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To cite this article: B Faisal et al 2022 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1092 012013 infrastructure: The potential of green open
space optimization towards sustainable
cities in Bekasi City & Regency, Indonesia
H Ajrina and I Kustiwan

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The 6th International Symposium of Sustainable Landscape Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1092 (2022) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1092/1/012013

Analysis of Green Infrastructure Development Policy in

Indonesia: An Adaptive Strategy for Sustainable
Landscape Development
B Faisal1, M Z Dahlan1, S Chaeriyah2, I W Hutriani2, M Amelia2
1 Master Program of Landscape Architecture, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia, 40132
2 Research Group, Urban Landscape Hub, Bandung, Indonesia, 40132

E-mail: budifsl@yahoo.com

Abstract. Urban areas as the center of regional growth face various challenges in the future.
Environmental degradation, natural disasters, and climate change result in a declining quality of
life in urban areas. In response to the global challenges, various cities have developed the concept
of Green Infrastructure through an ecological approach and achieved environmental sustainability.
Green infrastructure is an interconnected green space network planned to manage natural resources
conservation and urban utilities based on urban ecology. Green infrastructure is considered a
sustainable and resilient infrastructure that also provides ecological, economic, and social benefits
through natural solutions. The Green City Roadmap in 2015 has initiated the development of the
Green Infrastructure Concept in Indonesia, which developed from a contextual paradigm shift of
Green Open Space. In 2018, the Ministry of Public Works had proposed a guideline for Planning
Green Space and Infrastructure as a follow-up to the Green City Roadmap. However, primarily
Indonesia's major cities have not optimized green infrastructure planning until now. This short
communication aims to analyze the development policy of green infrastructure planning, also to
determine challenges and ideas for policy implementation. Method used in this study is document
analysis of the proposed guideline for Planning Green Space and Infrastructure. The study showed
the critical role of green space and infrastructure planning policy in Indonesia as a connected and
accessible strategic network of green spaces with multifunctionality in response to environmental
and socio-economic issues. However, this study found varying, overlapping and unseated
development policies. Conducting a further analysis to determine the critical components of
national and regional policy development related to green infrastructure planning is strongly
recommended.

Keywords: Green space, Green infrastructure, Sustainable landscape, Ecoregion

1. Introduction
Urban areas face actual problems that threaten their sustainability in the future. Urban
communities respond to these global issues with sustainable development concepts. Over the past
decade, green infrastructure has developed rapidly [1,2]. Green infrastructure sometimes used to
mean the conversion of a gray infrastructure element to a more renewable or sustainable one [3].
The development of green infrastructure illustrates how the urban communities need a
connected, accessible and strategic network of green spaces that provides contextuality, multi-
functionality, responses to climate change, also a more effective reaction to socio-economic issues
[4,5,6,7,8,9,10].
Several factors influence the development of green infrastructure: political support, the
economic funding and viability of the investment, the social understandings of landscape values,
also promotion of the value of an ecological system approach to sustainability [11,12,13,14]. Green
infrastructure also can be considered as part of the interconnected dialog between stakeholders.
Green infrastructure policy might take its cues from the global principles: multifunctionality,
connectivity, and integrated policy, then adapted to meet localized planning objectives, which may
lead to greater diversity in green infrastructure policy at the regional or local level [15]. Therefore,
a further review of green infrastructure is necessary to establish how and why green infrastructure
development policy in different locations and get an insight into how policymakers develop their

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The 6th International Symposium of Sustainable Landscape Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1092 (2022) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1092/1/012013

priorities of green infrastructure policy into the local context of development. It may also provide
a better understanding of how policy objectives and the stakeholders engage in policymaking.
Indonesia is further attempting to achieve sustainable development in various urban areas
spread across the archipelago. Through the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR), the
Government of Indonesia has contributed to the realization of the green city concept in Indonesia
as an approach towards a livable city that is environmentally sound by launching the Green City
Development Program (P2KH) in 2011. P2KH was carrying out Law No. 26 of 2007 concerning
Spatial Planning related to compliance with green open space. P2KH is also an incentive for
regencies/cities already committed to realizing sustainable city vision on Regional Spatial
Planning Regulation. In its development, the city and districts in Indonesia are experiencing in
planning green open spaces. Still, they face difficulties in fulfilling the green open space plan due
to land limitations [16].
The Green City Roadmap in 2015 has initiated the development of the Green Infrastructure
Concept in Indonesia, which developed from a contextual paradigm shift of Green Open Space as
a technical and engineering concept to apply ecological and social function in urban and regional
planning. The Green City Roadmap plans green open space and all spaces that meet the ecological
definition of green, which later developed as a Green Space and Infrastructure that combines
natural and artificial elements in infrastructure development, open spaces, and buildings16]. The
connectivity between green space and integrated green infrastructure with urban infrastructure
in the form of a green network is a strategy in tackling environmental degradation.
In 2018, the Ministry of Public Works had proposed a Guideline for Planning Green Space and
Infrastructure as a follow-up to the Green City Roadmap. This guideline aims to conduct cities
and districts in forming an ecological and suitable green infrastructure within the spatial planning
of the ecoregion. The guidelines overview the objectives, spatial planning elements, components,
performance indicators, and green space and infrastructure implementation in urban areas.
The research focuses on the Green Space and Infrastructure Planning Guideline. This paper
aims to determine challenges and explore ideas on green infrastructure planning and
implementation as the foundation for developing future regional policy in Indonesia.

2. Methods
The research aims to analyze the development policy of green infrastructure planning through
national development policies and the possibility of implementation in Indonesian cities. Method
used in this study is document analysis of the proposed guideline for Planning Green Space and
Infrastructure. Document analysis is qualitative research by interpreting documents to give voice
and meaning around an assessment topic [17]. Analyzing documents incorporates coding content
into themes similar to be analyzed further [17] The Green Spaces and Infrastructure Planning
Guidelines consist of six chapters: general requirements, general review, aspects/components
guidelines, typology guidelines, maintenance guidelines, and implementation guidelines. The
process includes grouping and categorizing data based on the type of component or aspect, the
principles of green space and infrastructure, and implementation directions related to each
component or aspect in the green space and infrastructure typology planning guide.

3. Document Review and Analysis

Guidelines for Green Space and Infrastructure Planning in Indonesia continue the Green City
Roadmap as a strategic program of the Green City Development Program (P2KH), based on The
Spatial Planning Law Number 26 of 2007[18], The Government Regulation Number 15 of 2010
concerning the Implementation of Spatial Planning[19], and The Regulation of the Ministry of
Public Works Number 5 of 2008 concerning Guidelines for Provision and Utilization of Green
Open Space in Urban Areas serves as the baseline of the guidelines [20]. It is also associated with

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The 6th International Symposium of Sustainable Landscape Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1092 (2022) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1092/1/012013

other National Standards related to ecological functions, typology, and green space and
infrastructure design principles.
The green space and infrastructure guidelines is prepared to provide input to the City and
District Detailed Spatial Planning documents in Indonesia in developing the concept of a
sustainable city in the form of green space and infrastructure as part of an integrated urban
planning system. In 2011, the Green City Program developed the Green City paradigm to adapt
and mitigate environmental degradation in urban areas through planning for environmental
services (ecosystem services) as the central aspect of urban planning. Urban infrastructure
development, such as roads, drainage, and other infrastructure, including linkages with intercity
infrastructure on ecoregions scale, should encourage the implementation of green infrastructure
[21]. The characteristics of Indonesia’s Green Cities are utilizing sustainable water and energy
sources, reducing waste, implementing an integrated transportation system, ensuring
environmental health, and synergizing the natural and artificial environment in favor of the
principles of sustainable development. Every Green Cities in Indonesia has to developed eight
planning atributes in order to achieve the Green City rank: green planning and design, green open
space, green waste, green transportation, green water, green energy, green building, and green
community [21].
The Ministry of Public Works and Housing developed the “Kota Hijau Nusantara” paradigm to
implement the concept of “nature meets culture” as a sustainable city based on the diversity of
cultural landscapes and local wisdom. “Kota Hijau Nusantara” can develop an urban area based
on the ecosystem conditions and biogeography. It refers to ecological principles, the uniqueness
of the local ecosystem, ethnic diversity, local wisdom, and the scale of service according to the
classification of urban areas without denying the fulfillment of the social and economic needs of
heterogeneous city residences.
The document also explain that the “Kota Hijau Nusantara” is also developed by adjusting to
the scale of urban and district development. The scale of the development of cities and districts in
Indonesia classifies the cities and regencies into megapolitan cities (population more than 10
million people), metropolitan cities (population 1 million to 10 million people), large cities
(population 500 thousand to 1 million people), medium cities (population 100 thousand to 500
thousand people), small-town areas (population of 100 thousand to 500 thousand people), and
rural areas (population 50 thousand to 100 thousand people) [21]. The difference in the scale of
regional development in Indonesia, which has a different character of development, will generally
affect the diversity of green space and infrastructure typology and the type of engineering
technology applied. The higher the population density in an area, technical engineering is needed
to provide green space and infrastructure in the context of an already built area.
The Green Space and Infrastructure Planning Guidelines also clarifies that providing green
spaces and infrastructure planning requires understanding scope planning. Understanding of
scope planning covers the scope of depth discussion and scope of the area. Every scope of the
planning area has a one-to-one relationship with each other, both spatially and internally linkage
of ecological functions. Therefore, the document mentioned that there are three scales of green
space and infrastructure planning: macro-scale (ecoregion-based or regional scale), meso-scale
(district scale), and micro-scale (site scale) (Figure 1).
Macro-scale green space and infrastructure planning forms an integrated and sustainable
linkage of hydrological and ecological functions. It plays a role in forming a regional character and
green city network that balances relationships between ecosystems in a more comprehensive
geographical unit. Meso-scale green space and infrastructure planning forms the relationship
between the ecological and hydrological functions of the site area with the surrounding
environment, and urban green networks also play a role in strengthening environmental services
and local character. Micro-scale green space and infrastructure planning shapes ecosystems and

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The 6th International Symposium of Sustainable Landscape Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1092 (2022) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1092/1/012013

environmental services as part of the urban green network by conserving clean water, collecting
rainwater, managing green energy and waste, also designing microelements such as vegetation
and land cover types and garden buildings, and landscape furniture. Green space and
infrastructure planning at every development scale should strengthen the connectivity of green
networks and ecological systems of a larger scale of development. At the same time, every micro
scale development should also elaborate suitable elements to support the ecological functions as
a whole system [21].

Macro-scale green space and Meso-scale green space and Micro-scale green space and
infrastructure planning infrastructure planning infrastructure planning

Figure 1 Three scales of green space and infrastructure planning [20]

We found that the document also highlighted the multifunctionality of green spaces and
infrastructure and the elaboration of ecological principles, ethnic uniqueness, and local wisdom.
Green space and infrastructure planning at every development scale should support ecological
principles such as water conservation, microclimate regulation, managing the quality of land
cover, and preserving biodiversity based on the uniqueness of the local ecosystem. It also should
support the aesthetic aspects of cultural landscape to create the character of a place (spirit of
place) combined with the unique characteristics of the local landscape [21] (Table 1).

Table 1 Green Space and Infrastructure Multifunctionality [20]

Water Microclimate Land-cover Biodiversity Aesthetic
Conservation amelioration management
Transpiration Shade trees/plants Connectivity Habitat Unique landscape
features
Evaporation Vegetation cover on Land-stability Food Scenic view
buildings/materials
Water-catchment Air circulation Porous materials Water features Cultural heritage
Rainwater harvesting Wind corridor Soil nutrition Vegetation spread Heritage trees
Filtration Dust/pollution Disaster mitigation Animal migration Local plants/trees
absorption
Infiltration Cool surface Reproduction/ Local architecture
breeding
Groundwater recharge Evaporative cooling Local materials/
ornaments
Local community
activities

The document interpreted that water is one factor that plays a vital role in human life and all
living things on earth. The hydrological cycle's sustainability, namely the formation and
circulation of water, strongly influences the availability and quality of water for living things.
Water is processed continuously according to climatic or weather conditions, from the
atmosphere to the earth and back to the atmosphere through hydrology processes such as
evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration. Disturbance due to
changes in natural conditions or human activities will disrupt the balance of the quantity of water
and the quality of the water produced[20].

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The 6th International Symposium of Sustainable Landscape Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1092 (2022) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1092/1/012013

In the planning component of the Water Conservation aspect, we found that this document
encourages green space and infrastructure to improve the quality of the hydrological cycle.
Therefore, green space and infrastructure should support hydrology processes such as
evaporation, transpiration, and infiltration in urban areas. Through planning, green space and
infrastructure should involve efforts to protect clean water sources such as springs, rivers, lakes,
and reservoirs, capture and reuse rainwater, flood prevention, protection of swamp areas and
coastal borders [21].
The document also described micro-climate amelioration as processes affecting thermal
comfort and air quality in urban areas. These processes include air exchange and movement,
absorption of solar radiation, transpiration, evaporation, air pollution absorption, and cooling of
the earth's surface through water infiltration and air circulation in the soil. Physical changes in
land cover and development activities often impact essential processes in the micro-climate
formation. The lack of green surface areas and water bodies and reduced shade in urban spaces
gradually impact increasing air temperature, decreasing air humidity, increasing air pollution,
decreasing wind speed and air exchange. Eventually, it causes a decrease in air quality and
thermal comfort in urban space [21].
In the planning component of the micro-climate aspect, we found that this document
encourages green space and infrastructure to improve the micro-climate regulation principles
such as dust and pollution absorption, create more green spaces with more tree shade to promote
evapotranspiration, also creating water bodies and cool surfaces to promote evaporation. Through
planning, green space and infrastructure should involve creating more shade trees, urban
greening on buildings and city surfaces, running water on green spaces, raising the evaporative
cooling system, and connecting wind corridors [21].
The document mentioned that land cover has a significant contribution in shaping the quality
of the environment and the city's character. Hydrological processes such as catchment,
absorption, storage, and evaporation of water held on land covers. It also supports microclimate
processes, such as heat exchange, solar radiation absorption, and pollution. The land cover also
supports ecological processes such as accommodating living space, providing food and drinking
for various plants and animals, and space for movement and interaction between living things.
Changes in land cover can affect the sustainability of hydrological processes, microclimate, the
creation of ecosystems on land, and change the quality of urban space [21].
In the land cover planning component, the document encourages land conservation efforts to
contribute to the sustainability of hydrological, microclimate, and ecological processes. The
principle of green space and infrastructure planning in maintaining the quality of the land cover
is to increase green cover, increase water catchment areas and infiltration areas, and reduce
pavement cover and buildings that have no ecological value [21].
We found that the document describes biodiversity as a crucial role in maintaining the quality
of the environment through environmental services to support the sustainability and preservation
of nature, formed by the diversity of ecosystems, species, and genetics. Destruction of biodiversity
on an urban scale includes: (1) habitat destruction (deforestation, land-use change,
environmental pollution); (2) loss of keystone species of significant value in food webs and
environmental services; and (3) changes in the balance of specific vegetation or animal
populations[21].
In the planning component of biodiversity aspects in green space and infrastructure, this
document encourages biodiversity conservation to support the life processes of various types of
plants and animals, including vegetation spread, animal migration, food webs, and producing
offspring. Urban areas should provide green spaces that function as habitats and food sources also
green corridors to support the animal movement, based on the existed natural ecosystem types.

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The 6th International Symposium of Sustainable Landscape Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1092 (2022) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1092/1/012013

The document also encouraged urban areas to elaborate the aesthetic aspects of the cultural
landscape based on the unique characteristics of the local landscape combine with the spirit of
place and local wisdom. Several aesthetic principles in the planning include five senses
stimulation, attractions, perceptions, landscape unity, materiality, moreover natural and cultural
elements [21].
In the planning component of aesthetic aspects in green space and infrastructure, this
document encourages exploring local features and visual attractions to support nature and culture
characteristics. Green space and infrastructure planning should elaborate on natural attractions
such as scenic views, natural phenomena, unique landscape features, and water elements based
on the existing natural potentials. Cultural attractions such as cultural heritage, local community
activities, local architecture also should be involved in planning [21].
We further found that the document classified the green space and infrastructure typologies
based on the formation process, namely natural green space and infrastructure (coded as RIH.A)
and artificial green space and infrastructure (coded as RIH.B). Natural Green Space and
Infrastructure are naturally following ecological patterns in an urban area's structure. Meanwhile,
Artificial Green Space and Infrastructure are shaped by humans, following the structure and
pattern of urban areas. The following are green space and infrastructure elements that can be
identified based on the typologies (Table 2) [21]:

Table 2 Green Space and Infrastructure Components [20]

Natural Green Space & Infrastructure Artificial Green Space & Infrastructure
1 Protected forests (coded as RIH. A1) 1 Urban forest (coded as RIH.B1),
2 Water spring border (coded as RIH.A2) 2 City park (coded as RIH.B2),
3 Lake border (coded as RIH.A3) 3 Neighborhood park (coded as RIH.B3)
4 River border (coded as RIH.A4) 4 Reservoir border (coded as RIH.B4),
5 Swamp and wetland (coded as RIH.A5) 5 Cemetery (coded as RIH.B5),
6 The coastal border (coded as RIH.A6) 6 Green road lane (coded as RIH.B6),
7 Green belt (coded as RIH.B7),
8 Railway line border (coded as RIH.B8),
9 High-voltage power line border (coded as RIH.B9),
10 Constructed wetland (coded as RIH.B10),
11 Water canal border (coded as RIH.B11)
12 Vegetated swale (coded as RIH.B12),
13 Bioretention swale (coded as RIH.B13),
14 Detention pond (coded as RIH.B14),
15 Sedimentation pond (coded as RIH.B15),
16 Bioretention pond (coded as RIH.B16)
17 Water filtration vegetation (coded as RIH.B17)
18 Infiltration well (coded as RIH.B18),
19 Roof garden (coded as RIH.B17),
20 Vertical garden (coded as RIH.B20).

We critically reviewed the green space and infrastructure principles carried out in the
typologies and found that not all principles can be applied. The following are the results obtained
by reviewing components, principles, with the typologies of the green space and infrastructure
(Table 3):

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 Table 3 Application of Green Space and Infrastructure Principles in the Typologies

GSI Aspect/ GSI Elements/ Typologies

GSI Principles
Component RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH RIH
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20
Water Transpiration ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
conservation Evaporation ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - - - - - ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - -
Water-catchment ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Rainwater
harvesting ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● ● - - ● - - ● - - ● - - ● ●
Filtration ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● ● - - ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● -
Infiltration ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● ● - ● ● - -
Groundwater
recharge ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● ● - ● ● - -
Microclimate Shade trees/plants ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - - - ● - - - - - - - ● -
amelioration Air circulation ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● ●
Wind corridor ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● ●
Dust/pollution
absorption ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● ● ● - ● ●
Cool surface
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - - - - - - - - - - - ● ●
Evaporative cooling ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ● ●
Vegetation cover on
buildings/materials ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - - - ● ● ● - - ● ● - ● ●
Land-cover Connectivity ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● ● - - ●

7
management Land-stability ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - - - - - - ● - -
Porous materials ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● ● - - ● - -
Soil nutrition ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● ● - - ● - -
Disaster mitigation
The 6th International Symposium of Sustainable Landscape Development

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Biodiversity Habitat ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● - - - ● ● ● ● - ● ● - ● ●
1092 (2022) 012013

Food ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● - - - ● ● ● - - ● ● - ● ●
Water features ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - - ● - - ● ● - ● ● ● ● ● - ● -
Vegetation spread ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - - ● ● ● ● ● - ● ● - ● ●
Animal migration ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - - - ● ● ● ● - ● - - - -
Reproduction/
breeding ● ● ● ● ● ● - - - - - - - - - - - - ● - - ● - - - -
Aesthetic Unique landscape
features ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - - - - - - - - -
Scenic view ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - - - - - - - ● ●
Cultural heritage ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - - ● ●
Heritage trees ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - - ● ●
Local plants/trees ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● ●
Local architecture ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● ● ● - - - - - - - - - - - ● ●
Local materials/
ornaments ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Local community
activities ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● - ● - - - - - - ● - - - - ● ●
Total 33 33 33 33 33 33 32 32 32 30 26 26 30 18 18 22 27 22 21 21 17 21 18 11 23 21
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1092/1/012013
The 6th International Symposium of Sustainable Landscape Development IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1092 (2022) 012013 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1092/1/012013

4. Conclusion
The study showed the critical role of green space and infrastructure planning policy in Indonesia
as a connected and accessible strategic network of green spaces with multifunctionality in
response to environmental and socio-economic issues. We also critically reviewed that the
development policy is also still overlapped and unseated. Further, green infrastructure
development in Indonesia is still facing constraints due to varying regional spatial plan policies.
Therefore, green space and infrastructure planning guidelines should still be considered as a
dynamic and evolving concept. Considering the critical functions of urban green infrastructure, a
further study to determine the components of national and regional policy development related
to green infrastructure planning is critical to be done. Additional analysis can be applied at
different locations in Indonesia to determine more suitable and contextual planning components
and elements.

References
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