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 Surname 1

Summer Project – II

On

“INDIVIDUALISM AS THEME IN THE PRE-MODERN ERA WITH

SPECIAL REFERNE TO THE ALCHEMIST BY PAULO COELHO”
22 8
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree of BA Hons
1
English

Submitted By: Supervised By:

SAMRIDHI RASTOGI MS ADA DEV

A7706120001 ASSISTANT PROFFESOR

Amity Institute of English Studies and Research

AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH

India
 Surname 2

(ii)

DECLARATION

Date: DD/MM/YY

I, Samridhi Rastogi, student of Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) in English of Amity

Institute of English Studies and Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, hereby
declare that I have completed the Non-Teaching Credit Course on “Individualism
1
as a theme in the pre modern era with special reference to The Alchemist by Paulo
Coelho” in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) in English.

I declare that it is an original work and has not been submitted so far in part or in
full, for the award of any other degree or diploma of any University or Institution.

(Samridhi Rastogi)

<A7706120001 >
 Surname 3

(iii)

AMITY UNIVERSITY

--------------UTTAR PRADESH-------------

Amity Institute of English Studies and Research

Date:

CERTIFICATE

This <NON TEACHING CREDIT COURSE > titled <INDIVIDUALISM AS A

12
THEME IN THE PRE MODERN ERA WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE
ALCHMIST BY PAULO COELHO > submitted by <SAMRIDHI RASTOGI >,
1
Enrolment No. <A7706120001 >, of Amity Institute of English Studies and
Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of < Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) in
English>, is an original work and has not been submitted so far in part or full, for
the award of any other degree or diploma of any University or Institution.

This <NTCC > may be placed before the examiner for evaluation.

MS ADAA DEV DR. KUMKUM RAY

ASSISTANT PROFESOR Head of Institution

 Surname 4

(iv)

Acknowledgment

5
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my
3
advisor Prof Adaa Dev for the continuous support in my study and research,
for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. Her
guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this report. I
could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor.
Besides my advisor, I would like to thank Prof Rohit Yadav for introducing
5
me to this topic and the rest of my faculty for guiding me through the
course of this paper.
I’m extremely grateful to my Head of Institution, Dr Kumkum Ray for her
everlasting encouragement and insightful comments. I thank my fellow
23 18
classmates for helping me in the completion of this report. It would not
25 19
have been possible without the encouragement and inspiration that I derived
from their words.
 Surname 5

CONTENTS

Serial Page Remarks

No. Contents No.

1 American Theme Individualism 1

2 Introduction to The Alchemist 3

3 Themes of ‘The Alchemist’ in relation to the central theme 5

of Individualism

4 Individualism in ‘The Alchemist’ 7

5 Evident use of Individualism in the book 8

6 Individualism in Literature 10

7 Conclusion 12
 Surname 6

Individualism as a theme in the Pre-Modern

Era
12
with special reference to
‘The Alchemist’ by Paulo Coelho

1. American Theme-Individualism

An American topic that is seen in different works of writing is

individuality. It is communicated in three different artistic works from
Frost, Chopin, and Paine. These works of writing help us in fostering a
receptive outlook about what the American public ought to anticipate in
the public eye. The three elements revolved around the three primary
subjects of individuality — autonomy, mature self-responsibility, and
uniqueness.
Following others doesn't direct us in any capacity since it doesn't consider
us to communicate our deepest sentiments. All through these three
elements, Individualism is communicated in different ways. Even though
every one of the three works truly do outline the possibility of
Individuality, Paine appears to move towards it another way. As we talk
about Frost, his poem “The Road Not Taken”, is an adroit hopeful
endeavour to delineate the conundrum of through and through freedom.
The focal thought of Frost's poem is independence. He shows that being
13
his own individual makes life such a great deal less troublesome in light of
the fact that he can act the manner in which he might want to without
stressing over every other person. Frost shows us that we ought to all
communicate our sentiments and be our own individual self, regardless of
whether or not the other person will follow. He followed the way that no
24
other person did "and that has made all the difference."
The topic of Individualism is available in a few of Ralph Waldo
Emerson's works. It was likewise his philosophical perspectives on the
most proficient method to carry on with life. He accepted that individuals
had momentous capacities, beyond what they might perhaps recognize.
With these capacities an individual ought to oversee themselves, not be
 Surname 7

represented by a general public. Emerson likewise accepted that nature

assumed a huge part in how man ought to act and to follow nature's
activities of developing without obstacle ("Nature"). To this end he drove
the Transcendentalism movement in the nineteenth century, alongside
7
Theodore Parker, Frederic Henry Hedge, Amos Bronson Alcott, Margaret
Fuller and Henry David Thoreau (Lewis). This way of thinking was not
just huge then, it was imperative throughout times in history.
An idea vital to Literary Modernism is Individualism. Individualism
respects the convictions, needs, prosperity, and achievements of a solitary
individual over those of others and of society. This ties into the Modernist
subject of valorisation of the person. By confiding in themselves and not
adjusting to other people, characters are chivalrous despite a future they
have zero control over. Individualism and Modernism, together, enlivened
and keep on moving the works of the past, present, and future. The
individualistic qualities in Self-Reliance, The Great Gatsby, and True Grit,
show their connection to Modernism. These works from previously,
during, and after Modernism, catch a fundamental and central quality to
the period. Individualism had a tremendous impact in the works of
Modernism and the pioneer perspective on the person.
 Surname 8

2. Introduction to the ‘The Alchemist’

The Alchemist is an exemplary novel wherein a young boy named

Santiago leaves on an excursion looking for treasure in the Egyptian
pyramids subsequent to having a recurring dream about it and in his
journey, he meets tutors, falls head over heels, and in particular, learns the
genuine significance of what his identity is and how to work on himself
and spotlights the important things throughout his everyday life.
In the book by Paulo Coelho, Santiago is a modest shepherd whose wants
are not many, he needs to be allowed to wander with his sheep, to have
6
some wine in his wineskin and a book in his sack. Destiny mediates, be
that as it may, as the repetitive dream of an extraordinary fortune stowed
away a great many miles away at the foundation of the Egyptian
Pyramids. At the point when Santiago meets Melchizedek, a strange wise
man who claims he is a king from a distant land, he chooses to look for his
17 16
fortune. The following day, Santiago sells his sheep and leaves to Africa
to seek after his fantasy.
After showing up in Africa, however, it becomes obvious that things won't
be just about as simple as he suspected. The first day Santiago is in
Tangiers a while, he is looted and left totally alone, unaware of even the
basics of Arabic. At first Santiago mulls over surrendering and quitting.
He recollects the expressions of the old man, however, and chooses to
continue finding a new line of work at a nearby local crystal shop. In the
wake of working at the crystal shop for a year, finding out a lot of about
existence and about his Personal Legend, Santiago brings in sufficient
cash to purchase another group of sheep and get back.at the very last
minute, however, Santiago chooses to take a chance with everything and
join a caravan to Egypt.
Once in the troop, Santiago meets an Englishman who has come his entire
way to Africa to look for a famous alchemist. As they travel through the
desert, the Englishman informs Santiago concerning the privileged
insights of Alchemy. Santiago views the Englishman's thoughts similar to
7
Melchizedek's. The two of them discuss a Soul of the World to which we
are undeniably associated and of the need of leaning on our instinct's
actual cravings or our Personal Legend. Santiago, in any case, likes to
 Surname 9

2
become familiar with these mysteries by noticing the world, while the
Englishman likes to gain this knowledge from complex books. While they
travel, they start to hear rumours about a soon approaching tribal war. At
4
the point when they at last show up at the Al-Fayoum oasis, the home of
the nominal Alchemist, Santiago meets a delightful young lady named
2
Fatima with whom he promptly becomes hopelessly enamoured and falls
in love with her. He finds that affection, similar to the Personal Legend,
comes straight from the Soul of the World. While strolling in the desert,
Santiago has a dream of a forthcoming fight. He surges back to caution the
older folks at the desert garden and, when his vision is affirmed, they offer
him a position as a counsellor. Santiago considers remaining at the Oasis
4 2
with Fatima; however, the Alchemist finds Santiago and lets him know
that he will lead Santiago to his fortune.
Now on the move again, the Alchemist trains Santiago to pay attention to
26 2
his heart. He tells him that hearts can be tricky, yet the most ideal way to
hold them back from tricking you are to eagerly pay attention to them.
Nearly to the pyramids, Santiago and the Alchemist are taken prisoner by
a fighting clan. The Alchemist lets the tribesmen know that Santiago is a
strong and talented magician who can transform himself into the wind.
The tribesmen are intrigued hearing this and offer to let them go in the
event that Santiago can make it happen. The main issue is that Santiago
has no clue about the thing he is doing. Following three days of thinking
7
and meditating, Santiago utilizes his insight into the Soul of the World to
2
request that the elements help him. First, he asks the desert, then he asks
the wind, then he asks the sun and, at last, he requests the Soul from the
World. Right away, the wind approaches, and Santiago vanishes and
returns on the opposite side of the camp.
The Alchemist takes a leave from Santiago, who forges ahead to the
Pyramids. When there, Santiago is chased and attacked by robbers. Asked
4
what he is doing there, Santiago answers that he had a fantasy of a fortune
covered at the foundation of the Pyramids. One of the robbers’ snickers at
27
him, and says that he has had precisely the same dream, but in his dream
the treasure was located in Spain. Santiago understands that the fortune
was back in Spain the whole time. The story then hops forward in time
and finds Santiago digging an opening at the foundation of the tree where
he had his most memorable dream. Sufficiently sure, he finds a trunk
loaded with gold-enough for himself and Fatima to live comfortably for
quite a while.
 Surname 10

3. Themes of ‘The Alchemist’ in relation to the

central theme of Individualism

1) Personal Legend
15
The most prominent theme in The Alchemist that revolves around
Individualism is the possibility that every individual has a "Personal
28
Legend" — a sort of ideal destiny or fate — and that every individual can
pick the choice about whether or not to seek after that legend. Towards the
start of the novel, the protagonist Santiago is sent off on a journey for his
fortune — his Personal Legend, through his experience with Melchizedek,
an insightful elderly person. Melchizedek is a Biblical figure, yet with
regards to the novel, he says that he shows up at crucial points in time
when an individual may be abandoning chasing after their Personal
Legend. Melchizedek clarifies for Santiago that all individuals know their
Personal Legend in their childhood, however they fail to remember this
Legend as they age since they are dazed and obstructed by dread,
uneasiness, and other common worries. At times even beneficial things,
like love, hinder an individual chasing after a Personal Legend, as nearly
happens to Santiago when he considers remaining forever with Fatima in
the desert garden.
The novel emphatically recommends that the decision to seek after the
Legend is altogether up to the individual, the result is in every case better
when the Legend is accomplished. However, as Santiago acknowledges
close to the furthest limit of the novel, this life improvement comes not
such a great amount from the straightforward accomplishment of the
Legend, yet rather from the reason and commitment that quest for the
Legend provides for one's day to day existence. It just so happens,
Santiago was actually near his fortune all along, yet his excursion to arrive
at the fortune was extended in both time and distance. Without the
excursion, nonetheless, Santiago could never have realized all that he did,

met individuals he met, or experienced passionate feelings for. Santiago

additionally understands that to bite the dust while in quest for one's
Personal Legend lightens the frightfulness of death. There is "rightness" to
being on the course to one's Legend, despite the fact that the excursion is
difficult. The book contends that deciding to seek after one's Personal
 Surname 11

Legend is the main decision every human will make. Individualism is

brought out by this very factor. As we observe that Santiago is yet to make
decisions about his life and the journey he has started, we also observe his
reaction for things and people to be of his own and unhindered by the
opinions and thoughts of the people around him. The decision to leave
behind a comfortable and happy life in the oasis with Fatima was his own
and so was the decision to risk his entire life based on a dream and the
words of a strange wise man and leave for Africa.

2) Maktub
"Maktub" is an expression previously utilized by the crystal merchant who
employs Santiago, and later it is taken on by different characters,
including Santiago, the camel driver, and Fatima. The expression
signifies, "It is written," and it is utilized by these characters to
communicate their conviction that a few things are "intended to be."
Rather than having confidence in a God with a variable will, these
characters trust in a relentless, general arrangement behind all things. This
was their own decision; their individuality is brought out by their faith in
something of someone, in this case ‘Maktub’. And even in the novel, the
possibility of "Maktub" is never introduced as problematic to the
through and through freedom of the person in deciding to look for their
Personal Legend.
The idea of "Maktub" frees a few characters of the uneasiness of
independent direction and risk taking. For instance, the camel driver's
confidence in the ways of world, which he accepts are "written," assists
him with showing Santiago why passing need not be dreaded. The camel
driver makes sense of that passing is basically a reality, something
composed, and its shock and fear disappears when one lives at the time
without nervousness over what can't be changed. Fatima likewise utilizes
the expression "Maktub" to make sense of her confidence in Santiago and

their affection for one another. That's what she trusts assuming she and
Santiago are planned to be together, he will get back to her. This relieves
her from the uneasiness of his departure, since she believes that what is
"written" will happen. On the off chance that he doesn't return, it is on the
grounds that their affection was not planned to be everlasting and valid.
 Surname 12

Individualism being the consistent theme and driving force of the story is
apparently visible in all sub-themes of the story. The characters and the
decisions these characters make in this story are always their own and
born out of their belief.
 Surname 13

4. Individualism in ‘The Alchemist’

As per The Alchemist, Personal Legends act as the main means by which
an individual can carry on with a wonderful life. Truth be told, the
universe can accomplish flawlessness on the off chance that all regular
things persistently go through a pattern of accomplishing their Personal
Legend, developing into a higher being with another Personal Legend, and
afterward chasing after that new objective. This idea, that the
individualistic quest for a Personal Legend exists as life's prevailing —
maybe just — otherworldly interest, lies at the focal point of the
remarkable philosophy of The Alchemist. As we see when Santiago
should surrender his rush and leave Fatima, material achievement and
even love poses problems to Santiago accomplishing his Personal Legend
and should be deferred or overlooked through and through. The
individuals who put off their Personal Legends, like the crystal merchant,
endure lament and neglect to encounter the riches and different blessings
that the universe gives to the people who follow their Personal Legends.
In the novel, even alchemy, the focal symbol of the book, involves
cajoling metal to accomplish its very own Legend to transform into gold.
10
Accordingly, the possibility that all people should live in the particular
quest for their singular dreams arises as the central and the most consistent
theme of The Alchemist.
 Surname 14

5. Evident use of Individualism in the book

1) "Anyone who interferes in the destiny of others will never

discover his own."
Along Santiago's excursion, he starts to understand that everybody should
seek after his/her Personal Legend in his/her own unmistakable way. This
example is outlined by the Englishman, who is seeking after his Personal
Legend through convoluted books of Alchemy. Santiago understands that
however this may not be his way or the way he would pick, it is regardless
a genuine way. He chooses to not get influenced by the Englishman and
puts trust in his faiths and beliefs. He respects the Englishman for his way
20
of collecting knowledge about the world but rather than copying him, he
6
sticks to his ways for collecting knowledge and that is by meeting people
and real-life experiences.

2) "Love never keeps a man from pursuing his personal legend. If

he abandons that pursuit, it's because it wasn't true love."
The Alchemist articulates these words to Santiago concerning the
sentiment with Fatima. This statement consequently flags a significant
turning point in the novel, the second at which Santiago should pick
between the transient joys of his love affair and his visit in the oasis and
the waiting mission to accomplish his Personal Legend. What the chemist
recommends is that genuine affection accompanies the Personal Legend
also; genuine romance won't ever disrupt the general flow. Fatima has
previously repeated this perspective in her asking Santiago to proceed
with his mission. Coelho in this manner places a meaning of adoration as
inseparably connected to (and maybe compliant to) an individual's
singular objectives throughout everyday life and one's acknowledgment of
oneself.

3) "In order to arrive you must follow the signs. God inscribed on
the world the path that each man must follow. It is just a
matter of reading the inscription he wrote for you."
The idea of a universal language spoken by all creation is a significant one
in The Alchemist. This language shows itself in signs introduced
 Surname 15

essentially. Coelho highlights his idea of a widely inclusive solidarity,

tying language (ordinarily viewed as a curiously human personnel) to the
remainder of nature. The world is itself a text, loaded with implications to
be unravelled and instructed.

As per The Alchemist, Personal Legends act as the main means by which
an individual can carry on with a satisfying life. The, as a matter-of-fact
universe can accomplish flawlessness in the event that all regular things
persistently go through a pattern of accomplishing their Personal Legend,
developing into a higher being with another Personal Legend, and
afterward seeking after that new objective. This idea, that the
individualistic quest for a Personal Legend exists as life's prevailing
profound necessity, lies at the centre of the one-of-a-kind religious
philosophy of The Alchemist. As we see when Santiago should forfeit his
run and leave Fatima, material achievement and even love has boundary to
Santiago accomplishing his Personal Legend what's more, should be
postponed or disregarded by and large.
The people who put off their Personal Legends, like the gem trader,
endure lament and neglect to encounter the success and different blessings
that the universe presents to the people who follow their Personal
Legends. In the novel, even speculative chemistry, the significant image of
the book, involves persuading metal to accomplish its very own Legend to
10 29
transform into gold. Subsequently, the possibility that all people ought to
live in the solitary quest for their singular dreams arises as a definitive
topic of The Alchemist. The novel firmly shows that albeit the decision to
seek after the Legend is completely up to the individual, the outcome is
generally better when the Legend is achieved. However, as Santiago
acknowledges close to the furthest limit of the novel, this life progression
comes not really from the basic victory of the Legend, yet rather from the
reason and commitment that quest for the Legend provides for one's
ordinary life. Towards the end of the original pursuers come to realize that
Santiago was actually near his fortune all along, however his excursion to
arrive at the fortune was extensive in both time and distance.
 Surname 16

6. Individualism in Literature

Among the creators who investigate the idea of individualism are Ayn
Rand, Charlotte Gilman and Margaret Atwood. The characters in the
literary works of such authors reflect how the pursuit for individualism
can be hindered with the occurrence of love.
Rand's tragic book called Anthem investigates the tempestuous period
where humanity is compelled to reside with the unforgiving difficulties of
mindlessness and collectivism, and the disappointments of communist
upbringing and financial matters. In Anthem, a young man named
Equality winds up in a secret passage, separating himself from an anti-
individualistic culture and acknowledging how much comfort and
isolation suit him. However, his quest for individualism is being disturbed
by the Golden One, a beautiful peasant young lady whom he considers as
an important component in his eyes.
In Gilman's novel named Herland, three brave companions venture into
an all-female land called Herland and its ladies denied of social real
9
factors of the advanced world and the commitment of manliness to their
maternal prosperity.
Atwood's novel, The Handmaid's Tale presents to pursue the quest for
individualism in a Puritan society laid out utilizing remains of war.
Atwood investigates how love can redefine and impact an individual's
quest for human respect in The Republic of Gilead that deters the pursuit
for independence and legitimizes subjugation.
Individualism in Herland is an original that sees ladies in a segregated
land become captivated with the magnificence and secret of this present
9
reality where there is a feeling of congruity and acknowledgment for
gentility and manliness. One of the characters in book, Moadine, certifies
such interest to the cultural settings of the genuine world by pronouncing
how awesome and remarkably gorgeous man's human progress should be
expected to the incalculable commitment of science and innovation. It is
obviously showed that Moadine, being one of more seasoned ladies who
21
shows the three men in the lifestyle of Herland, has fallen into the problem
of the Utopian culture of the advanced world. Moadine’s interest on the
 Surname 17

humanized methods of man which ladies in Herland are being denied with
turns into a road for them to enter in the baffling country of the three men.
Arthur Miller’s ‘Death of a Salesman’, the hero, Willy Loman exhibits the
idea of individualism. All through his life, Willy attempted to turn into a
fruitful money manager and demonstrate that he could give a superior life
to his children and himself. He was reluctant to take cash from his
neighbour and take the exhortation of his significant other to resign. Willy
had deeply felt convictions that he ought to work till the day he covered
his last bill. He rejected help from individuals encompassing him, in light
of the fact that as Americans we esteem self-sufficiency. Albeit this is a
shocking story of a man who neglected to assume command over his life,
it imparts the possibility that independence is a significant worth in
America's way of life.
In ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ written by Mark Twain, where
one of the subjects is by all accounts the contention among society and the
person. In the start of the novel, we see that Huck essentially raises
himself and depends on his impulses to direct him through his life on
Earth. Subsequent to understanding this part of Huck's character, we can
distinguish the advancement of Huck as a person that is beyond social
orders' preferring. We figure out later in the book that Huck's own
impulses will generally hold him in a higher moral norm than those of
society. Huckleberry's choice to assist with liberating Jim, a known slave,
14
is one of the numerous models how Huck pursues his own decisions and
keeps up with his independence.
 Surname 18

Conclusion

Individualism is one of the most wondrous subjects in the field of writing

and literature as a result of its commitment to the quest for human pride. It
is an ethical position and a philosophical idea which puts accentuation on
the ethical worth and the preeminent and inborn worth of individuals.
Literature has ended up being a source for an artist’s own meaning of
individualism. Because of the way that such a philosophical idea is related
with such countless parts of life including society and culture and
workmanship, creators have committed more than adequate time in
utilizing this independence of individualism imaginatively while showing
social mindfulness and lifestyle.