Small -Scale Fisheries and Yield of Coral Reefs in

Malalison Island, West Central Philippines:

Implications for a Community-Based Coastal
Fishery Resource Management

A m ar, E. C., Cheong, R. MT., and Cheong, M. V. T.

Aquaculture Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Philippines

ABSTRACT
Fish landings in Malalison Island on west central Philippines were monitored from February 1991 to
January 1992 to determine the fishing gears employed, the predominant species caught, the catch per unit effort
(CPUE), and the yield from the coral reefs. A total o f 494 fishing operations were recorded; fishing was
monitored only during spring tide periods. CPUE (kg man-hr-1) by gear was 1.10 fo r spear guns, 1.43 fo r spear
guns with compressor, 0.43 for set gill nets, 2.37 for 'drive-in' gill nets, 1.15 for drift gill nets, 0.67 fo r hook and
This content was requested by yhptirol@asu.edu.ph and downloaded from IP address 203.177.49.37 on Mar 10, 2023 at 04.46 PM.

lines. The CPUEs o f Malalison gears are comparable to those o f other coral reef fisheries. Dominant species
caught were fusiliers and s urgeonfish for gill net, surgeonfish for spear gun, and snappers and groupers for
hook and line. The fish yield from coral reefs was estimated to be 5.8 t km-2 yr-1 and this is similar to
overexploited reefs in the Philippines. The yield is also among the lowest reported in the Philippines and
elsewhere. On the basis o f live coral cover, yield , and fishing effort, the Malalison reefs can be categorized as
an intensively fished fishery showing serious habitat degradation. Community-based management and resource
enhancement should be initiated to protect the fishery and keep its utilization sustainable.)

INTRODUCTION determine of the resource is underutilized or

In the Philippines, coral reefs are used as
traditional fishing areas by some 700000 small-scale
fishermen who provide 55% of the nation's food fish
(Rubec, 1988). The reefs cover an area of 33000
k m -2 within the 36 m depth contour (Carpenter,
1977). Reef fish catches account for 8-15% of the
total fish production per year (Carpenter, 1977;
Murdy and Ferraris, 1980). Fish yields from coral
reefs range from 5.2 t km -2 y r -1 in the exploited
Hulao- Hulao Reef off Panay Island to 37 t k m -2
y r -1 in the marine sanctuary of Sumilon Island in
Bohol Strait (Alcala and Gomez, 1985).
In Malalison Island in west central Philippines,
fishing on coral reefs os the major source of
livelihood for fishermen. Catch effort and yield data
from the coral reef fishery are therefore needed to
overfished. From there management schemes for its
sustainable utilization can be drawn. This study
reports the fishing methods used y Malalison
fishermen, the species composition of the catch, and
the catch per unit effort(CPUE) of the different
gears. From these data the yield from the coral reefs
was estimated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study site
Malalison Island is located near 1125'N and
121 1'E off the northwest coast of Panay Island on
central Philippines (Figure 1). It is 55 ha in area, and
lies 3 km west of the town of Culasi. The only
community on the island, Barangay Malalison has a
total population of 431 and about 80 households.
The main source of livelihood os fishing and the
This content was requested by yhptirol@asu.edu.ph and downloaded from IP address 203.177.49.37 on Mar 10, 2023 at 04.46 PM.

Figure 1. Location of the community fishery resource management project in Malalison island, west central
Philippines.

catch os marketed daily on Culasi. forms of encrusting and non-Acropora branching

corals. Macroalgae comprising 21 species of
Five species of seagrasses (Cymodcea Chlorophyceae, 15 species of Phaeophyceae, and 28
rotundata, Halodule uninervis, Thalassia hemprichii, species of Phodophyceae have been identified
Syringodium isoetifolium and Halophila ovalis) (Cheong, unpubl.). A visual census in 1992
fringe an estimated 0.2 km2 of the island. Live coral indicated that some 212 species of fish representing
cover is in fair condition (35%) with dominant
 29 families occur around Malalison Island (Cheong,
unpubl.)
Malalison Island has a distinct dry and wet
season, The prevailing weather pattern around the
island is dry and windy from December to March
(NE m onsoon), and turbulent and rainy from June
to October(SW monsoon). Interim periods (April,
May, and November) are relatively calm. About 29
storms hit the Philippines each year, each storm
preventing about 3 days of fishing. Thus, the
number of fishing days may be placed at about 250
days a year.
Assessment o f catch and yield
Fish landings were monitored and sampled for
two consecutive days during the new moon and full
moon phases of each month from February 1991 to
January 1992. A 4 day per month sampling schedule
(2 days during full moon, and 2 days during new
This content was requested by yhptirol@asu.edu.ph and downloaded from IP address 203.177.49.37 on Mar 10, 2023 at 04.46 PM.
moon) was followed after a preliminary sampling
which showed no significant differences on catch
among 4 lunar phases. Immediately after the
fishermen returned from their fishing grounds, total
catch (in kg)and catch composition were recorded
for each operation by gear type. To account for
catch by fishermen from other villages, random
counts of fishers on the fishing grounds were made
on several occasions. The ratio of Malalison fishers
to total fishers was used to adjust total catch and reef
yield, Nonreef fish were not included in yield
calculations.
Fish were identified according to Masuda et
al.(1984) and Conlu(1986). The number of people
and their total time spent in each fishing operation
were determined from direct observations and
through interviews. Catch per unit effort (CPUE)
was expressed in kg man-hour- 1 to compare gears
and the CPUEs of these gears with those of other
coral reef fisheries. The fishery yield (Y, t km-2 yr-1
was estimated following Luchavez et al.(1984):
Total catch recorded Num ber o f fishing
Num ber o f sampling days X days in a year
Y=
Reef area
The reef area was determined from a
bathymetric survey map of Malalison Island
(SEAFDEC, 1991). Substrate depth and distance
from 0 datum to 30 m isobath were measured with
the use of an echo sounder and an engineer's transit.
Total ares of the six patch reefs and the fringing reef
was estimated using the coordinate method. Total
area of the fringing reef was determined to e 1.53
km2 [total computed area (2.18 km2 )- area of the
island to 0 datum (0.65 km2 )]. The area of the
fringing reef and the total area of patch reefs (0.8
km2 ) made up the total reef area of 2.33 km2 .
RESULTS
Fishermen at the island fish 6 days a week
year-round using spear, set gill net, and hook and
line. Drift gill net is operated from February to June,
spear gun with compressor and drive-in gill net from
May to October, and scoop net only in October. All
fishing operations are reduced or suspended during
inclement weather.
Fishing gears and methods
A total of 494 fishing operations using 7
different gears are recorded ( Table 1 ). These gears
are described in detail by Umali ( 1950 ). The
speargun is the most commonly used gear followed
by hook-and-line and set gill net. The gill nets and
the spear gun account for 90% of the total catch.
Malalison fishermen use several spear guns
( Table 2 ) and they average 3.4 h with 1 to 6
persons per operation using motorized andnon-
motorized boats. A unique form of spearfishing
locally known as tuwad is used to capture large
mackerels. The fisherman wearing goggles bends
over the side of the boat and spears the fish that
bites the lure. Another variation of the gear captures
octopus and rabbitfish.
Gill nets also vary ( Table 3 ). A fishing
operation averages 5.8 hours. Catch efficiency is
better with "drive-in" gill nets that are operated 3.2
h on the average. Drift gill nets are operated by 4-6
persons and averaged 3.1 h per operation.
Hook and line ( Table 4 ) is operated by only
 Table 1 Fishing operations and catch in Malalison Island during 48 d of spring tide periods, February 1991-
January 1992
Fishing gear Duration of Number of Persons Total catch Catch per unit effort
operation (h) operations involved in (kg)
operation
(kg operation-1) (kg man h-1)
Spear gun 3.2 160 1-2 582.2 4.9 1.10
Spear gun with 3.4 10 4-6 219.6 24.3 1.43
compressor
Set gillnet 5.8 140 2-4 1018.5 7.5 0.43
Drive-in' gillnet 3.2 9 6-8 484.2 53.8 2.37
Drift gillnet 3.1 27 4-6 454.7 17.8 1.15
Hook-and-line 4.0 145 1 316.9 2.7 0.67
Scoop net 5.0 3 1-2 60.8 20.25 2.7

Table 2 Types of spear guns used by Malalison fishermen

Geara Arrow size Arrow Fishing area Time of No. of Boat type Species
(mm) length (m) day fishermen caught
Location Depth (m)
Tuwad 1 7-8 3 Outer reef 50-60 Day 1 Paddle Scomberom­
orus spp.
Hookah 5-6 2.5 Reef slope 20-30 Day/ Night 4-6 Motorized Acanthurids
(Spear+ , Scarids
compressor Serranids
)
This content was requested by yhptirol@asu.edu.ph and downloaded from IP address 203.177.49.37 on Mar 10, 2023 at 04.46 PM.

Mano- 4 0.5 Reef crest/ 5-10 Night 1 Paddle Caesionids,

mano (Free slope with Acanthurids
dive) pressure
Tuwad 2 4 0.5
Reef crest/ 5-10 Day 1 Octopus, Paddle
slope Siganids
a Local names followed by english names in parenthesis; Data were based on direct observations and interview
with fishermen respondents.

one person for 4 h per operation. Non-motorized
bancas and sailboats are used. Single and multiple
lines a re employed with artificial lures and baited
hooks.
Scoop nets are used to fish squid at night.
Fishing was recorded only in October.
Trap fishing is not practiced in the island in
view of the difficulty of securing the gear.
Catch composition
About 142 species of fish from 40 families are
recorded (Table 5). Acanthurids dominate the spear
fishery, comprising 32.8% of the catch. Commonly
caught are Acanthurus mata, Naso vlamingii, Naso
lopezii, and Naso hexacanthus. Several species of
acanthurids are caught year-round.
contributes 25.3% of the total spear
Squids(Loligo spp.) and the cuttlefish (Sepioteuthis
sp.) are caught in small quantities.
Caesionids are the dominant species (37.5%)
landed for the set gill net throughout the year. The
most common species are Caesio diagramma, C. tile,
C. caerulaureus, C. lunares, and Pterocaesio marri.
Exocoetids (Cypselurus spp.) dominates the catch
for the 'drive-in' gill net. The drift gill catch os
dominated by belonids(Tylosurus spp.) which are
caught in March, July, and August.
Scimbrids dominate the catch (20.7%) for
hook and line. Deep water lutjanids (Etelis and
Aprion), carangids, and serr anids are next.
The catch composition showed that with reef
Octopus and non-reef fish were caught by the different gears.
catch. With the exception of large drift nets which captures
scombrids, most gears were operated on the reefs of
 Table 3 Types of gill nets used by Malalison fishermen
Geara Mesh size Net dimension Details of operation
(cm)
Length (m) Width (m) Depth (m) Location Time of day Moon phase
Hukot 4.5, 5, 7.5 100-200 10 7-12(w/o Bottom; All moon
(Set gill net) comp) Reef crest phases
10-15 (w/ Reef crest/ except full
comp) slope Night moon

Bahala 7.5-19.5 200 10-15 25-35 Bottom;

(Set gill net) Reef slope Night New moon

Hukot tabugan 4.5, 7.5 100-200 10 10-15 (w/ Bottom; All moon
(Drive-in gill comp) Reef crest/ Day phases;
net) slope No strong
current

Kayag-kag 5 100-200 12-15 15-20 Surface;

(Drift gill net) Reef flat/ Night New moon
crest/slope

Panambilawan 4, 5, 7.5 80-120 12 15-20 Surface;

(Drive in/ Reef Day, w/ Full moon
Drift) flat/crest/slope current
This content was requested by yhptirol@asu.edu.ph and downloaded from IP address 203.177.49.37 on Mar 10, 2023 at 04.46 PM.

Pamansi 7-10 60-100 10 15-20 Surface; Day, with All moon

(Drift/ Drive (3-5) Reef moderate phases
in) flat/crest/slope current
a Local names followed by english names in parenthesis; Data were based on direct observations and interviews
with fishermen respondents.

Table 4 Variations of hook and line used by Malalison fishermen

Geara Depth (m) Location Time of day Details of operation Species
caught
Operation Bait/ Lure
Bondak- 10-30 Reef Day Drifting; With small Crystallete Mullids,
bondak crest/Slope lead sinker Scombrids,
Carangids

Lambo >5 Reef flat Day Stationary; With sinker Small anchovies tied to Acanthurids,
hook w/ abaca twine; Caesionids,
Sardine muscle Carangids,
Lethrinids

Panalonton 30-40 Reef slope Day Stationary; With sinker Small anchovies tied to Acanthurids,
hook w/ abaca twine; Caesionids,
Sardine muscle Carangids,
Lethrinids

Palugmak 25-down Reef and Night Stationary; With sinker Carangid muscle; Lethrinids,
outer slope Octopus muscle Serranids
Lambo- 3-5 Reef crest to Night, New Drifting; Small lead Wooden' shrimp' Squid
lambo reef flat moon sinker attached to lure

Pamitsoy 5-10 Reef crest Day Drifting; No sinker; Black cloth resembling Octopus
Lure is towed and the an octopus
fish scooped
a Local names; Data were based on direct observations and interviews with fishermen respondents.
 Table 5 Catch composition of fishing gears in Malalison Island during 48 d of spring tide periods ( February
1991-January 1992). Families contributing less than 1% are lumped as " other fishes".
Catch composition (% of total weight by gear)

Family (number of Speargun Speargun with Set gillnet 'Drive-in' Drift gillnet Hook-and -
species) compressor gillnet line
Acanthuridae (18) 32.8 57.7 12.1 24.4 6.7 2.2
Balistidae (5) 1.7 1.4 8.6
Belonidae (1) 13.6 22.3 65.3
Carangidae (8) 2.7 12.1
Caesionidae (8) 6.3 19.7 37.5 1.8 3.6 4.0
Clupeidae (4) 5.3 1.2
Exocoetidae (1) 48.1 6.9
Haemulidae (2) 3.8 1.9
Holocentridae (3) 2.6
Labridae (4) 1.0
Lethrinidae (5) 2.7 5.7
Lutjanidae (13) 14.2
Mullidae (6) 1.1 3.0 3.5 1.4
Nemipteridae (3) 2.2
Pomacentridae (4) 1.7
Scaridae (5) 6.9 6.6 3.8 1.1 5.1
Scombridae (6) 18.4 2.6 2.3 20.7
Serranidae (14) 2.1 10.1 13.5
Siganidae (9) 1.6 3.5 1.9
This content was requested by yhptirol@asu.edu.ph and downloaded from IP address 203.177.49.37 on Mar 10, 2023 at 04.46 PM.

Sphyraenidae (2) 1.4 3.7

Other fishes (17) 2.8 2.1 7.5 2.3 3.3 2.9
Cephalopods (4) 25.3 5.7
Total (142)

Table 6 Reef and non-reef catch by major families and yielda of the Malalison coral reefs.
Family Catch (k g )
Reef
Acanthuridae 597.3
Caesionidae 499.5
Cephalopod 190.1
Scaridae 122.2
Serranidae 81.9
Lutjanidae 59.8
Siganidae 54.6
Lethrinidae 51.5
Others 225.6
Non-reef
Belonidae 545.7
Exocoetidae 264.3
Scombridae 209.6
Carangidae 70.1
Clupeidae 58.8
Total Reef 1947.9
Total non-reef 1148.5
Total catch 3096.4
Reef Area 2.33 km2
Reef Yield (t km-2 yr-1) 5.8
Non-reef ( t km-2 yr-1) 3.42
Total Yield (t km-2 yr-1) 9.22

a t=Metric tons.
This content was requested by yhptirol@asu.edu.ph and downloaded from IP address 203.177.49.37 on Mar 10, 2023 at 04.46 PM.
Figure2. Mean CPUEs off fishing gears in Malalison Island, west central Philippines ( n=12 months ). Legend:
sp=spear; spc = spear with compressor; sg = set gill net; dig = drive-in gill net; dg = drift gill net; h 1=
hook and line ; scp = scoop net.
immediate vicinity. Many non-reef species (i.e.
clupeids and carangids ) were caught within the 30
m isobath. Non-reef component of the catch in the
present study was about 37% (Table 6). Among the
reef fish, acanthurids and caesionids represent the
two most commercially exploited fish in Malalison.
The major fishing ground for these species is the
'Nablag Reef which is on the western side of the
island facing the open sea.
Catch and effort
CPUE ranges from 0.43 kg man-hr- 1 for set
gill net to 2.7 kg man-hr- 1 for scoop net. There is
no significant difference in the mean monthly CPUE
between gear types(Fig 2). CPUEs of spear gun, set
gill net and hook and line fluctuate monthly(Figure
3) . Mean monthly total catch (kg) and mean
monthly total effort(man-hours) are higher but not
significantly different during the SW m onsoon and
the interim period than during the NE moonsoon(Fig
4) . In terms of fisherman density per reef area,
Malalison with 80 fishing households and a
minimum of one fisherman per household, has about
34 fishermen km2 of reef area.
Fish yield
A total catch of 3096.4 kg has been recorded for
all gears ( Table 6 ). The contribution from the coral
reefs amounts to 1947.9 kg, or about 5.8 t km-2 yr-1,
Malalison fishermen land about 75% of this volume.
DISCUSSION
This content was requested by yhptirol@asu.edu.ph and downloaded from IP address 203.177.49.37 on Mar 10, 2023 at 04.46 PM.

Figure 3 . Monthly changes in CPUEs of spear, set gill net and hook and line in Malalison Island, west central
Philippines.

Malalison Island has a multi-species fishery of coral fish species ( Rau, 1979 ) and the inter­
and the small-scale fisherfolk employ several fishing island fishing influences that have accumulated over
gears. The variety in gears may reflect the diversity the years. The use of compressors in spearfishing
This content was requested by yhptirol@asu.edu.ph and downloaded from IP address 203.177.49.37 on Mar 10, 2023 at 04.46 PM.

Figure 4. Monthly catch and effort by season in Malalison Island west Central Philippines. Legend:
NE(C)=northeast m onsoon catch ; NE (EF )=northeast m onsoon effort; INT(C) interim period
catch; INT(EF)=interim period effort; SW(C) =southwest m onsoon catch; SW (EF)=southwest
m onsoon effort.

and the ' drive-in ' gill net, for instance, are
modifications introduced by central Visayan fishers
who fished on the reef, some of whom have settled
on the island. The choice of fishing gear is probably
influenced by economics and ease of operation like
in most Philippine small-scale fisheries ( Smith et al.,
1980).
Among target good fish, caesionids and
acanthurids predominates in the fish landings
followed by the herbivores ( scarids ) and
carnivores ( serranids, lutjanids and lethrinids ). A
1991 fish visual census shows pomacentrids and
labrids as the most abundant with caesionids and
acanthurids as fairly abundant ( Cheong, unpubl .)
Strong currents bringing abundant plankton may
have played a role in the high abundance of
planktivorour scanthurids and caesionids in this
study, as has been found in Apo Island ( White and
Savina, 1987; Bellwood, 1988 ). Also, the relatively
low abundances and small sizes of carnivores could
indicate heavy fishing pressure and a succession of
planktivores and herbivores could be a response to
reduced predation.
Except for the ' drive-in' gillnet, the CPUEs
of the different gears indicate that catches among
fishers are comparable regardless of the gear used.
 However, the preference for spear, set gill net or
hook and line reflects the relative ease of acquiring
and using these gears. Spear and hook and line for
instance can be operated by one person and ts cost s
minimal. The set gill net is the least labor intensive
but costs more. Preliminary economic evaluation of
the fishing gears revealed that net fishers had the
highest income, followed by spear fishers and hook-
and-liners ( Agbayani, pers. comm.)
The CPUEs of Malalison gears are
comparable to those of other coral reef fisheries
which range from 0.03 kg man-hr-1 in Hulao-Hulao
to 8.7 kg man-hr-1 in Pamilacan ( Acosta and
Recksiek, 1989 ). Older fishermen claim that catch
has declined over the years although no historical
data in Malalison is available to support this
contention. Although some fluctuations in monthly
CPUE of non-seasonal gears were noted in the study
( Fig 3 ), these d i d not change during the year,
This content was requested by yhptirol@asu.edu.ph and downloaded from IP address 203.177.49.37 on Mar 10, 2023 at 04.46 PM.
suggesting a short-term equilibrium between the
present level of exploitation and the fish biomass
now produced by the reefs. Although CPUE values
can be used to interpret the level of exploitation of a
fishery ( Pauly et al., 1982; White and Savina,
1987 ), additional data over time is required to
establish a trend.
The greater fishing effort during the SW
m onsoon seems to be the norm in most coral reef
fisheries studied in the Philippines ( Alcala and
Luchavez, 1981; White and Savina, 1987 ). Certain
gears - spear with compressor, ' drive- in ' gill net,
and drift gill net - are used seasonally especially
during the SW m onsoon while the rest are used
year-round. This could explain the higher catch in
SW m onsoon and interim periods than during the
NE m onsoon. Although characterized by typhoons,
there were ore calm days during the SW m onsoon
than during the NE m onsoon. In addition,
persistent cold NE m onsoon winds discouraged
fishers to fish longer.
The actual yield of Malalison reefs is only
about 5.8 t m-2yr- 1 .This yield is similar to other
overexploited reefs in the Philippines and indicates
low ' productivity '. Previous studies have shown
positive correlations between live coral cover and
reef fish abundance ( Bell and Galzin, 1984;
Carpenter et al., 1981 ). Malalison reefs have only
about 35% coral cover but if they have been intact,
the yield would be about 17 t km-2 yr-1 or even
closer to 37 t km-2 yr-1, the yield from a marine
sanctuary ( Alcala and Gomez, 1985 ). Hulao-hulao
and selinog reefs have 27-28.6% coral covers. Apo
Island ( 67% coral cover ) yields 31.8 t km-2 yr-1;
Pamilacan ( 17% coral cover ) yields include
topography, substrate depth, and fishing intensity
( Marshall, 1980; Alcala, 1981; Marten and Polovina,
with 17% coral cover yields better than Malalison's
35%. However, higher yields are often in areas with
some form of management ( Alcala, 1988; White,
1989).
On the basis of the number of fishermen the
Malalison reefs with 34 fishermen/ km-2 reef can be
categorized as an intensively fished fishery. This
effort is much higher than in other tropical countries
having about 10 fishermen km-2 ( Marten and
Polovina, 1982 ). Marten and Polovina ( 1982)
noted that intensive fishing of a multi-species
fishery will not significantly decrease the catch as
long as it does not degrade the resource base.
However, the low yield despite the high effort in
Malalison suggests that the fishery is not in prime
condition. Before 1991, illegal fishing like the use of
dynamites, ' muro-ami ' and cyanide fishing were
commonon the island. The coral survey showed the
coral habitat to be seriously degraded. The reef
condition and fish yield of Malalison approximates
that of selinog Island in Mindanao Sea, a reef
damaged by destructive fishing methods ( Luchavez
et al., 1984 ). Given the reef condition and the
intensity and kind of fishing, the present yield of the
Malalison coral reefs maybe not be sustained.
At present, fishers are heavily dependent on
the fisheries in the absence of viable alternatives.
Inadequate catch compels them to use efficient but
destructive fishing methods. As a result, damaged
reef habitat produces low fish yields, and the cycle
continues. This condition, termed " malthusian
overfishing, " calls for appropriate measures to ease
pressure on the resource iff it is to continue to
 support the island population. In addition to
effective enforcement of existing laws, protective
management ( e.g. reserves/ sanctuaries) and habitat
and resource enhancement ( e.g. deployment of
artificial reef structures and release of juveniles) are
some management tools that have been proven
effective ( White, 1989; Alcala and Russ, 1991;
Ungson, 1993 ). In addition, other forms of gainful
employment may be introduced such as land-based
enterprises or mariculture of the seaweed
Kappaphycus alvarezii. Trials in the project site
have shown that these activities are technically
feasible and are reported elsewhere. The above
easures can be better implemented using the
community-based approach where the responsibility
for managing the resource rests with the local
government and residents ( White, 1989).
The concept of TURF as a tool for fisherfolks
to manage their resources has recently been found to
This content was requested by yhptirol@asu.edu.ph and downloaded from IP address 203.177.49.37 on Mar 10, 2023 at 04.46 PM.
be acceptable in Malalison (Siar et al., 1992). The
TURFs could be used for establishing a reserve or
sanctuary or to regulate fishing and use of gears.
Fishing and no fishing areas can be identified, open
and close seasons for certain species or gears can be
instituted, and restocking of desirable species can
be done. Most importantly, policing of the fisheries
will be more effective. Community-based
management may therefore prove to be the key to
the sustainable utilization of coastal resources on the
Philippines.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank the International Development
Center (IDRC) of Canada for partially funding this
study under the Community Fishery Resource
Management Project (CFRM). and Luis Ma. Garcia,
Dr. Teodora Bagarinao, and Milagros Castanos for
reviewing and editing the manuscript.
REFERENCES
Acosta, A.R. and C.W. Recksiek. 1989. Coral reef
fisheries at Cape Bolinao, Philippines: an
assessment of catch, effort and yield. Asian
Mar. Biol. 6:101-114.
Alcala, A.C. 1981. Fish yield of coral reefs of
Sumilon Island, central Philippines. Nat. Res.
Counc. Philipp. Res. Bull. 36:1-7.
Alcala, A.C. 1988. Effects of marine reserves on
coral fish abundances and yields of Philippine
coral reefs. Ambio. 17:194-199.
Alcala, A.C. and T. Luchavez. 1981. Fish yield of
the coral reef surrounding Apo Island, Negros
Oriental, central Visayas, Philippines. Proc.
4th. Int. Coral Reef Symposium 1, pp 521-524.
Alcala, A.C. and E.D. Gomez. 1985. Fish yields of
the coral reefs on central Philippines. Proc. 5th.
Int. Coral Reef Congr. 5, pp 521-524.
Alcala, A. C. and G.R. Russ. 1990. A direct test of
the effects of protective management on
abundance and yield of tropical marine
resources. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer. 46:40-47.
Bell, J.D. and R. Galzin. 1984. Influence of live
coral cover on coral reef communities. Mar
Ecol. Prog. Ser. 15:265-274.
Bellwood, D.R. 1988. Seasonal changes in the size
and composition of the fish yield from reefs
around Apo Island, Central Philippines with
notes on methods of yield estimation. J. Fish
Biol. 32:881-893.
Carpenter, K. E. 1977. Philippine coral reef fisheries
resources. Phil. J. Fish. 17: 95-126.
Carpenter, K. E., R. I. Miclat, V. Albaladejo, and V.
Corpus. 1981. The influence of substrate
structure on the local abundance and diversity
of Philippine reef fishes. Proc. 4th Int. Coral
Reef Symposium 2, pp 497-502.
Cheong, R. MT. 1991. Resource assessment of
selected marine communities in Malalison
Island, Antique. Terminal Report.
SEAFDEC/Aquaculture Department
( unpubl.), 7 pp.
Conlu, P. V. 1986. Guide to Philippine flora and
fauna. Vol. 9. Fishes. JMC Press Inc., Quezon
City, Philippines. 495 p.
Luchavez, T., J. Luchavez and A. C. Alcala. 1984.
Fish and invertebrate yields of the coral reefs
of Selinog Island in the Mindanao Sea and
Hulao-hulao in Panay Gulf, Philippines.
Silliman J . 31: 57-71.
Marshall, N. 1980. Fishery yields of coral reefs and
adjacent shallow water environments. In Stock
 assessment for tropical small-scale fisheries. Umali, A. F. 1950. Guide to the Classification of
( Eds., Saila, S. B. and Roedel, P. M.) fishing gear in the Philippines. Research
International Center for Marine Resource Report 17. Fish and Wildlife Service, United
Development, University of Rhode Island, Sates Department of the Interior. United
Kingston, pp. 103-109. Stated Government Printing Office,
Marten, G. G. and J. J. Polovina. 1982. A Washington D. C. 165 pp.
comparative study of fish yields from various Ungson, J. 1993. Implications of esa ranching in
tropical ecosystems. In Theory and developing countries. NAGA, The Iclarm
management of tropical fisheries. ( Eds. Pauly, Quarterly. 16(1): 11-13.
D. and Murphy, G. I. ). International Center White, A. T. 1989. Two community-based marine
for Living and Aquatic Resources reserves: lessons for coastal management, p.
Management Conference Proceedings, 9, p. 85-96. In: T. E. Chua and D. Pauly
255-289. (eds. )Coastal area management in Southeast
Masuda, H., Amaoka, K., Araga, C., T. Uyeno and Asia: policies, management strategies and case
Y. Yoshino. 1984. The fishes of the Japanese studies. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 19,
archipelago. Tokai Univ. Press, Tokyo, Japan, 254 p.Ministry of Science Technology and the
437 pp. Environment, Kuala Lumpur: Johore Bahru,
Murdy, E. O. and C. J. Ferraris, Jr. 1980. The Malaysia; and International Center for Living
contribution of coral reef fisheries to Aquatic Resources Management, Manila,
Philippine fisheries production. ICLARM Philippines.
This content was requested by yhptirol@asu.edu.ph and downloaded from IP address 203.177.49.37 on Mar 10, 2023 at 04.46 PM.

Newsletter 3: 21-22. White, A. T. and G. C. Savina. 1987. Reef fish yield

Pauly, D., A. N. Mines and N. A. Navaluna. 1982. and nonreef catch of Apo Island, Negros,
Catch and effort in the small-scale fisheries. In: Philippines Asian Mar. Biol. 4: 67-76.
D. Pauly and A. N. Mines ( eds.). Small Scale
Fisheries of San Miguel Bay. Philippines:
Biology and Stock Assessment. ICLARM
Technology Reports, 7, 124 p.
Rau, N. 1979. Small scale fishing methods used
around Cebu City, Philippines. The Philippine
Scientist. 16: 1-27.
Rubec, P. J. 1988. The need for conservation and
management of Philippine coral reefs. Env.
Biol. Fish. 23: 141-154.
SEAFDEC, 1991. Hydrographic map of Mararison
Island, Antique; scale 1:5000. Southeast Asian
Fisheries Development Center, Iloilo,
Philippines.
Siar, S., R. F. Agbayani, and J. B. Valera. 1992.
Acceptability of territorial use rights in
fisheries: towards community-based
management of small-scale fisheries in the
Philippines. Fisheries Research 14: 295-304.
Smith, I., M. Y. Puzon, and C. N. Vidal-Libunao.
1980. Philippine municipal fisheries: a review
of resources, technology and socio-economics.
ICLARM Studies and Reviews 4, 87 p.