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Author Name Arka Yajoushi

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 Abstract
The fast-growing world population can be expected around 10 billion in the year 2060 as per
the survey [1]. However, for to meet the peoples demand the supply of grain increases abruptly
these years due to population. Unfortunately, the food grain is indirectly proportional to growth
in population. Food production should be improved for this reason in coming years globally [2].

The smart farming device and instrumentation will increase the number of variable
charge irrigation, Wi-Fi sensor network and actual time in subject sensing and control use
of suitable software. The entire system became developed the use of 5 in area sensor
24
stations that is used to collect all the information and send it to the base station using
worldwide positioning machine (GPS) wherein vital motion became taken for controlling
irrigation according to the database to be had with the gadget.

The device provides a promising low value wireless solution as well as faraway controlling for
precision irrigation. [4] Inside the research related to Wi-Fi sensor network, researchers
26
measured soil related parameters inclusive of temperature and humidity. All the sensors are
placed under the soil which communicates with relay nodes by using effective verbal exchange
protocol imparting very low obligation cycle and as a result increasing the life time of soil
tracking system.

Industrialization and technology have made farming more productive and sustainable than ever
11
before. The use of information technology enables farmers to monitor soil nutrients, water
levels, and provide data about their crops. Important for the farmer to be able to collectdata on
his/her fields as well as weather patterns in order to maintain a semblance of sustainability.
4
Most farming implements have equipped all the latest technologies that allow them collect data
that is essential to farm sustainability.

The advancements in the agricultural industry have made precision agriculture tools available
to the farmer. Precision agriculture gives farmers the ability can affect their crops. Examples
of these are temperature, rainfall, pH levels, etc. The data collected by these tools is invaluable
14
for maintaining healthy crops and making management decisions that are based on actual
production conditions rather than projections of current conditions.
10
IoT smart farming solutions is a device that is built for tracking the cropdiscipline with the help
of sensors (mild, humidity, temperature, soil moisture, crop fitness, and so forth.) and
automating the irrigation gadget. The farmers can monitor the sector situations from
everywhere. They also can pick between manual and automatic alternatives for taking
important actions based totally in this information. For instance, if the soil moisture degree
decreases, the farmer can set up sensors to begin the irrigation.
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
The fast-growing world population can be expected around 10 billion in the year 2060 as per
25
the survey [1]. However, the demand for food grain increases abruptly these years due to
population. Unfortunately, the food grain is indirectly proportional to growth in population.
Food production should be improved for this reason in coming years globally [2]. Figure 1
shows the overview of IoT-based smart agriculture factors.

Fig 1.1Overview of an agriculture IoT

The IoT has also recently given a strong impression of the agriculture sector with a wide range
of sensors used for various smart agriculture targets. The IoT applications are increased
exceedingly year by year.
The IoT applications are increased exceedingly year by year. Figure 1.1 show monitoring
control of IoT devices for smart agriculture. Different sensors in the agriculture sector play a
significant role in IoT technologies [3].

. Figure 1.2 IoT for smart agriculture

 11
Fig 1.3 Smart agricultural environment based on wireless sensor network (WSN).

1.1)Literature Review:
The more modern scenario of decreasing water tables, drying up of rivers and tanks,
unpredictable environment gift an urgent need of proper utilization of water. to cope up with
this use of temperature and moisture sensor at appropriate
places for tracking of vegetation is carried out in. [1]An set of rules advanced with threshold
15
values of temperature and soil moisture can be programmed right into a microcontroller-
primarily based gateway to manipulate water amount. The device can be powered by means
of photovoltaic panels and will have a duplex conversation hyperlink based totally on a cellular
Internet interface that allows records inspection and irrigation scheduling to be
1
programmed thru an internet web page. [2] The technological development in wi-fi Sensor
Networks made it possible to apply in monitoring and control of greenhouse parameter in
precision agriculture.[3]
After the research in the agricultural field, researchers discovered that the yield of agriculture
is reducing day via day. but, use of technology in the field of agriculture.
performs essential position in growing the production in addition
to in lowering the
greater guy electricity efforts. some of the research attempts are done for betterment of farmers
which gives the systems that use technology helpful for growing the agricultural yield
.A far flung sensing and control irrigation gadget using disbursed
Wi- Fi sensor community aiming for variable fee irrigation, real time in field sensing,
controlling ofa web page unique precision linear move irrigation system to maximize
the productivity with minimal use of water become evolved by using Y. Kim .
The device defined information about the layout and instrumentation of
variable charge irrigation, wi-fi sensor network and actual time in subject sensing and
control by means of the use of suitable software. The entire system became developed the
11
useof 5 in area sensor stations which collects the information and send it to
the base station using worldwide positioning machine (GPS) wherein vital motion became
taken forcontrolling irrigation according to the database to be had with the gadget. The device
provides a promising low value wireless solution as well as faraway controlling for precision
irrigation. [4]insidethe research related to wi-fi sensor network,researchersmeasured
13
soil related parameters inclusive of temperature and humidity. Sensors were placed below the
soil which communicates with relay nodes by using effective verbal
exchange protocol imparting very low obligation cycle and as a result increasing the life time
of soil tracking system. The system become evolved the use of microcontroller,
4
typical asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) interface and sensors while the
transmission became achieved with the aid of hourly sampling and buffering the information,
transmit it and then checking the reputation messages. The drawbacks of the system have
1
been its cost and deployment of sensor beneath the soil which reasons attenuation of radio
frequency (RF) signals. [5]

1.2 )Agriculture in India:

Agriculture is the primary supply of livelihood for approximately 58% of India’s population.
Gross value brought by way of agriculture, forestry, and fishing turned into envisioned at Rs.
19.48 lakh crore (US$ 276.37 billion) in FY20. share of agriculture and allied sectors in gross
price delivered (GVA) of India at modern prices stood at 17.8 % in FY20.
consumer spending in India will return to increase in 2021 post the pandemic-led contraction,
expanding through as a great deal as 6.6%.

6 5
The Indian meals enterprise is poised for big boom, increasing its contribution
6
to international meals trade every year due to its massive ability for value addition, in
particular inside the meals processing industry. Indian meals and grocery marketplace is the
arena’s sixth largest, with retail contributing 70% of the income. The Indian
meals processing industry bills for 32% of the USA’s overall grocery store, one in all the
5
biggest industries in India and is ranked fifth in terms of production, intake, export and
expected boom. Major agricultural commodities export for April 2020 - January 2021
become US$32.12billion.

1.1 Market size:

The financial Survey of India 2020-21 report stated that in FY20, the whole meals grain
13
production inside the United States of America became recorded at 296.65 million tonnes— up
by means of eleven.44 million tonnes as compared with 285.21 million tonnes in FY19. The
government has set a target to shop for 42.74 million tonnes from the important pool in FY21;
this is 10% extra than the quantity purchased in FY20. For FY22, the authorities have set a
record target for farmers to elevate meals grain manufacturing by using 2% with 307.31 million
tonnes of meals grains. In FY21, production became recorded at 303.34 million tonnes in
opposition to a target of 301 million tonnes.
Production of horticulture crops in India changed into predicted at a record 326.6 million metric
tonnes (MMT) in FY20 as in line with 1/3 strengthen estimates, an boom of five.81 million
17
metric tonnes over FY20. India has the most important cattle population of round
535.78 million, which translates to round 31% of the arena populace. Milk production within
 5
USA . is anticipated to increase to 208 MT in FY21 from 198 MT in FY20, registering a
increase of 10% y-o-y. region below horticulture is projected to upward thrust via 2.7% in
FY21.

Sugar production in India reached 26.46 MT between October 2019 and may 2020 sugar
season according to Indian sugar mills affiliation (ISMA).

India is a few of the 15 main exporters of agricultural products within the global. Agricultural
export from India reached US$ 38.54 billion in FY19 and US$ 35.09 billion in FY20.

in keeping with Inc42, the Indian agricultural zone is expected to increase to US$ 24 billion
by using 2025.

The personal sector's percentage in seed manufacturing improved from 57.28% in 2017 to
64.46% in FY21.

1.2 Government Initiatives:

Some of the recent important authorities initiatives inside the area are as follows:
 With a budget folks$ 1.46 billion, the ‘manufacturing-related IncentiveScheme
for food Processing enterprise (PLISFPI)’has been accredited to broaden n
international meals manufacturing champions commensurate with India's herbal
aid endowment.
aid Indian food brands in international markets.
 As in step with Union budget 2021-22, Rs. 4,000 crore (US$ 551.08 million)
21
was allocated towards imposing Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
(PMKSY-PDMC).
 The Ministry of meals Processing has been allotted Rs. 1,308.66 crore (US$
one hundred eighty.26 million) within the Union price range 2021-22. beneath
PradhanmantriFormalisation of
Micro meals Processing organisations (PM FME), an outlay of Rs. 10,000 crore
(US$ 1.34 billion) over a duration of 5 years from FY21 to FY25 has been
sanctioned.
 To reinforce farmer earning and boom of the agricultural economic system, the
Indian authorities launched price range in June 2021 for farm mechanisation
together with establishment of custom hiring centres, farm equipment
financialinstitution and excessive-techhubs in exclusive states.
 In April 2021, the authorities of India accepted a PLI scheme for the
meals processing region with an incentive outlay of Rs 10,900 crore (US$ 1,484
million) over a period of six years beginning from FY22.
 In November 2020, the authorities inaugurated a mega food park in Punjab
well worth Rs. 107.83 crores (US$ 14.6 million) that will be
unfold throughout over 55 acres of land.
1.3 Smart farming:

Industrialization and technology have made farming more productive and sustainable than ever
11
before. The use of information technology enables farmers to monitor soil nutrients, water
22
levels, and provide data about their crops. It has become vitally important for the farmer to be
able to collect data on his/her fields as well as weather patterns in order to maintain a semblance
20 6
of sustainability. Most farming implements are now equipped with the latest technologies that
allow them collect data that is essential to farm sustainability.

Integrated solutions are necessary for these instruments to continue collecting data.
18
Standardized protocols must be established so that they can collect the same data.
Implementing initiatives have made it easier to gather information about irrigation systems,
pesticides, plant health and soil amendments all of which play a significant role in crop
productivity. An integrative approach enables these machines to gather data by using standard
protocols.

The advancements in the agricultural industry have made precision agriculture tools available
12
to the farmer. Precision agriculture gives farmers the ability to account for environmental
factors that can affect their crops. Examples of these are temperature, rainfall, pH levels, etc.
14
The data collected by these tools is invaluable for maintaining healthy crops and making
management decisions that are based on actual production conditions rather than projections
of current conditions.
Precision farming has advanced so much so that it’s possible to use sensors to track every
plant in a field individually. These sensors are capable of monitoring plant health, soil moisture,
nutrient levels, water levels and even measure light intensity at different points on a plant
canopy. Information is collected based on the environmental conditions of the area. Information
such as light intensity, air temperature, light quality, and moisture levels are measured and
23
relayed back to a cloud based interface using low power Wireless sensor nodes (LoWPAN).
The cloud platform allows these different types of data to be combined into meaningful
representations.
The combination of standalone sensors and cloud data analytics enables farmers to optimize
yields and makes their decisions more efficient.
The IOT concept has always been vastly underestimated and is now starting to come into its
16
own in the agricultural industry. Pre-Cloud, most farm companies did not have much control
over their IT infrastructure.
 Chapter 2
IOT TECHNOLOGY & AGRICULTURE

IoT solutions are targeted on assisting farmers near the deliver demand gap, via ensuring high
yields, profitability, and protection of the surroundings. The method of using IoT technology
to make sure surest software of resources to achieve excessive crop yields and reduce
operational fees is called precision agriculture. IoT in agriculture technology contain
specialized device, wi-fi connectivity, software and IT services.
AI Intelligence survey expects that the adoption of IoT devices inside the agriculture industry
will attain 75 million in 2020, developing 20% yearly. on the same time, the global clever
agriculture marketplace length is anticipated to triple by using 2025, reaching $15.three billion
(compared to being slightly over $5 billion lower back in 2016).
Smart farming based totally on IoT technology enables growers and farmers to lessen waste
and enhance productivity starting from the quantity of fertilizer utilized to the quantity of
journeys the farm cars have made, and allowing green usage of sources along with water,
energy, etc.
10
IoT smart farming solutions is a device that is built for tracking the cropdiscipline with the help
of sensors (mild, humidity, temperature, soil moisture, crop fitness, and so forth.) and
automating the irrigation gadget. The farmers can monitor the sector situations from
everywhere.
They also can pick between manual and automatic alternatives for taking important actions
based totally in this information. For instance, if the soil moisture degree decreases, the farmer
can set up sensors to begin the irrigation. Clever farming is notably green whilst compared with
the traditional approach.
 IoT have the capability to convert agriculture in lots of elements and those are the
primary ones.
 Statistics collected via clever agriculture sensors, in this method of farm
management, a key element are sensors, manage systems, robotics, independent
motors, automatic hardware, variable fee era, motion detectors, button digicam, and
2
wearable devices. This data can be used to track the kingdom of the enterprisein
fashionable in addition to staff overall performance, equipment efficiency. The
capacity to foresee the output of production lets in to plot for higher product
distribution.
 Agricultural Drones ground-primarily based and aerial-based totally drones are
being used in agriculture that allows you to enhance numerous agricultural
practices: crop fitness evaluation, irrigation, crop tracking, crop spraying, planting,
and soil and area analysis.
 Cattle monitoring and geo fencing Farm proprietors can utilize wi-fi IoT packages
to gather records regarding the vicinity, nicely-being, and health of their livestock.
This data allows to save you the spread of disorder and additionally lowers labour
charges.
10
 Smart Greenhouses A clever greenhouse designed with the help of IoT intelligently
video display units in addition to controls the weather, getting rid of the need for
guide intervention. Predictive analytics for smart farming Crop predication perform
a key position, it allows the farmer to decide future plan regarding the
manufacturing of the crop, its storage, marketing techniques and hazard control. To
expect production charge of the crop artificial community use facts amassed through
sensors from the farm.
 This fact includes parameters together with soil, temperature, stress, rainfall, and
humidity. The farmers can get a correct soil statistics either via the dashboard ora
customized mobile software.
2.1 Application of IOT in agriculture:
8 7
Smart agriculture is a wide time period that collects ag and food production practices powered
by means of internet of things, large records and advanced analytics generation. while we talk
about IoT, we generally consult with including sensing, automation and analytics generation
to modern agricultural procedures. The most commonplace IoT programs in smart agriculture
are:
Sensor-based structures for monitoring crops, soil, fields, livestock, garage centers, or
12 8
essentially any essential component that affects the production. smart agriculture motors,
drones, self-sustaining robots and actuators. linked agriculture areas such as clever greenhouses
or hydroponics. facts analytics, visualization and management systems. Predictive modelling
and making plans.

2.1:IoT Applications in Agriculture

2.1a) Precision Farming

An statistics and generation-based totally farm control gadget identifies, analyses and manages
variability in fields through engaging in crop manufacturing practices on the right area and time
and in the right manner, for maximum profitability, sustainability and protection of the land
aid.
Despite the fact that a giant studies attempt has been expended, it's far still handiest a portion
of farmers who've practiced any sort of precision agriculture (PA) technologies gadget
approach to re-organise the full device of agriculture closer to low-input, excessive-efficiency
and sustainable agriculture.
Precision farming is an method in which inputs are utilised in particular amounts to get elevated
common yields, in comparison to conventional cultivation strategies. In India, one most
5
important trouble is the small discipline length. extra than 58 in keeping with cent of
operational holdings within the us of a have length less than one hectare (ha).
Best inside the states of Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana and Gujarat do greater than 20 according
to cent of agricultural lands have an operational maintaining size of more than 4 ha. commercial
as well as horticultural vegetation additionally display a much broader scope for PA in the
cooperative farms.
 Fig 2.3.1 A possible configuration of a smartphone-integrated precision agriculture system

Sustainable PF is that this century’s most treasured innovation in farm management that is
based totally on the usage of statistics and communique technologies (ICTs). that is the
maximum latest innovation technology primarily based on sustainable agriculture and
wholesome meals production and it consists of profitability and growing production,
financialperformance and the discount of side effects at the environment.

2.1 b) Challenges:

Research recommend academic and economic challenges as the maximum critical inside the
software of precision agriculture. a number of the variables that make a contribution to
educational challenges, loss of nearby specialists, budget, informed studies and extension
employees have extra of an impact compared to others. PA and initial prices have extra of an
impact some of the financial demanding situations compared to the other problems.
.
Why precision farming
 To boom agriculture productivity
 Prevents soil degradation
 discount of chemical utility in crop production
 efficient use of water sources
 Dissemination of cutting-edge farm practices to improve quality, quantity and reduced
fee of manufacturing
 developing beneficial attitudes
 Precision farming converting the socio-financial fame of farmers.

2.2 IoT based Architecture for monitoring and control:

There are several levels of IoT implementation. Some applications use a single node under
simple conditions and some applications use multi nodes. We are based on a multi-node level
in our architecture.
The function and its design and flow are illustrated in Figure 2. App layer includes linked
elements to collect parameter information such as pressure from the sensors and temperature.
 The weather information is gathered by node MCU which intern connected to the Raspberry
pi- module serially. It will process and submit the monitored information to cloud for analysis
and management. Data can be monitored and securely processed data is made available to the
end user.

Fig 2.1b IoT based Architecture for monitoring and control

Chapter-3
2
Remote sensing
Remote sensing is the art and technological know-how of collecting facts approximately the
19
gadgets or region of the real world at a distance without coming into direct physical touch with
the item beneath have a look at. remote sensing is a device to screen the earth’s resources the
usage of area technologies in addition to floor observations for higher precision and accuracy.
The precept at the back of remote sensing is the use of electromagnetic spectrum (visible,
infrared and microwaves) for assessing the earth’s features.
 Remote sensing plays an extensive function in crop type, crop monitoring and yield evaluation.
the usage of remote sensing is essential in the discipline of agronomical research reason due to
the fact they're enormously prone to variant in soil, weather and other physio- chemical
modifications. The tracking of agricultural production system follows sturdy seasonal patterns
on the subject of the organic lifestyles cycle of plants. these kinds of factors are pretty variable
in area and time dimensions. furthermore, the rural productiveness can change within quick
time intervals, because of unfavourable developing conditions. Tracking of agricultural systems
must be observed in well timed. remote sensing is crucial gear.

In timely tracking and giving an accurate image of the rural quarter with excessive revisit
frequency and excessive accuracy. For sustainable agricultural control, all the elements which
can be influencing the rural area want to be analysed on spatiotemporal basis.
The remote sensing in conjunction with the other advanced strategies consisting of worldwide
positioning structures and geographical records systems are playing a main function within
the assessment and control of the agricultural sports. those technology have many fold
programs in the area of agriculture which include crop acreage estimation, crop increase
monitoring, soil moisture estimation, soil fertility assessment, crop pressure detection,
detection of diseases and pest infestation, drought and flood situation monitoring, yield
estimation, weather forecasting, precision agriculture for preserving the sustainability of
the rural systems and enhancing the financial boom of the country.

Fig 3.1 An IOT sensor in action

3.1) Agricultural remote sensing big data:

Remote sensing generation has been developing with new, excessive-overall

performance sensors with better spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions. Agricultural
remote sensing is a noticeably specialized subject to generate pix and spectral facts in big extent
and excessive complexity to power selections for agricultural improvement. inside the agricultural
location, remote sensing is carried out for monitoring soil properties and crop strain for decision
aid in fertilization, irrigation and pest management for
crop manufacturing. regular agricultural remote sensing structures encompass visible-NIR (near
infrared) (0.four–1.five mm) sensors for plant flowers research, SWIR (brief wavelength infrared)
(1.five–3 mm) sensors for plant moisture research, TI (thermal infrared) (three–15 mm) sensors
for crop area surface or crop cover temperature research, and microwave sensors for soil moisture
studies (Moran et al. 1997; Bastiaanssen et al. 2000; Pinter et al. 2003;Mulla 2013).
LiDAR (light Detection and ranging) and SAR (synthetic Aperture Radar) have been enabled to
measure plants structure over agricultural lands (Zhang
and Kovacs 2012; Mulla 2013). faraway sensing is the cornerstone of modern-day precision
agriculture to comprehend site specific crop area control to account for inside-area variability of
soil, plant strain and impact of treatments.
With the speedy development of far off sensing technology, specially the use of new sensorswith
higher resolutions, the extent of far flung sensing statistics will dramatically growth with a miles
higher complexity.

Now, aprimary problem isdetermining awayto correctly extract useful statisticsfromuch huge re
cords for customers to beautify evaluation, solution questions, and solve troubles. far
flung sensing facts are a form of big facts (Ma et al. 2015). garage, rapid processing,
information extraction, facts fusion, and programs of huge remote sensing information have end
up studies hotspots at present (Rathore et al. 2015; Jagannathan 2016).
Agricultural remote sensing big information have the identical functions as
all faraway sensing huge facts.

3.2) Remote sensing data visualization:

Visualization of remote sensing facts and products are critical for users to interpret
and analyse. GIS as a platform of remote sensing facts visualization has been
growing in the last decade in four components
 Modularization:
Modular GIS is prepared of components with sure
standards and protocols.
 Net allowing:
web GIS (Fu and sun 2010) has been advanced to
publish geospatial facts for customers to view, question and analyze via net.
 Miniaturization and mobility:
Although computer GIS applications still dominate, cell
GIS clients were adopted with private virtual assistant
(PDA), capsules and smart phones.

Fig 3.2 Life cycle to address big data tasks in remote sensing applications.

Information-primarily based:
GISspatial statistics management hasbeen developed fromflat document management, file/datab
ase control, to spatial database control. Spatial facts control provides
the talents of large facts management, multi-user co-
contemporary operation, records visit permission control, and co-present day go to and systematic
applicability of database clusters.The mixing of faraway sensing facts with GIS has been
advanced inside the
and deep studying beyond
provide toptwo decades.
notch Strategies
capacity along
for higher with machine
extraction gainingstatistics
ofgeographical knowledge of
from
remote sensing records and photos. however, issues continue to be as statistics business
enterprise, set of rules production and error and uncertainty managing. With the improved
quantity and complexity of remote sensing records acquired from multiple sensors using
multispectral and hyperspectral devices with multi-perspective perspectives with the
time, new development is needed for visualisation tools with spatial, spectral and temporal
evaluation.

3.3) Use of this technology:

Human living conditions will be altered as a result of natural events and unequal environmental
changes. It is difficult to track various weather parameters by means of wired network architects
and analog device in the agricultural zone during such hazardous envy and vital situations.
Essential feature of this technique is that it benefits from real-time access dataof solar panel to
network low maintenance data storage memory like GPRS battery charging. It is very necessary
that the weather parameters of the agricultural region are determined by the
farmers who prepare their farms based on the weather conditions. Wireless network sensors
can take certain steps and problems, even in the worst case, in order to resolve a monitoring
weather parameter through wireless devices.

3.4) Wireless Sensor Network with Internet of Things:

wireless Sensor community is an development within the field of micro-

electromechanical machine era.
Wireless conversation, and virtual electronics. WSN includes sensor nodes which might be
unfold throughout a specific place and collaborate with every different to gather, method,
and speak
thru wi-fi channels about some bodily situations or environmental situations[8][9]. wi-fi
transmission at WSN makes wiring simple and the value of using wires decreases. wireless era
will get rid of 20% - 80% of the physical expenses of industrial installations[4]. The wi-
fi community with
net generation in WSN node communication is a shape of the internet of factors software which
is a form of M2M (device to gadget) conversation development thru internet conversation
[8][10]. figure 2 describes the wireless sensor network structure in standard. It includes sensing
units, processing devices, transmission units, and electricity units[8][11].

Fig 3.4 General Structure of Wireless Sensor Network

 Chapter 4
Hardware and Design

4.1 Hardware Components

4.1.1 NodeMCU ESP8266

NodeMCU is a low-cost open source IoT platform.[4][5] It initially included the firmware which
runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which was based on
the ESP-12 module. New MCU forums primarily based totally on non-AVR processors just
like the ARM/SAM MCU and used within side the Arduino Due, they had to adjust the Arduino
IDE in order that it'd be tremendously clean to alternate the IDE to assist change toolchains to
permit Arduino C/C++ to be compiled for those new processors. They did this with the advent
of the Board Manager and the SAM Core. A "middle" is the gathering of software program
additives required via way of means of the Board Manager and the Arduino IDE to assemble
an Arduino C/C++ supply record for the goal MCU's system language. Some ESP8266 fanatics
advanced an Arduino middle for the ESP8266 WiFi SoC, popularly known as the "ESP8266
Core for the Arduino IDE".
NodeMCU is an open-source firmware and development kit that helps you to prototype or
build IoT products. It consists of firmware that runs at the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC Systems, and
hardware that's primarily based totally at the ESP-12 module. The firmware makes use of the
scripting language. It is primarily based totally at the challenge and constructed at the Non-OS
SDK for ESP8266.

Fig 4.1 NodeMCU

ESP8266

4.2.2 Soil Moisture Sensor

 Fig 4.2 Soil Moisture Sensor

4.2.3 DHT11 Sensor

 Fig 4.3 DHT11 Sensor

4.2.4 DS18B20 Waterproof Temperature Sensor Probe

Fig 4.4 DS18B20 Waterproof Temperature Sensor Probe

4.2.6 Submersible Mini Water Pump

A submersible pump, also called an electric submersible pump, is a pump that can be fully
submerged in water. The motor is hermetically sealed and close-coupled to the body of the
pump.
A submersible pump pushes water to the surface by converting rotary energy into kinetic
energy into pressure energy. This is done by the water being pulled into the pump: first in the
intake, where the rotation of the impeller pushes the water through the diffuser. From there, it
goes to the surface.
The major advantage to a submersible pump is that it never has to be primed, because it is
already submerged in the fluid. Submersible pumps are also very efficient because they don’t
really have to spend a lot of energy moving water into the pump. Water pressure pushes the
water into a submersible pump, thus “saving” a lot ofthe pump’s energy.
Also, while the pumps themselves aren’t versatile, the selection certainly is. Some submersible
pumps can easily handle solids, while some are better for liquids only. Submersible pumps are
quiet, because they are under water, and cavitation is never an issue, because there is no “spike”
in pressure as the water flows through the pump.
There are a few disadvantages with submersible pumps, and two have to do with the seal. The
seals can become corroded with time. When that happens, water seeps into the motor, rendering
it useless until it is repaired. Also, that seal makes the submersible pump a bit difficult to get
into for repairs.
The other main disadvantage is that one pump does not fit all uses. Single stage pumps are used
for most home and light industrial pumping. This includes aquarium filters, sewage pumping,
or sump pumps for drainage. Multiple stage pumps are used for anything underground, such as
water wells or oil wells. Also, pumps are made to work with thin liquids like water, or thick
ones like sewage.Caution must be used with submersible pumps; they must be fully submerged.
The water around a submersible pump actually helps to coolthe motor. If it is used out of water,
it can overheat.

Fig 4.6 Submersible Mini Water Pump

4.2.7 12V LED Strip

Fig 4.7 12V LED Strip

4.2.8 7805 Voltage Regulator

Voltage regulator like IC7805 belongs to the 78xx series ICs. In the 78xx series, xx represents
the fixed output voltage value and 7805 is a fixed linear voltage regulator. Batteries provide a
voltage of 1.2V, 3.7V, 9V, and 12V. This voltage is good for the circuits which voltage
requirements are in that range. The regulated power supply in this regulator is +5V DC.

The 7805 voltage regulator is a three-terminal voltage regulator IC. In various applications, a
7805 voltage regulator with a fixed output voltage is used. The availability of this is through
various packages like SOT-223, TO-263, TO-220, and TO-3. Among this, TO-220 is the most
used one. There are many important features in the 7805 IC.

Minimum external components are enough for functioning

 1.5 A of current can be delivered in this 7805 IC

 It has internal current limiting features
 It also consists of thermal shutdown features.

Fig.4.8 7805 Voltage Regulator

Pin1: Input

This is an input pin and the voltage range should be between 7V to 35V. an unregulated voltage
is applied to this input pin for regulation. The pin will receive its maximum efficiency at 7.2V
input

Pin2: Ground

Pin2 is the ground pin, it means the ground is connected to this pin. Input and output are
common to it.

Pin3: Output

Pin3 is the output pin, where the regulated output is taken by this pin. It is about 5V(4.8V to
5.2V)
Here Energy is exhausted in the form of heat In IC 7805 voltage regulator. The heat released
is the input and output voltage difference. If the difference is less in between input voltage and
output voltage, the heat generation will be low and if the difference between the input and
output voltages are high, the more heat is generated. Due to this heat malfunction occurs even
without a heat sink.

4.2.9 TIP122 Transistor

 It is a Darlington braces NPN transistor. It works like an ordinary NPN transistor, but as it
consists of a Darlington pair it has a decent collector current assessment of nearby 5 amperes
and it’s gain is around 1000.
 This transistor is famous for its higher gain of current which 1000 and it uses higher current
at collector which is 5 amperes.
 Due to its higher gain of current and huge collector current (IC), it is used in such loads
which use higher current and its uses for such submissions which required higher
amplification.
 This transistor consumes less voltage only five volts across base and emitter, therefore, it
can be effortlessly organized bya Logical expedient such as a microcontroller.
 Though precaution has to do to check if the logic expedient can supply up to 120 mA.
 So, a transistor which can be effortlessly organized by a Logical expedient to modification
high power consuming loads or to intensify higher current then this transistor can be a
perfect option for our solicitations.

Fig 4.9 TIP122 Transistor

4.2.10 Resistor (4.7K, 10K)

Fig 4.10 Resistor4.7K Fig 4.11 Resistor 10K

4.2.11 Capacitor (0.1µF, 10 µF)

Fig 4.12 Capacitor 0.1µF Fig 4.13 Capacitor 10 µF

4.2 Circuit Design

Here we have used 4 sensors i.e. DHT11, DS18B20 sensor probe, LDR and Soil Moisture
Sensor, one 12V LED Strip, 12V water pump, 7805 voltage regulator, and two TP122
transistors to control Led strip and water pump. 7805 is used to get the regulated 5V from
the 12V adapter, DHT11 sensor is used to get the temperature and humidity readings. The
DS18B20 sensor probe is used to get the soil temperature and a soil moisture sensor is used
to read the Soil moisture so that the water pump can be turned on/off automatically.
4.3 Assembling of the Hardware Components
 Chapter 5
Conclusion
This project gave me the chance to learn new technologies and work with new tools, this wasa real
proof that AUI has taught us to be long-life learners and to master self-learning beforeteaching
us other class materials. Of course, this project is a combination of what I learned from all my
computer science classes, the programming languages, the database systems andthe engineering
process that is important in any engineering project, all together with what Ilearned from other
disciplines and also by myself about IoT and the use of Arduino helped me to build an embedded
system. In general, the project was successful and worked properlyand succeeded in delivering
the prototype on due time. I am proud and happy for this achievement especially that this is my
first real big theoretical and practical project. It enabled me to get concrete results and to realize
that I can indeed build products that would be beneficial in real life and that I can customized
upon demand as future projects.

Future work: For future work there are many features to develop or add to the prototype:
• Adding a Mobile Application for Android to make it easier to access data remotely and
wheredata can be stored easily.
• Develop an IOS version of the previous application
• Add other Arduino components or increasing sensors for more features, and to fetch
moredata that can be collected.
• Add an artificial intelligent system to predict the production of goods.
• Integrating a GPS module to enhance this Agriculture IoT Technology to full-
fledgedAgriculture Precision ready product.

5.1 FUTURE SCOPE

This concept has so much promise that it has the ability to revolutionize the way we look at two-
wheelers. In the future, this idea might be tested on a real two-wheeler so that other functions,
such as a voice assistant or a screen wiper that could wash the screen continually while riding in
the rain, could be added to the project. Furthermore, if possible, the controller might be replaced
by a smaller controller or a chip to lower the size of the project. Similarly, the sizes of the other
components might be lowered to take up less total area. To increase the cooling effect, a more
powerful fan might be utilized instead of the one used in this project.
5.1 TIMELINE OF THE PROJECT
 3
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