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Submission Information

Author Name Dr.G.Monika

Title EFFECT OF COCONUT OIL AND PALM OIL ON ENAMEL
REMINERALIZATION-AN IN VITRO STUDY
Paper/Submission ID 1633507
Submitted by monikaganesan10@gmail.com
Submission Date 2024-04-13 08:47:04
Total Pages 23
Document type Dissertation

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INTRODUCTION

In most people, dental caries, a chronic oral disease that impact individuals all over the globe,

develops slowly. Demineralization, the gradual loss of tooth surface minerals as a result of acid

erosion, is the underlying cause of this condition1. According to current scientific consensus,

dental caries is a complex infectious illness triggered by a biofilm that adapts to its

surroundings, including tooth, pellicle, and saliva, via variations in pH. In people of all ages, it

poses a significant challenge to achieving and maintaining good oral health, making it a serious

general wellbeing concern.2

3
The World Health Organization noted that, despite significant gains in the oral health of

populations in a number of nations, the worldwide issue of oral illness continues. According to

the World Health Organization, neglecting one's dental health may significantly impact one's
1
overall health and quality of life. Additionally, there is a correlation between many oral

disorders and chronic diseases. According to the World Health Organization's Global Oral

Health Status Report (2022), over 3.5 billion people around the globe are impacted by oral

disorders. Remarkably, middle-income nations account for three quarters of those afflicted.

Caries affects almost 2 billion adults and 514 million children worldwide, mostly affecting the

permanent teeth. As the world becomes more urbanized and people's living conditions change,

the prevalence of the primary oral disorders is also rising3.

The acidity of the saliva around the tooth eventually reaches a threshold where it is no longer

supersaturated, and additional reductions in pH cause the mineral to dissolve. This range of pH

values, known as "Critical pH," varies from person to person based on their saliva composition

and often lies between 5.2 and 5.54.

When bacteria in the mouth grow a biofilm on tooth enamel and after that make contact with

fermentable carbs in food, it throws off saliva's natural defenses. The hydroxyapatite layer on
the surface of teeth loses calcium and phosphate particles when the pH drops below 5.5. This

process is known as demineralization5.

When the pH of the enamel is 5, it forms early lesions with a porous subsurface and an

undamaged surface.The fast decrease in pH that may lead to demineralization of enamel was

shown graphically by Dr. Robert Stephen. It takes 30-60 minutes to get back to the usual pH

range of 6.3-7.0, as shown by Stephen's curve6. The presence of buffering saliva causes ions of

calcium and phosphate to hasten onto the tooth surface, allowing remineralization to take place

at this stage7.

Enamel is acellular and avascular, making caries in enamel a distinct phenomenon. Porous and

crystallized with high concentrations of carbonate, water, and magnesium, the enamel surface

is at its most active during eruptions. As demineralization and remineralization progress and

recede, the surface enamel's chemical composition and structure become more amorphous. In

cariogenic environments, the surface resistance of the tooth, which is supplied by the

maturation of the enamel after eruption, could not be sufficient to avoid the evolution of a

caries lesion. A caries sore creates when the demineralization of a tooth's surface outperforms

the mineral trades between the surface gems and their outside environment.8

An early white-spot lesion known as demineralization develops under the enamel's surface

layer in cases of enamel caries.9. A white-spot lesion is a kind of non-cavitated carious injury

that has progressed to the point where alterations in the optical characteristics of enamel have

occurred due to net subsurface mineral loss. As a consequence, the surface of the enamel

appears white.10

Remineralization, in which anti-caries agents replenish the mineral content of tooth surfaces

via their own unique processes, is a viable option for reversing demineralization. The term

"remineralization" refers to the natural process by which demineralized enamel's crystal gaps
are filled with calcium and phosphate particles, bringing about a net mineral increase that

enhances the tooth's appearance, strength, and function while preventing more dental cavities.

Before the demineralization of the lesion's subsurface can take place, the surface of the lesion

might remineralize, obstructing the communication pathways.

A partly demineralized subsurface lesion may form when a mineralized layer forms on top of

healthy enamel, making it more resistant to destruction.11. As a reversible process,

remineralization is an option when it comes to the development of incipient enamel lesion,

provided that favorable parameters are met.12

Fix of the injury and anticipation of future sore development may be achieved by tactics that

alter the tissue's balance towards mineral uptake, opposed to standard therapy.13. Overcoming

fast pH reductions in the dental biofilm and keeping a steady climate that might uphold

microbial homeostasis is the key to informed caries treatment.14 Several modern remineralizing

agents are on the market. These include those that include fluoride, bioavailable calcium

phosphate, and casein phosphopeptide-indistinct calcium phosphate.15. Pastes, topical

fluorides, and methods and formulations based on synthetic calcium phosphate may all alter

the oral microenvironment with ions of calcium and phosphate. If the pH of the surrounding

environment is high, remineralization of the tooth might occur. available remineralizing

specialists incorporate "Casein Phosphopeptide - Nebulous Calcium Phosphate"in its whole

form CPPs are peptides that are created when casein is digested by Tryptic enzymes; they are

phosphorylated. In Meta solution, ACP nanoclusters don't become big enough to nucleate and

precipitate because CPP phosphoryl residues attach to them. The localization of ACP in dental

plaque, which cradles the exercises of free calcium and phosphate particles, keeps a state of

supersaturation in regard to tooth veneer, and hence, CPP-ACP nanocomplexes inhibit

demineralization and enhance remineralization.16

Advanced Technology for Amorphous Calcium Phosphate A two-stage delivery mechanism is

part of the ACP technology to keep the phosphorous and calcium components from reacting

with one another prior to usage. The salts that provide the necessary amounts of calcium and

phosphorus in this are dipotassium phosphate and calcium sulfate. An ACP precipitate that

may settles onto teeth surfaces is the result of mixing these two salts. As it dissolves into saliva,

the precipitated ACP may aid in remineralization.17 Bioglass, also known as bioactive glass, is

made of sodium calcium phosphosilicate. Sodium, calcium, and phosphorus particles are

delivered when bioactive glass comes into contact with spit. Hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA)

is immediately formed by these ions upon release. Even after the principal application, they

cling to the tooth surface, delivering particles that help in remineralization.18 The calcium

habitats in tri-calcium phosphate are ready to react with fluoride and the enamel on your teeth.

It is structurally similar to hydroxyapatite, which is found in tooth enamel. In order to avoid

the calcium and fluoride from reacting too quickly, TCP takes precautions to safeguard its

calcium surroundings. Saliva activates the electric field-induced remineralization process in

enamel by releasing TCP's calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions, which the enamel may then

use to strengthen its structure. Thanks to electrophoresis, this method was able to accomplish

this goal even when calcium phosphates and their counterparts were not detectable.19. Xylitol,

a non-fermentable sugar alcohol derived from xylan-rich hardwood, has anticariogenic

properties because it inhibits plaque's capacity to create acids and polysaccharides and because

it inactivates S. mutans. Consumption of these gums increases saliva production, which in turn

increases the body's capacity to cradle acids, and their high mineral substance supplies the

minerals needed to remineralize teeth.20.

Biomimetic restoration using nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAP) is possible because it is both

biocompatible and bioactive, making it a viable alternative to the natural mineral component

of enamel. Acciar crystals of nano-HA undergo remineralization when they acquire

filled in micropores and defects on demineralized surfaces when they settled onto tooth enamel.

The end effect is an improvement in enamel hardness and a reduction in enamel surface flaws
1
and cavities.21 Caries did not become a major public health concern until the thirteenth century.

The trio of sucrose, civilization, and caries was defined by Keene et al22. There was a lack of

knowledge about the pathological mechanism behind caries in earlier times. In addition to

synthetic substances, our food contains a number of natural ones that aid in remineralization

and the maintenance of salivary pH homeostasis.23

Because of its effectiveness against many different types of harmful bacteria, propolis has as

of late acquired a great deal of consideration as an antibacterial agent. Organic acids, phenols,

enzymes, vitamins, and minerals are the main components of propolis. The active ingredient

in propolis has the potential to suppress bacterial growth and glucosyltransferase activities.

One possible explanation for propolis' cariostatic effects is the high concentration of fatty acids

it contains, which inhibit the acid generation and acid tolerance of streptococci that cause

caries.

Scientific research has shown that extracts from Gala chinensis (GCE) may improve

remineralization and prevent demineralization. It is possible that gallic corrosive aides store

more calcium particles on a superficial level layer of dental caries lesions by acting as a

transporter for calcium ions. Various polyphenol chemicals make up GCE; one or more of them
4
may act as a barrier to stop the lesion surface from being coated with calcium ions. The next

step was to block the surface layer from remineralizing, which allowed additional calcium ions

to get through to the lesion body. In order to improve the remineralization process, another

study found that gallic corrosive impacts and partakes in the formation of hydroxyapatite, while

also controlling the crystal structure and shape.

Polyphenols are the primary components of green tea that are thought to have beneficial effects.

There have been reports that the polyphenols in green tea may stop the development of some

harmful bacteria, such as Staphylococcus mutans and Staphylococcus sobrinus. Green tea

without sugar, when rinsed out of the mouth for a brief timeframe, may significantly reduce

the levels of S. mutans, an essential bacterium that causes caries both directly and indirectly,

in the saliva and plaque.

Some have found success using grape seed extracts (GSE) as an anti-parasitic. Some believe

that the proanthocyanidins in GSE are the active ingredients that prevent tooth decay. Promotes

remineralization of dental cavities via GSE. Mineral deposition on the lesion's surface may be

aided by GSE. In addition to its antioxidant characteristics and antibacterial action, the

combination of GSE and fluoride demonstrated strong antiplaque effects.

Extract from the coffee bean hindered the development of S. mutans and prevented the biofilm-

induced demineralization of dental enamel. Bacterial lysis and calcium release into the media

are thought to be the mechanisms of action by which C. canephora acts.

Fruit flavonoid hesperidin protected bovine dentine collagen against proteolytic degradation.

Another finding suggests that hesperidin may help with remineralization by making dentine

lesions less vulnerable to acid-dependent demineralization.Due to the low cost of these

commercially accessible items, conventional methods that are more difficult to get are

preferable.
The ancient Indian technique of oil pulling is a folk treatment with a long history. When done

consistently and according to the instructions, it is said to treat over 30 systemic disorders.

Many individuals are turning to alternative and traditional medicine as a solution to the

problems caused by conventional pharmaceuticals and dental hygiene products. Toxins like

chemical, bacterial, and environmental pollutants are drawn out of the bloodstream and

expelled from the body via the tongue when oil pulling is done. Salivary enzymes are activated

during this process. So, oil pulling is a full-body detox and cleanse. One counterargument is

that blood toxins cannot cross the mouth mucosa since it is not a semipermeable barrier. While

refined oil may also "pull" germs, viruses, and protozoa out of the mouth, cold-pressed organic

oils like coconut, sesame, and sunflower oils are more effective. Oil pulling is best done using

cold pressed oils rather than commercial oils extracted from powerful petroleum-based solvents

since cold pressed oils do not contain trans fats. According to historical records, sesame oil is

the best oil to use during oil pulling.

There is also evidence of oil pulling using olive oil, milk, mango, and gooseberry extracts.

Gingivitis caused by plaque may be lessened by using sesame oil or sunflower oil. The

antifungal action of chlorosesamone is found in the root of the sesame plant, Sesamum

indicum. The polyunsaturated fatty acids in sesame oil also help to lessen the damage that free

radicals may do to the oral mucosa. Oil pulling produces antioxidants that destroy microbes by

damaging their cell walls. Oils like these can tie to the lipid bilayer of bacterial cell membranes,

drawing them in.

The process of oil pulling increases the oil's surface area and emulsifies it. Emulsification of

oil starts after 5 minutes of extracting the oil. Coating the teeth and gums with this oil prevents

germs from clumping together and causing plaque to develop. This eliminates the oral cavity

of the germs that cause foul breath, gingivitis, periodontitis, and dental cavities. The gums stop

bleeding, are healthier, and turn pink.

Chapped lips, dry throat, and other similar symptoms may be alleviated with oil pulling as well.

When you accomplish exceptional dental hygiene, your teeth will grow whiter, your breath will

become fresher, and the muscles and jaws in your mouth will become stronger. Reduce tooth

discomfort, stabilize movable teeth, accomplish robust oral hygiene, and avoid dental caries,

gingivitis, oral candidiasis, and periodontitis by taking out excess oil from your teeth after each

meal. It is said that oil pulling, when done on a daily basis, may revitalize the senses, energize

the intellect, and clear the head. Additionally, it helps with anorexia, dry skin, blurred eyesight,

poor taste, and a sore throat.

Oleic corrosive is the principal part of olive oil, which is 70% monounsaturated fatty acids. In

addition to vitamins A, E, and K, it includes phytosterols, squalene, and phenolic chemicals

found in plants. These ingredients work against microbes, modulate the immune system, and

neutralize free radicals. It is believed that using olive oil for oil pulling might keep bad breath

at bay.

Sesame oil's detoxifying, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties are due to sesamin and

sesamolin. It stops lipid peroxidation as well. Staining may occur with prolonged usage of

mouthwashes that include phenols and stannous fluoride. The organoleptic properties of
5
stannous and zinc salts are also problematic. There have been claims that it may treat systemic

disorders and has systemic health advantages beyond just keeping teeth clean.

The coconut tree, which is revered as a tree of life in old texts, is a natural source of many

plant-based remedies, one of which is coconut oil. Since it is edible, coconut oil is a mainstay

in the cuisine of many nations. Edible and widely accessible, coconut oil is rich in medium

chain fatty acids (MCFs), which have antimicrobial and antibacterial properties that help keep

dental diseases at bay. The saponification index of coconut oil is high. The lauric acid in it may

combine with the bicarbonates and sodium hydroxide in saliva to produce a sodium laureate-
like substance that acts as a cleanser and prevents plaque from sticking to teeth. For optimal

oral health, lauric acid is a must-have due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and cavity-

preventing capabilities. This is on top of the fact that it tastes great. Coconut oil is effective

against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans due to its antibacterial properties. Coconut

oil is not only a safe emollient and moisturizer, but it also possesses antibacterial qualities.

Unlike chlorhexidine, which may cause brown stains and changes in taste perception, coconut

oil has no such side effects.

Sodium lauryl sulfate is a typical component of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis). Patients with

gingivitis who used palm oil pulling as an additional form of oral hygiene treatment had better

gingival health and a lower S. mutans count. The free fatty acid content of crude red palm oil

(11.4%), red palm olein (0.1%), and palm oil (0.1%) are as follows. As a rich source of pro-

vitamin A carotenoids, red palm oil has a stellar reputation. A lot of people use it as a dietary

supplement since it helps with vitamin A deficiency condition, which is a prevalent health

problem. compounds derived from palm oil that are vital for the proper functioning of dental

paste. Dispersants, which are chemically driven alternative names for palm oil, are often

employed in many industries. One of the most frequent substances generated from palm oil is

sodium lauryl sulfate, which has antimicrobial properties.[15].

As a result, the study's need lies in the fact that oral medical services and the anticipation of

dental caries continue to be pressing issues, and the study's authors propose a more natural,

alternative approach. Both palm and coconut oil are proved to have antibacterial effect but

there is less evidence to prove its remineralization property. Hence, the motivation behind this

exploration was to inspect the invitro impacts of palm and coconut oils on enamel

remineralization.
HYPOTHESIS

RESEARCH QUESTION:

Is there any remineralization impact of coconut oil and palm oil on enamel surface?

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

There is a remineralization impact of coconut oil and palm oil on enamel surface.

NULL HYPOTHESIS

There is no remineralization impact of coconut oil and palm oil on enamel surface
AIM – The motivation behind this study is to assess the remineralization capability of palm

and coconut oils on enamel.

OBJECTIVE-

• Utilizing scanning electron microscopy to assess the remineralization effect of coconut

oil on the outer layer of enamel.

• To use scanning electron microscopy to determine palm oil's remineralization impact

on enamel surface
2
• Utilize scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the relative efficacy of coconut oil

and palm oil in remineralizing enamel.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

• STUDY DESIGN- The results of an in vitro investigation

• STUDY SETTING- Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences

• STUDY DURATION-6 months

• ETHICAL CLEARANCE-The Institutional Ethical Committee was provided with a

summary of the proposed study. The study might proceed after receiving the green

light from the institution's board of directors after a thorough evaluation.

(KIDS/IEC/2023/II/006) (ANNEXURE I)

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA:

INCLUSION CRITERIA

• The therapeutic extraction of first and second premolar teeth from the mandible and

maxilla was included.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

• Restored premolar tooth

• Tooth induced with dental caries and enamel defects

• Tooth with other dental anomaly (Attrition, Abrasion, white spot lesion)

• Presences of crack

• Root stump

• Incisor and Molar tooth are excluded

SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE

G-Power software version 3.0.10 was used to calculate the sample size using the following

parameters: (ANNEXUREII):

Test family – t tests

• Statistical test –Means: differences between two

Independent means (two groups)

• Type of power analysis – Prior to: calculate what is needed Determine the sample size

by considering the power, effect size, and α.

 Alpha (α) 0.05

 Effect size d -1.2
 α err prob -0.05
 Total sample size -24 (rounded to 30) 15 in each
group.

The overall predicted sample size was 24 once all inputs were provided. In order to maintain

15 in each group, it was rounded off to 30.

MATERIAL USED
  First and second permanent maxillary and mandibular Extracted premolar teeth.

 Sodium hypochlorite (5%) ( Puri Hospitality Solutions Gurgaon)

 Diamond saw

 Silicon carbide bur (1200 and 1400) (Allmuis)

 A demineralizing solution (5 liters) made by MERCK SPECIALITIES with 2.2

millimoles of calcium chloride dehydrate (CaCl2.2H2O)

 This MERCK SPECIALIST solution contains 2.2 mM KH2PO4 and 50 mM

CH3COOH of acetic acid.

 Saliva substitute that contains 2.200 g/l of gastrin and 0.38 g/l of potassium hydrogen

phosphate and 1.114 g/l of potassium chloride (NANO CHEMAZONE) with 0.381

g/l of sodium chloride and 0.213 g/l of calcium chloride is called artificial saliva.

 Coconut oil, sometimes known as parachute coconut oil, is a remineralization

solution. Natural palm oil (Ruchi gold palm oil)

ARMAMENTARIUM

 Diamond discs

 Fine grit silicon carbide discs (1200 grit)- (3M ESPE)

 Cutting lathe-(SUGUNA)

 Vernier calliper (AEROSPACE DIAL CALIPER)

 PH meter (ELICO)

 Weighing balance (K. RAJ INSTRUMENTS)

 Acrylic resin (DPI RR COLD CURE)

 Micro motor with straight angled hand piece. [NSK]

 Glove (SURGIC CARE)

 Mask (DYNA MEDICAL FACE MASK)

SPECIAL EQUIPMENTS USED

• • The TESCAN VEGA 3 is a high-performance analytical scanning electron microscope

(SEM) that can operate in both low-vacuum and high-vacuum modes. In low-vacuum

mode, it uses a LaB6 filament and achieves a best resolution of 2 nm at 30 kv. It comes

with a TV camera for watching in the chamber, a transmitted electron detector, and an

outstanding panchromatic detector that can detect light in the range of 185 to 850 nm. An

X-Max 50 silicon drift EDS system from Oxford Instruments, together with INCA and

Aztec software, is installed on the TESCAN VEGA 3. It can handle x-ray count rates of

over 500,000 cps and quickly produce maps and profiles of x-ray element distribution.

. METHODOLOGY:

I SAMPLE PREPARATION

1.STORAGE OF TOOTH

A set of thirty healthy, crack-free, maxillary and mandibular permanent premolars were

obtained. After collecting the teeth, they were ultrasonically cleaned to eliminate analytics and

tissue flotsam and jetsam. Sodium hypochlorite (5%) was then applied to the teeth to eliminate

any stains or bacterial residuals. The teeth were then put away until the study was conducted.

2.ENAMEL BLOCK PREPARATION

• A diamond disk was sliced in half and used as a decoronation for the teeth. The vernier

calliper was used to measure the dimensions before the preparation of the 4mm×4mm enamel

blocks began. Polymethylmethacrylate resin was used to implant these blocks. The capability

of virgin coconut oil, milk, and water for subsurface veneer remineralization was investigated
in a January 2019 study by Siti Fatimah Rahamat et al. in Materials Today Proceedings

16:2238-2244 DOI:10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.116.

II.SOLUTION PREPARATION AND REMINERALIZATION TREATMENT

• The demineralization solution was prepared in laboratory setting (The Anna

University). A demineralization solution comprising 2.2 mM calcium chloride

dehydrate (CaCl2.2H2O), 2.2 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), and 50

mM acetic acid (CH3COOH) was used for 7 days to submerge the prepared thin enamel

specimen. The pH of the solution was 4.01. Neither the solution nor any stirring was

done throughout the demineralization interval. The capability of virgin coconut oil,

milk, and water for subsurface polish remineralization was examined in a January 2019

concentrate by Siti Fatimah Rahamat et al. in Materials Today Procedures 16:2238-

2244 DOI:10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.116.

• Baseline was be assessed after Demineralization by Scanning electron microscopy.

• Randomization of enamel specimen is done by computer generated Randomization.

III.REMINERALIZATION TREATMENT

• Remineralization cycle (coconut oil, palm oil) with agent application for 2 minutes

using a micro brush on enamel surface. Over the course of 14 days, the remineralization

cycle occurred twice daily. Using scanning electron microscopy, the impact of

remineralization was evaluated on the fourteenth day.

IV.MICRORADIOGRAPHY

• After that, a scanning electron microscope (SEM-TESCAN) was used to examine the

specimens via contact micrographs

V.OUTCOME

The baseline (after demineralization) and post-test effect (at 14th day) of coconut oil and palm

oil were assessed using Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis (SEM -TESCAN), Scanning

process and image formation A spot of 0.4 nm to 5 nm in measurement is engaged onto the

electron pillar by one or two condenser lenses. The electron beam's energy usually ranges from

0.2 keV to 40 keV.

STATISTICAL PROCEDURES:

Statistical analyses were conducted using the following methods: -

1. gathering and presenting data

2.Statistical Analyses

1.Data compilation:

A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was used for the methodical compilation of the data gathered.

Graphs and tables were used to display the data, which was then separated and distributed

sensibly.

2.Statistical Analyses:

A personal computer running the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS version 20,

USA) was used to conduct the statistical analyses. To determine whether the data was

statistically significant, the researchers used the designated statistical test. Statistical

significance is defined as a p-value less than 0.05.

RESULTS
After comparing the groups' means on the pretest and posttest, the statistical analysis of the

current research revealed that coconut oil and palm oil significantly differed in their ability to

remineralize enamel. Within each group, we used matched t-tests to look at pre-and post-test

results, and we compared means using unpaired t-tests.

The mean scores at baseline for Group I (coconut oil) & Group II (Palm oil) were 3.9 ± 1.4;

3.1 ± 1.8 respectively .and showed no statistical differences between two groups (P = 0.2).

The 14th day saw an average score of 2.9 ± 1.6 for Group I and 3.8 ± 1.7 for Group II, with
no statistically significant differences between the two groups (P = 0.2).
The mean scores for Group I ( coconut oil) at baseline and 14 th day were 3.9 ±1.4 ,3.1±1.8

separately and showed no statistical differences ( P=0.1) The mean scores for Group II ( palm

oil) at baseline and 14 th day were 2.9 ±1.6 ,3.8±1.7 respectively and showed no statistical

significant differences at baseline & 14 th day ( P= 0.4)

DISCUSSION:

It is possible for teeth with partly demineralized HA crystals to remineralize and return to their

previous size since demineralization is a reversible process.46. Enamel, which is composed of

the phosphate-based mineral HA, dentine, which is composed of collagen, and living tissues

make up teeth, which are composites similar to bone.47–49 But what really differentiates teeth

from bones is their structure and where they're located.50 Teeth are unlike any other mineralized

tissue in its ability to withstand localized demineralization due to their constant exposure to

oral fluids, food, and bacteria.51,52 The protective enamel covering the whole surface of the

teeth is primarily responsible for this resistance. R.53,54 Chemical demineralization of teeth

occurs when teeth are attacked by acids in two main ways: first, by ingesting acidic foods or
drinks, and second, by microbes in the mouth.55 All of the matrix components, organic and

inorganic, dissolve chemically after an acidic attack or a typical demineralization system. Due

to their high water content, polish and dentine permit corrosive to diffuse into teeth and mineral

content to dissolve.56

The natural process of tooth remineralization involves building a new surface on top of the

crystal remains left in subsurface lesions following demineralization. This happens in cases

when the lesion is not cavitated57. This process involves adding calcium and phosphate ions

from plaque and saliva to demineralized tooth zones that are low in crystals. The end outcome

is a net increase of mineralization. In the mouth, free F− ions may help bring calcium and

phosphate particles into the gem structure, prompting the production of fluorapatite, a mineral

that is very resistant to acidity.58.

There are a number of agents on the market that include fluoride, bioavailable calcium and

phosphate, CPP ACP, nano hydroxyapatite, and self-gathering peptide that might potentially

remineralize enamel59. Preventative measures may be taken in a variety of ways; some of them

include using fluoride-rich rinses or pastes, tooth creams, or rinses that boost the oral

availability of calcium and phosphorus ions. them ions are crucial for regulating the rate of

enamel disintegration and remineralization.60. The remineralizing effectiveness of traditional

oil on the subsurface of enamel is not well understood at this time.Consequently, SEM analysis

2
was used to determine how effective coconut oil and palm oil were in remineralizing enamel.
A common household staple is coconut, scientifically known as Cocos nucifera. Coconut is an

ingredient in a wide array of culinary products. The increased levels of vitamins and minerals

that are vital to the body's overall wellness provide this great nutritional value. Phosphorus,

calcium, and potassium are the main minerals that may be found in raw coconut milk. Also, at

an estimated 800 mg, the calcium content was among the highest.61 The fresh coconut kernels

used to make virgin coconut oil have not been chemically treated in any way, and the final

product has no added chemicals or additives. Saturated acids make up 92% of his oil, with

lauric acids accounting for around 50% of that total.62

Because of its high nutritional value, cheap production cost, and great productivity, palm oil is

the second most consumed vegetable oil in the world63. It has shown promise in terms of health

due to its high concentration of tocotrienols. Tocotrienols provide antioxidant protection for

cell membranes from oxidative damage and enable effective penetration into tissues with

saturated lipid layers.64. Vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols, phytosterols, and triglycerides

are the main components of palm oil, which likewise contains unsaturated fats, for example,

palmitic, myristic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids.65

When it came to remineralizing enamel, the present research found no statistically significant

distinction between palm oil and coconut oil. There is no genuinely huge contrast in the mean

worth of coconut oil and palm oil when compared within the same group. Before and after

treatment, Siti Fatimah et al. examined the subsurface calcium and phosphorus levels in the
enamel using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Virgin

coconut oil, coconut milk, and coconut water may be able to remineralize enamel66, as there

was a significant difference in the treatments when compared as a whole.This might be because

the lauric acid in coconut oil is what really does the cleaning and plaque reduction when it

mixes with the sodium hydroxide in saliva when you rinse.Coconut oil may have had a

cleansing effect, enabling direct contact of the enamel with saliva, however in this case, the

demineralization of the enamel was done without microorganisms, therefore there was no

plaque on the enamel surface. 67

Because of its lipophilic components and the tocotrienols' capacity to diffuse into the lipid layer

of the cell membrane, palm oil was found to protect initial enamel remineralization to a lesser

extent, according to a study by Franciny Querobim et al. that assessed the oil's impact on

remineralization using surface hardness results.68.

The variations in the findings of this research might be explained by the fact that conventional

oil is used at a higher concentration. This oil may not be able to lower the enamel's

remineralization potential, which could result in a higher level of immersion of calcium and

phosphate particles relative to hydroxyapatite.

STRENGTH

 The remineralizing material such as coconut oil and palm oil are natural and natural

 Economically accessible

 It is low cost

 • It's very nutritious, including more of the vitamins and minerals the body needs, and

it's easy to swallow, making it a great dietary addition.

 Protected against acid assault and bacterial adherence, it has a hydrophobic character.It

establishing effective preventive and therapeutic agent for other oral health conditions.

 Demoineralization and remineralization may be evaluated in vitro utilizing a variety of

techniques. Surface micro hardness, polarized light microscopy, DIAGNOdent, surface

electron microscopy with enhanced detection capabilities, and scanning electron

microscopy are five of the most used techniques.In order to achieve better outcomes

throughout the remineralization process, it is prudent to quantitatively quantify the

progressions in the mineral substance of the damaged tooth areas. A popular method

was scanning electron microscopy. To quantify the quantities of minerals in a tooth

sample, a microanalytical approach is used. Topographical photos are provided by

SEM, which is used to evaluate surface changes in enamel.

LIMITATIONS

 A research laboratory was used to conduct this investigation under controlled settings.

 Long term effect of Remineralization process of oil was not considered.

CONCLUSION

Prevention of dental caries and treatment of poor oral health continue to be challenges in the

current day. However, research into novel, commercially viable dental products has been

ongoing. This study offers a more natural and organic substitute. Given its wealth of resources

and affordability, it is advantageous to carry out more research on coconut oil & palm oil.

This invitro research on enamel remineralization has several limitations, however it does

suggest that:

1. There is not significant potential remineralizing effect in both coconut oil and palm oil

2. coconut oil can be considered with mild remineralization due to the decrease in voids.

3. The scanning Electron Microscopy demonstrated significant in enamel remineralization

between coconut oil and palm oil; nevertheless, in contrast to palm oil, coconut oil

displayed a lower void reduction.

4. It has been demonstrated that these two substances can encourage remineralization of

enamel