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GENARATION OF SYNTHESIS GAS FROM
PALM TREE FRUIT AND SORGHUM HUSK
WASTE
1
USING A UPDRAFT GASIFIER
E. NAGARAJU*, G. VENKATESH** , Dr. R. MEENAKSHI REDDY*** , K. JAYASIMHA REDDY****
*M Tech Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, G Pullareddy Engineering College,

Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.

**Assistant Professor, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, G Pullareddy Engineering College,

Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.

***Associate Professor, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, G Pullareddy Engineering College,

Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.

****Assistant Professor, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, G Pullareddy Engineering College,

Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT
2
From an initial stage the automation in the gasification process has undergone digit of barriers. The relative cost
3
and fossil fuels accessibility ascertain the focus and research in gasification. The analysis has been focused on the
1
measurement of synthesis gas production from palm tree fruit and Sorghum husk working a updraft gasifier. The intention
4 1
of this research is to explore the performance of the gasifier and the gas generation rates of biomass materials such as palm

tree fruit, Sorghum husk, corn waste, caster husk. From the experimental study it shows that Maximum gas flow rate

produced for Palm tree fruit material due to its high calorific value when compared to others.

KEYWORDS: Calorific Value, Caster Husk, Palm tree fruit waste material, Corn Waste, Sorghum

Husk, Gasifier Production Rate, Gasifier Efficiency.

1. INTRODUCTION

Petroleum products that are in huge necessity these days are being exhausted rapidly. Similarly

their burnable thing were causing major issues in the world such as Ozone layer exhaustion, corrosive

downpours and contamination that are causing high risk to our life and put an end on our planet. So it

is important to create an efficient fuel for the most known fuel such as oil, diesel and LPG. In this

project, we have explained that maker gas is another elective fuel produced by biomass gasification
5
methods. It is known that the initial cause of demand use of setup innovation is Gasification according

to 1830. Midst World War II, It seems that biomass gasification framework was seen in almost all
1
places of the world that control vehicles to ensure proper transport running everywhere. Maker gas is

produced from biomass methods by using a device called Gasifier. The most common crude material

is wood chip and other waste from wood industry, palm tree fruit waste material, civil strong waste,

and corn waste material etc. Biomass is the fourth biggest root of strength on the planet and similarly it

is an inexhaustible rich and is most eligible for supporting the generation of hydrogen later on.

Biomass can be handled from various points of view that include few thermo substance and organic

procedures such as gasification, pyrolysis, hydrolysis & maturation to push use gases, fluids and

solids. There are two powerful change capacities such as Pyrolysis and gasification that produce

hydrogen rich gas from biomass. Additionally steam changed or gone through an impetus to create
6 1
higher virtue floods of gas. In addition the pyrolysis and gasification process can be advanced to

explore the gas yield, fluids or roasts.

7
In the gasification procedure, the components in each stage have been used to produce the
1
hydrogen. The gasification procedure modifies the natural material into CO, CO2 and H2 gas. The

procedure is majorly utilized on mechanical products to measure age of power from fuel. Also the

gasification flow into city and the plant operators that transform waste which is dangerous have the

chance to preserve asset and also have chance of breaking point risky outflow procedure The
8
motivation behind this testing is to produce the synthesis gas in the updraft type established bed
 1
gasification shell. The executed of the updraft type established bed gasification shell is assessed as far
6
as the piece of syngas and the rate of CO production. In addition to the pyrolysis and gasification
1
process condition can be advanced to explore the gas yield, fluids or roasts.

2. MATERIAL TO BE USED

The Gasification of biomass and palm tree fruit material was performed in an updraft type activator.

Biomass and palm tree fruit material with different structures were placed in an initial stage

pyrolysis reactor and this mixture was pyrolyzed at a higher temperature. It was analyzed with

biomass and double synthesis with palm tree fruit material. The high unstable substance is

classified with the higher tar development contrasted with other feedstock like biomass and coal. A

component of asphalt arranged particularly its estimation condition in palm tree fruit gasification

fundamentally varies to these of coal and biomass for several parts because of diverse piece of

volatiles checked in the pyrolysis step. Biomass can be managed according to alternate points of

view including both thermo substance and normal strategies, for example, gasification, pyrolysis,

hydrolysis and improvement to push use gases, fluids and solids. Pyrolysis and gasification are two

major modifying systems to make H2-abundant gas from biomass, which may be however, steam

modified or experienced a catalyst to gain higher righteousness surges of gas. The restraint of waste

from palm fruit tree by gasification forms has been tended to following broad scope of procedures

and seeking after manufacture of union gas that has different combination and probable

applications. However a some analysis of gasification with biomass and palm tree fruit waste

material has been completed. In these examinations, direct gasification is the most focused one with

elective inciting a gas bring about modestly low warming quality.

Biomass Material Representation

Gasification of Biomass Material Before:

 Figure 1: Caster Husk. Figure 2: Palm tree fruit

Figure 3: Sorghum husk. Figure 4: Corn waste material

After Gasification of Biomass:

Figure 5: Ash of Caster Husk. Figure 6: Ash of palm tree fruit.

 Figure 7: Ash of sorghum husk. Figure 8: Ash of corn waste

3. CHEMISTRY OF THE GASIFICATION PROCESS

Drying Zone

Main procedure of this zone is wood searing. Wood that enters into gasifier consists of dampness

substance of 11–32%. Any observation has been performed on many gasifiers in various dilemma.

They were appeared in a normal and the dew framed is 5–9% of heaviness of volatized wood. In

addition to that some natural acids exhibited during a drying procedure. These acids offer rising to the

disintegration of gasifiers.

Pyrolysis Zone
9
Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials, like- biomass in O2 unavailability. Since no
7
oxygen is available the material doesn’t combust but the chemical compounds which create the

material thermally decay into flammable gases and charcoal. Wood pyrolysis is an astounding cycle
1
that is yet not appreciated. The things rely upon the temperature, weight, home time and warmth

adversities. Moreover subsequent common comments may be prepared related to them. Till the

temperature of 2000C just water is expelled. In the range of 200°C to 280°C CO2, acidic corrosive and

liquid is emitted.

10
A genuine pyrolysis that change in the range of 282°C to 505°C generates huge amounts of

asphalt and gases constituting CO2. In addition to light tars, little methyl liquor was framed. Between

505 0 C to 7050 C gas creation was less and consists H2.

 Combustion Zone (Oxidation Zone)

The chemical reaction in those flames obtains within a narrow zone many micrometers broad. This

combustion zone is usually called blaze front. Suffusion of ignited mixture with an inert gas, like He

or N2, decreases the temperature and subsequently the reaction rate. The combustible substance of a

strong fuel is typically prepared of components such as C, H2 and O2. Incomplete ignition CO2 is
1
explored from the C in fuel and water is driven from the H2. The burning response is enzyme

canalized and produces a hypothetical tarnishing temperature of 450°C.

CO+ C = CO2 (+ 392.2MJ/kg mole)

O2+2H2 = 2H2O (- 243.5 MJ/kg mole)

Reduction Zone

The adulterant depletion zone (warm zone) is the conversion area among the omission and support

zones. This area is where polled enter and exit omission zone and where decontamination activities

occur. The consequences of fragmentary consuming (water, carbon dioxide and un-combusted to a

limited extent split pyrolysis things) as of now go through a strongly hot charcoal bed where the going

with decline reactions happen.

CO+ C= (- 168 MJ/kg mole) (3)

H2O+C = CO + H2 (- 125.9 MJ/kg mole) (4)

CO + H2O = CO + H2 (+ 44.2 MJ/kg mole) (5)

C + 2H2 = CH4 (+ 78.3 MJ/kg mole) (6)

CO2 + H2 = CO + H2O (- 44.5 MJ/kg mole) (7)

Responses (3) and (4) are fundamental decrease responses and since these are heat absorbing,

they have the ability to decrease the gas temperature. Thus the temperatures in depletion zone are

often 800–1000°C. Lesser the decrease zone temperature (~700–80°C), lesser is the calorific

estimation of gas.

4. PROTIONARY DESIGN:
 Figure 9: Manufactured of Updraft Type Gasification Process.

The reaction assembly is constructed with the span of 60 cm and breadth of 35 cm at the 1.5 mm depth
of the iron pane. The segment connected to the reaction span to stirrer channel is with the distance end
to end of 60cm. The tropical storm conduit designed 30 cm and distance across of 20 cm, the cone-
shaped tool of mini-dia of 4 cm and its higher dia 20 cm. And also sufficient division held up middle of
the stirrer channel and scrubber cleanser tank at the length of 40 cm and is connected with the support
of G. I funnel. The scrubber tank arranged at 40 cm deign and its diameter 20 cm. Though, we calculate
11
the gasification ability and gas formation rate, gas out flow rate with the help of gas out flux organizer
and load checking as per system of roar figure.
Experimental Procedure

The examination process contains the associated advantages. At the first gasification reactor was heated
1
to 4520c and previously the temperature was offset first stage transformation reactor was warm to 4440c
with the heated rang of 40 0c/min. As the protoplasm and palm tree fruit wastage matter decompose
start at the response chamber at a superior temperature Chamber is write-down with the biomass matter
and artificial waste material wastage at a sensible amount and by providing warmth.
There will be a division of particle to precede the burn variety of the gas. This is departed through the
12
tropical storm channel and there is a capability to withdraw from the tar content in the gas with the
support of twirl movement of aggressive storm channel. Once the gas is shifted out through the
 13
scrubber kind of cleanser tank so as to drive out the residue molecule in gas content. Next to
Extended previous, the biomass and artificial waste material is taken that contain the CO2 and H2 this
is called maker gas.

Figure10: Experimental Setup of Updraft Gasifier

Figure 11: Line Diagram of Updraft Type Gasifier

Components of the Manufactured Gasifier:

Reaction Chamber

Reactor is basically encased chamber simply a enthusiastic tank to intense the palm tree fruit or any
1
material with burning temperatures in spite of beyond full ignition Theirs need great wind stream the

base and need a part to remove debris likewise at the base. This is cultivated by Reacting the material at

high temperatures without start with a controlled Amount of oxygen and steam The ensuing gas mix is

called syngas or e producer gas and itself a fuel. It is most pressing piece of the gasifier.

Cyclone Channel

The cyclone channel reducing is a technique for expelling granules from air, gas or fluid flow,

without the utilization of channels, via swirl detachment. When removing granules issue from

liquid, a hydro vicious breeze is used while from gas, a gas twister is used. Logical impacts and

attraction is utilized to isolate blends of solids and liquids. This strategy can likewise be utilized to

discrete fine beads of fluid from a vaporous flow.

Scrubber System
14 1
Scrubbers frameworks are differently that can be used to gases from streams. Scrubbers are one of the
14
primary devices that control gaseous emissions especially acid gases &vent gases.

Figure 12: Reaction Chamber. Figure 13: Cyclone Channel.

 Figure 14

Figure 15: Gas stream Meter. . Figure 16: Control Valve.

Gas Stream Meter

A flow meter is thing stream meter, utilized to gauge the capacity of fuel gases, ex: flammable gas and
1
melted oil gas. Flow meters are utilized in private, business, and modern structures which expend fuel

gas provided by a flow utility. Gases were higher hard to gauge to fluids, in light of the fact that

deliberate capacities are profoundly indicated by temperature and weight. Flow meters measure a

epitomized capacity, paying little heed to the persuaded amount or nature of the flow coursing via the

meter. Temperature, pressure, warming worth pay should be created to gauge genuine total calculated.

Control Valve

Control valve is a device. It is signal taken from the controller. The controller produces comparisons

actual gas flow rate to the desire flow gas value, causes the set point value. A control valve power

operated device used to regulate of flow of fluids such as gas, water & stream. It is a critical part of

controller for example Final controliment. The controller operated electrically, pneumatically and

hydraulically. The classes of control valve are liner & rotary. The linear control valve operated by up &
down motion. Rotary motion valve almost all cases rotate 900c from the open to the close position.

. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The excited is led with various biomass material are Palm tree fruit, Sorghum husk, Corn waste and

Caster husk waste material individually. The limits of the gasification method for all recently given

biomass not really settled and delayed under the seemed table 1and table 2.

Table 1: Results of Gasification Process specifications1

Material Gas Flow

Material Description
Sl. No Quantity Rate in (m3/hr)
(MJ/m3) (hr)

1 Palm tree fruit waste material 30.64 2.241

2 Sorghum husk 18.30 1.994
3 Corn waste 16.5 1.654
4 Caster husk 16.16 1.321

Table 2: Results for Gasification Process specifications2

CV of Producer Quantity of Gas Gasification Surface Zone

Specific Gas Production
Gas Rate Produced in Efficiency Temperature
(m3/hr/m2)
(MJ/m3) (kg) (%) (0c)
10.54 5.92
Reduction Zone 342
13.2 Pyrolsis Zone 229 63.5 Combustion Zone = 452
Drying Zone 124
9.49 4.93
Reduction Zone 338
7.5 Pyrolsis Zone 225 50.2 Combustion Zone = 448
Drying Zone 121
7.87 4.34
Reduction Zone 331
6.62 43.53 Combustion Zone = 442
Pyrolsis Zone 223
Drying Zone 117
6.29 4.12
Reduction Zone 326
5.47 35.1 Combustion Zone = 444
Pyrolsis Zone 218
Drying Zone 114
Graphical Representation

Figure 17: CV Value (vs.) Gasification Efficiency. Figure 18: Gas Production (vs.) Biomass

Material.

Figure 19: Gasification Efficiency (vs.) Biomass Material.

CONCLUSIONS

 The experiment is managed on Gasifier by utilizing updraft gasifier various substances such as
 Palm tree fruit, Sorghum husk, Corn waste, Caster husk waste Material, by utilizing

constructed Updraft Gasifier and their efficiencies, Gas production rate are determined.

10
 Palm tree fruit Material produced the Highest Gas Production rate (10.54 m3/hr/m2),

Gasification Efficiency (63.5%) and gas flow rate (2.241 m3/hr) due to high calorific value of

palm tree fruit when compared to other material

 Caster husk Material produced the Least Gas Production rate(6.29 m3/hr/m2), Gasification

Efficiency (35.1%) and Gas flow rate (1.321 m3/hr) due to low calorific value of caster husk

when compared to other.

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