mobile networks. These benefits include ultra-
fast speed, low latency, massive capacity, increased reliability, better coverage, energy efficiency
and better data security. 5G technology can handle multiple devices simultaneously, making it
the perfect Internet of Things (IoT) with billions of connected devices and sensors. It is also
designed to be more reliable, with fewer dropped calls or connections, which is important in
critical applications such as healthcare and transportation. 5G technology is expected to provide
faster and more reliable Internet connections, allowing more devices to connect to the Internet
and use new technologies and applications with lower latency. It is also expected to enable faster
and more efficient communication between humans and machines, leading to better collaboration
and coordination. 5G technology should enable new and better experiences in areas such as
virtual and augmented reality, games and video streaming. Despite the many benefits of 5G
technology, there are several challenges to its implementation, especially in Sri Lanka. One of
the biggest challenges is infrastructure, as the deployment of 5G technology requires new
equipment such as base stations, antennas and optical cables. The limited availability of digital
infrastructure such as towers, antennas and fiber connections in the backhaul is also a challenge.
Frequency allocation is another major challenge in implementing 5G technology, as current
spectrum policies and regulations may not be sufficient to meet 5G demand. Financial and
investment constraints affecting the adoption of 5G technology include, for example, financial
issues, investment requirements and the financial performance of telecommunications
companies. Issues related to geography and population density include the lack of digital
infrastructure in rural areas, which can make it difficult to provide reliable and fast internet
access in remote areas. Population density can also be a challenge when deploying 5G, as
densely populated areas can have a higher demand for connections, which can strain the network
and lead to slower speeds. Overall, 5G technology offers a number of advantages and features
over previous generations of mobile networks, including ultra-fast speeds, low latency, massive
capacity, increased reliability, better coverage, energy efficiency and better data security.
However, the deployment of 5G technology in Sri Lanka faces a number of challenges, including
infrastructure issues, spectrum allocation, financial and investment constraints, and geographic
and population density issues. These challenges must be addressed to ensure the successful
deployment and benefits of 5G technology. A review of the current scientific literature on 5G
technology shows that it is a pillar of digital transformation and a key growth engine for IoT and
other intelligent automation applications. The advent of 5G will open up a new world of
possibilities for every technology industry, enabling or enhancing intelligent automation across
industries. Effective interference management techniques are crucial for the sustainability and
economic viability of 5G IoT services. Nationwide, sustainable 5G networks are needed to meet
the growing demand for high-speed mobile broadband. Only fast, high-capacity, low-latency 5G
broadband networks can meet the demands of increasingly data-intensive applications. Decision
makers face complex technology and 5G economic dynamics, where decisions have significant
implications for long-term national security and economic competitiveness. Successful
deployment of 5G and continued wireless innovation beyond 5G are nationally important
opportunities.

In conclusion, addressing these challenges is essential to unleash the full potential of 5G

technology. Breaking down these barriers will not only revolutionize mobile communications,
but also pave the way for changes in everything from healthcare to transportation and beyond.